University of Aarhus ECOTOURISM AS A WAY TO PROTECT ...

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Ecotourism as a sustainable way to protect nature Figure 2: Branches of tourism (Mieczkowski, 1995) 2.1.2. Different kinds of tourism • Mass tourism This part of tourism is a leisure-oriented type offering the highest comfort and convenience level regardless of any environmental effects. A typical example of this type is the classic "3S" vacation focussing on sea, sun and sand (Weaver, 2001). The high popularity of this type leads to high concentrations of people in relatively small spaces, that is why it is called mass tourism. • Alternative tourism The alternative types of tourism are facing mass tourism from the opposite point of view. Small groups of "interested" people enjoy the close contact with nature. But many subdivisions are possible within this group. + Wildlife tourism: "involves travel to observe animals like birds, fish and mammals in their native habitat" (Honey, 1999). This includes the consumptive and non-consumptive use of wild animals. “It may be high volume mass tourism or low volume/low impact tourism, generate high economic returns or low economic returns, be sustainable or unsustainable, domestic or international, and based on day visits or longer stays” (Roe, 1997). 10
Ecotourism as a sustainable way to protect nature + Nature tourism: "involves travel to unspoiled places to experience and enjoy, usually like hiking, biking, sailing and camping” (Honey, 1999). + Adventure tourism: "is nature tourism with a kick" requires physical skill and endurance and involves a degree of risk taking (Honey, 1999). + Agricultural tourism: this type of tourism is specific especially for the European cultural landscape where the farmers can offer many opportunities for tourists to find the experiences closely connected with the agricultural practices (horseback riding, to some extent volunteers on organic farms could also be considered a kind of agro-tourism). In the Ecotourism Guide released by The Geographical in June 2000, they present many volunteering jobs as ecotourism. + Ecotourism: all the previous definitions within the group of alternative tourism could be included in the definition of ecotourism. But in addition to the recreational activities, ecotourism is also defined by its benefits to both conservation and to people in the host country (Honey, 1999) with a strong emphasis on the sustainability of nature and people's livelihood. 2.2. Ecotourism definition As mentioned above, there is still certain confusion with regards to the definition of the term "ecotourism". To consolidate the ideas and manage "ecotourism" from a global point of view The Ecotourism Society (TES) found out like a small, influential NGO organisation. TES with the co-operation of The United Nation Environmental Program (UNEP) (3) and the World Conservation Union (former IUCN) (4) are the major players in the field of ecotourism recently. 3 UNEP -works to encourage sustainable development through sound environmental practices everywhere (UNEP, 2002). 4 IUCN -was established to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable (IUCN, 2002). 11
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