146 W. Song et al. Petz et al. 1995, Wilbert 1995, Song <strong>and</strong> Packr<strong>of</strong>f 1997, Berger 1999, Song <strong>and</strong> Hu 1999). The current work forms part <strong>of</strong> a faunistic study <strong>of</strong> ciliates in <strong>the</strong> coastal waters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> north China seas, which has been carried out for a period <strong>of</strong> over 10 years. In this paper, 4 previously known but poorly described species <strong>of</strong> hypotrichs, collected from <strong>of</strong>fshore mariculture waters near Qingdao, China, are redescribed following examination using modern techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample sites. All samples were collected from mariculture waters near <strong>the</strong> coast <strong>of</strong> Qingdao (Tsingtao, 36 o 08’N; 120 o 43’E), China. Bakuella agamalievi <strong>and</strong> Cyr<strong>to</strong>hymena marina were isolated (6 May 1997) from a semi-closed pond used for mollusc culture (salinity 10-15 ‰). Pseudokeronopsis flavicans was isolated on two occasions (6 <strong>and</strong> 12 May 1997) from <strong>the</strong> same sampling site as above. Two populations <strong>of</strong> Holosticha heter<strong>of</strong>oissneri were collected on separate occasions (31 March 1995 <strong>and</strong> 28 Oc<strong>to</strong>ber 1997) from an open scallop (Chlamys farreri) farming pond (salinity 31-32 ‰). General methods. After collection <strong>and</strong> isolation, specimens were maintained in <strong>the</strong> labora<strong>to</strong>ry for several weeks, ei<strong>the</strong>r as pure or raw cultures in Petri dishes, with rice grains as food source for bacteria. Observations on living morphology were undertaken using Nomarski optics. Protargol staining (Wilbert 1975) was performed for revealing <strong>the</strong> infraciliature <strong>and</strong> nuclear apparatus. Counts <strong>and</strong> measurements were made at a magnification <strong>of</strong> x1250. Drawings were made with <strong>the</strong> help <strong>of</strong> a camera Lucida. Terminology is mainly according <strong>to</strong> Foissner (1982) <strong>and</strong> Hemberger (1985). <strong>New</strong> type specimens. Since no type specimens <strong>of</strong> Bakuella agamalievi, Cyr<strong>to</strong>hymena marina or Pseudokeronopsis flavicans are known <strong>to</strong> exist, one neotype slide <strong>of</strong> protargol impregnated cells <strong>of</strong> each species has been deposited in <strong>the</strong> collection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Natural His<strong>to</strong>ry Museum, London, UK with <strong>the</strong> following registration numbers: Bakuella agamalievi, 2001:1z:z8:01; Cyr<strong>to</strong>hymena marina, 2001:1z:z8:02; Pseudokeronopsis flavicans, 2001:1z:z8:03. In addition one paraneotype <strong>of</strong> each has been deposited in <strong>the</strong> Labora<strong>to</strong>ry <strong>of</strong> Pro<strong>to</strong>zoology, Ocean University <strong>of</strong> Qingdao, People’s Republic China. RESULTS Bakuella agamalievi Borror & Wicklow, 1983 (Figs 1-8, 52-53; Table 1) Syn. Holosticha manca sensu Agamaliev, 1972 Borror <strong>and</strong> Wicklow (1983) reclassified this species but did not give a clear definition; hence we supply here <strong>the</strong> species diagnosis based on <strong>the</strong> present studies. Improved diagnosis. <strong>Marine</strong> Bakuella with elongated body shape, 100-150 x 30-50 µm in vivo; about 30 adoral membranelles; on average, 33 left <strong>and</strong> 43 right marginal cirri; 4-7 fron<strong>to</strong>terminal, 4 frontal, one buccal <strong>and</strong> 4-7 transverse cirri; 9-13 pairs <strong>of</strong> midventral cirri distributed mostly in frontal area; 3-6 ventral rows with 3-5 cirri each; consistently 3 dorsal kineties; numerous macronuclei; cortical granules grouped in short rows; one contractile vacuole in anterior 1/3 <strong>of</strong> cell. Morphological description. Body shape generally constant, length <strong>to</strong> width ratio about 3:1 with both ends well rounded; cell margins almost parallel with slight bulge in middle portion (Fig. 1). Buccal field about 1/3 <strong>to</strong> 2/5 body length (Fig. 1). Pellicle rigid, cortical granules colorless or slightly greenish when observed at low magnification, about 0.8 µm across, typically grouped <strong>to</strong>ge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>and</strong> sparsely arranged in short rows on both ventral <strong>and</strong> dorsal sides <strong>of</strong> cell (Figs 2, 3, 53). Cy<strong>to</strong>plasm colourless <strong>to</strong> grayish, usually containing numerous shiny globules (2-5 µm in diameter), which render <strong>the</strong> cell completely opaque. Food vacuoles large, usually several in number, <strong>and</strong> containing flagellate, small ciliates or bacteria. Contractile vacuole (CV) situated near left border about 1/3 <strong>to</strong> 2/5 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> way down <strong>the</strong> body (Figs 1, 3). Pulsation interval ra<strong>the</strong>r long (up <strong>to</strong> 5 min). About 50 ellipsoid macronuclear nodules, each ca 3-5 µm long <strong>and</strong> containing several large nucleoli; micronuclei globular, only recognized after protargol staining (Fig. 8). Locomotion moderately fast, crawling on substrate, sometimes jerking back <strong>and</strong> forth. Adoral zone <strong>of</strong> membranelles about 1/3 <strong>of</strong> cell length with distal end only slightly curved <strong>to</strong>wards right border. Bases <strong>of</strong> membranelles ca 7-8 µm in length. Cilia <strong>of</strong> membranelles 15-20 µm long. Undulating membranes relatively long, slightly curved <strong>and</strong> noticeably crossed (Figs 4, 7). Somatic ciliature typical <strong>of</strong> genus. Three slightly enlarged, <strong>and</strong> one smaller, frontal cirrus arranged in anteriormost portion <strong>of</strong> frontal area; cirri about 20 µm long. One buccal cirrus near anterior 1/3 <strong>of</strong> undulating membranes (Fig. 4). Mostly 6 fron<strong>to</strong>terminal cirri relatively fine, located at anterior terminus <strong>of</strong> right marginal row (Figs 4, 7). Midventral rows composed <strong>of</strong> closely spaced oblique pairs <strong>of</strong> cirri <strong>and</strong> extending <strong>to</strong> about <strong>the</strong> level <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cy<strong>to</strong>s<strong>to</strong>me (Fig. 7). Posterior <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong>se midventral rows are (usually) 4-5 ventral rows (arrows in Fig. 7) each with 3 <strong>to</strong> 5 cirri, which are also obliquely
On four marine hypotrichs 147 Figs 1-8. Bakuella agamalievi from life (1-3, 6), after silver nitrate (5) <strong>and</strong> protargol impregnation (4, 7, 8). 1 - ventral view <strong>of</strong> a typical specimen; 2 - optical section <strong>of</strong> cortex, <strong>to</strong> show <strong>the</strong> cortical granules; 3 - dorsal view from life; note <strong>the</strong> arrangement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cortical granules; 4 - anterior portion <strong>of</strong> infraciliature, <strong>to</strong> show <strong>the</strong> buccal apparatus <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ciliature on ventral side; 5 - ventral side (redrawn from Agamaliev, 1972, called Holosticha manca); 6 - lateral view from life; 7, 8 - ventral <strong>and</strong> dorsal views <strong>of</strong> infraciliature; arrows in Fig. 7 mark <strong>the</strong> short ventral rows. AZM - adoral zone <strong>of</strong> membranelles, BC - buccal cirrus, Cph - cy<strong>to</strong>pharynx, CV - contractile vacuole, DK3 - dorsal kinety No. 3, EM - endoral membrane, FC - frontal cirri, FTC - fron<strong>to</strong>terminal cirri, Ma - macronuclei, Mi - micronuclei, MVR - midventral rows, PM - paroral membrane, RMR - right marginal row, TC - transverse cirri, VR - ventral rows. Scale bars - 50 µm
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