Strength and Durability of a 70% Ground Granulated Blast Furnace ...

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List of Figures (cont’d.) Fig. 33-Relationship of 56 day compressive strength and Durability Factor, 35 day wet curing for durability specimens.............................47 Fig. 34-Relationship of 56 day compressive strength and weight change, 35 day wet curing for durability specimens............................48 Fig. 35-Relationship of 56 day compressive strength and length change, 35 day wet curing for durability specimens............................48 Fig. 36-Results of salt scaling testing ...............................................................49 Fig. 37-Results of rapid chloride permeability testing at 56 days ....................50 Fig. 38-Spacing Factor of air void systems ......................................................50 Fig. 39-Specific surface of air systems.............................................................51 Fig. 40-Average void size of air systems..........................................................51 Fig. 41-Frequency distribution of air systems, percentage less than 0.006 in.................................................................................................52 Fig. 42-Total hardened air content of all three mixtures ..................................53 Fig. 43-Maximum temperature differentials.....................................................54 Fig. 44-Observed vs. estimated 28 day compressive strengths of high slag replacement mixes............................................................55 Fig. 45- Observed vs. estimated 28 day compressive strengths of high slag replacement mixes as a percent of OPC mixes strength..............55 Fig. 46- Effect of slag replacement on percent of OPC mix 28 day strength ....................................................................................56 Fig. 47-Effect of cement content on percent of OPC mix 28 day strength for mixes containing grade 120 slag ......................................58 Fig. 48-Effect of slag fineness on percent of OPC mix 28 day strength for mixes containing 70% slag...............................................59 Fig. 49-Effect of cement content on percent of OPC mix 28 day strength for mixes containing 70% slag...............................................60 Fig. 50- Effect of percent slag, TCM, w/cm, PC type, and time of curing on strength ...........................................................................66 Fig. 51- Relationship of sand content and porosity ..........................................67 Fig. 52- Effect of slag proportion and TCM on 56 day strength ......................68 Fig. 53- Effect of slag proportion and cement type on 56 day net compressive strength.....................................................................69 Fig. 54- Difference in net compressive strength between 70% and zero percent slag mixes ................................................................70 Fig. 55- Difference in 56 day net compressive strength between Type I PC and Type II PC mixes at zero slag content .........................71 Fig. 56- Effect of slag addition at constant PC content ....................................72 Fig. A1- Batching equipment............................................................................81 Fig. A2- Steel cube molds.................................................................................82 Fig. A3- Loading system ..................................................................................83 Fig. D1- Typical time-strength curve................................................................85 vii
List of Tables Table 1-Material Suppliers...............................................................................14 Table 2-Gradation specifications for crushed stone and river sand .................14 Table 3-Control (B-1) mix proportions ............................................................15 Table 4-GGBFS without HRWR mix proportions...........................................15 Table 5-GGBFS with HRWR mix proportions................................................16 Table 6- GGBFS analysis.................................................................................17 Table 7-Type II low heat portland cement analysis .........................................17 Table 8-Sampling Schedule..............................................................................18 Table 9-Concrete placement field results.........................................................25 Table 10-Compressive strength of mixes sampled by RDT.............................27 Table 11-Minimum, maximum, and median Durability Factors......................42 Table 12-Type II Mixes....................................................................................61 Table 13-Type II Mixes....................................................................................62 Table 14-Type I OPC .......................................................................................63 Table 15-Type II PC.........................................................................................63 Table 16-Grade 120 GGBFS............................................................................63 Table 17-ASTM C 989 Reference Cement Requirements...............................64 Table 18-Graded Sands ....................................................................................64 viii
Page 1 and 2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 3 and 4: TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Acknowledgements.
Page 7: List of Figures Fig. 1-Effect of sl
Page 11 and 12: Literature Search General The gener
Page 13 and 14: hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, calci
Page 15 and 16: amount was 50%. Lane and Ozyildirum
Page 17 and 18: Effect of slag characteristics. Bec
Page 19 and 20: 50%, chloride permeability dropped
Page 21 and 22: the carbonation rate increased with
Page 23 and 24: Phase I: Field Investigation Genera
Page 25 and 26: Table 5-GGBFS with HRWR mix proport
Page 27 and 28: Upon fabrication, the specimens wer
Page 29 and 30: Compressive Strength Compressive st
Page 31 and 32: Salt Scaling Salt scaling resistanc
Page 33 and 34: were done manually by RDT personnel
Page 35 and 36: From observation of Tables 3-5 and
Page 37 and 38: 8000 7000 Compressive strength (psi
Page 39 and 40: 8000 Compressive Strength (psi) 700
Page 41 and 42: 7000 56 Day Compressive Strength (p
Page 43 and 44: 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 28 day
Page 45 and 46: 7000 28 Day Compressive Strength (p
Page 47 and 48: 100 Avg 90 80 12-14-99 12-14-99 12-
Page 49 and 50: 100 90 80 Durability Factor 70 60 5
Page 51 and 52: 100 90 80 Durability Factor 70 60 5
Page 53 and 54: 0.2 0.15 Length Change (%) 0.1 0.05
Page 55 and 56: 0.16 0.14 0.12 Length Change (%) 0.
Page 57 and 58: 1.2 1 0.8 Weight Change (%) 0.6 0.4
Page 59 and 60:
8000 7000 6000 Pour 1 Pour 2 Averag
Page 61 and 62:
92.0 90.0 Voids Less Than 0.006 in.
Page 63 and 64:
60 Temperature Differential (C) 50
Page 65 and 66:
Previously, it was pointed out that
Page 67 and 68:
160 Percent of OPC 28 Day Compressi
Page 69 and 70:
120 Percent of OPC 28 Day Compressi
Page 71 and 72:
Table 13- Type I Mixes w/cm TCM OPC
Page 73 and 74:
Table 17- ASTM C 989 Reference Ceme
Page 75 and 76:
Results and Discussion Experimental
Page 77 and 78:
the PC content when working with la
Page 79 and 80:
3000 Increase in 56 Day Net Compres
Page 81 and 82:
5000 Net 56 Day Compressive Strengt
Page 83 and 84:
strengths. The difference in streng
Page 85 and 86:
2) The curing regime for freeze-tha
Page 87 and 88:
26.Hogan, F. J., and Meusel, J. W.,
Page 89 and 90:
58.AASHTO, “Standard Specificatio
Page 91 and 92:
Fig. A2- Steel cube molds Curing. T
Page 93 and 94:
d γ η= 1− S a Where: Relative D
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Strength and Durability of a 70% Ground Granulated Blast Furnace ...

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