GREEN CHEMISTRY

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Copyright © 2006 by Stanley E. Manahan All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ChemChar Research, Inc. 2005 Woodlea Drive Columbia, MO 65201 U.S.A. http://www.chemchar.com chemchar@headgap.com International Standard Book Number: 0-9749522-4-9 Printed in the United States of America
TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Chemistry, Green Chemistry, and Environmental Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1. Chemistry Is Good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2. The Environment and the Five Environmental Spheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3. What Is Environmental Chemistry? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4. Environmental Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.5. What Is Green Chemistry? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.6. Green Chemistry and Synthetic Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.7. Reduction of Risk: Hazard and Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.8. The Risks of No Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.9. Waste Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.10. Basic Principles of Green Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.11. Some Things to Know About Chemistry before You Even Start . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.12. Combining Atoms to Make Molecules and Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.13. The Process of Making and Breaking Chemical Bonds: Chemical Reactions . 20 1.14. The Nature of Matter and States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Chapter 2. The Elements: Basic Building Blocks of Green Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.1. Elements, Atoms, and Atomic Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.2. Hydrogen, the Simplest Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.3. Helium, the First Noble Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.4. Lithium, the First Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.5. The Second Period of the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.6. The Special Significance of the Octet of 8 Outer Shell Electrons . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.7. Completing the 20-Element Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.8. The Brief Periodic Table Is Complete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Chapter 3. Compounds: Safer Materials for a Safer World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.1. Chemical Bonds and Compound Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.2. Electrons Involved in Chemical Bonds and Octets of Electrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.3. Sodium Chloride and Ionic Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 i
Page 1 and 2: GREEN CHEMISTRY Air Water Life Tech
Page 3: GREEN CHEMISTRY AND THE TEN COMMAND
Page 7 and 8: Chapter 6. Energy Relationships . .
Page 9 and 10: 10.10. Soil and Plants Related to W
Page 11 and 12: THE AUTHOR Stanley E. Manahan is Pr
Page 13 and 14: PREFACE Green Chemistry and the Ten
Page 15: military poisons, means of detectin
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GREEN CHEMISTRY

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