Susan ayers cambridge handbook of psychology he

716
acid secretion. A second pathway that has received even less
research involves the interaction between H. pylori and stress.
One study in humans suggested the possibility that stress may
moderate immunological responses to H. pylori infection.
Levenstein et al. (1995) found that among patients with peptic
ulcers, levels of H. pylori antibodies were lower among anxious
patients than among less anxious individuals, suggesting stress
may suppress the production of these antibodies and adversely
influence levels of H. pylori within gut. By contrast, Kim et al.
(2002) found H. pylori and stress were independent predictors of
ulceration in rates exposed to H. pylori and water immersionrestraint
stress (see also ‘Stress and health’).
REFERENCES
Ackerman, S. H., Hofer, M. A. & Weiner, H.
(1975). Age at maternal separation and
gastric erosion susceptibility in the rat.
Psychosomatic Medicine, 37, 180–4.
Anda, R. F., Williamson, D. F., Escobedo,
L. G. et al. (1992). Self-perceived stress and
the risk of peptic ulcer disease: a
longitudinal study of US adults. Archives of
Internal Medicine, 152, 829–33.
Brooks, G. R. & Richardson, F. C. (1980).
Emotional skills training: a treatment
program for duodenal ulcer. Behavior
Therapy, 11, 198–207.
Ciociola, A. A., McSorley, D. J., Turner, K.
et al. (1999). Helicobacter pylori infection
rates in duodenal ulcer patients in the
United States may be lower than previously
estimated. American Journal of
Gastroenterology, 94, 1834–40.
Feldman, M., Walker, P., Goldschmiedt, M.
et al. (1992). Role of affect and personality
in gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin
concentration: comparative studies in
normal men and in male duodenal
ulcer patients. Gastroenterology, 102,
175–80.
Definition
Growth retardation
Michael Preece
Institute of Child Health
Variation in the growth of children occurs in two dimensions.
The easiest to understand is the simple variation in height at any
given age including full maturity. Less obvious is the variation that
occurs in the timing of events during the growth process such as the
Conclusions
Holtmann, G., Armstrong, D., Poppel, E.
et al. (1992). Influence of stress on the
healing and relapse of duodenal ulcers.
Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology,
27, 917–23.
Hui, W. M., Shiu, L. P., Lok, A. S. F. et al.
(1992). Life events and daily stress in
duodenal ulcer disease. Digestion, 52,
165–72.
Kim, Y. H., Lee, J. H., Lee, S. S. et al. (2002).
Long-term stress and Helicobacter pylori
infection independently induce gastric
mucosal lesions in C57BL/6 mice.
Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology,
37, 1259–64.
Levenstein, S. (2000). The very model of a
modern aetiology: a biopsychosocial view
of peptic ulcer. Psychosomatic Medicine,
62, 176–85.
Levenstein, S., Kaplan, G. A. & Smith, M. W.
(1997). Psychological predictors of peptic
ulcer incidence in the Alameda County
study. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology,
24, 140–6.
Levenstein, S., Prantera, C., Scribano, M. L.
et al. (1996). Psychologic predictors of
Helicobacter pylori infection appears to be the most frequent cause
of peptic ulceration, and its treatment the most effective way of
curing the condition. However, stress may also be implicated in its
development and maintenance either as an independent factor,
one which influences other risk behaviours such as smoking or
alcohol consumption, or through moderating effect on levels of
H. pylori within the gut. Accordingly, some people with peptic
ulcers may still benefit from interventions designed to reduce
stress, particularly in the longer-term, where this reduction may
have a preventive role.
duodenal ulcer healing. Journal of Clinical
Gastroenterology, 22, 84–9.
Levenstein, S., Prantera, C., Varvo, V. et al.
(1995). Patterns of biologic and psychologic
risk factors for duodenal ulcer. Journal of
Clinical Gastroenterology, 21, 110–17.
Medalie, J. H., Stange, K. C., Zyzanski, S. J.
et al. (1992). The importance of
biopsychosocial factors in the development
of duodenal ulcer in a cohort of
middle-aged men. American Journal of
Epidemiology, 136, 1280–7.
Oektedalen, O., Guldvog, I., Opstad, P. K.
et al. (1984). The effect of physical stress on
gastric secretion and pancreatic
polypeptide levels in man. Scandinavian
Journal of Gastroenterology, 19, 770–8.
Shigemi, J., Mino, Y. & Tsuda, T. (1999).
The role of perceived job stress in the
relationship between smoking and the
development of peptic ulcers. Journal of
Epidemiology, 9, 320–6.
Segawa, K., Nakazawa, S., Tsukamoto, Y.
et al. (1987). Peptic ulcer is prevalent
among shift workers. Digestive Diseases and
Sciences, 32, 449–53.
age at which puberty commences or adult height is reached: this is
usually referred to as tempo.
In the case of boys, the average age of attaining adult height is
18 years but this may vary by as much as three years in either
direction. Thus a perfectly healthy boy may not stop growing until
21 years of age and this would be an example of growth retardation