A Closer Look at Prevailing Civil Engineering Practice - European ...

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A Closer Look at Prevailing Civil Engineering Practice, What, Why and How Vincent T. H. CHU Simplified method assume that the inter-slice forces are horizontal and inter-slice shear forces are neglected. Equilibrium Method Moment Force Equilibrium Equilibrium Horizontal Vertical Janbu’s Simplified No Yes Yes Bishop’s Simplified Yes No Yes Morgenstern-Price Yes Yes Yes 58
A Closer Look at Prevailing Civil Engineering Practice, What, Why and How Vincent T. H. CHU Chapter 8. Tunneling 1. How can Earth Pressure Balance TBM maintain stability of tunnel face Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) TBMs are used in excavating and advancing tunnels through any type of soft ground or soil condition, particularly below the water table. The EPB method consists of a cutting chamber located behind the cutterhead. This chamber is used to mix the soil with water foam. It is maintained under pressure by the mucking system. The ground at the cutting face is supported by earth pressure by balancing the advancement of the tunnel with the discharge rate of the excavated soil. The underlying principle of the EPB method is that the excavated soil itself is used to provide continuous support to the tunnel face by balancing earth pressure against the forward pressure of the machine. The thrust forces generated from rear section of TBM is transferred to the earth in the cutterhead chamber so as to prevent uncontrolled intrusion of excavated materials into the chamber. When the shield advances at the face of excavation, the excavated soil is then mixed together with a special foam material which changes its viscosity or thickness and transforms it into a flowing material. This muck is then stored and is used to provide support and to balance pressure at the tunnel face during the excavation process. 2. Why do Slurry Shield TBMs have difficulty when tunneling in clay In Slurry Shield TBMs, the slurry forms a filter cake on the face of excavation which has the following purposes: (i) It provides the surface for slurry pressure to act on. (ii) It acts as a seal against the y of groundwater into the tunnel. (iii) In case the TBM breaks down, this filter cake serves as a sealing membrane at the tunnel face which allows man-entry into the excavation and working chamber upon provision go compressed air. Slurry Shield TBMs are widely used for non-cohesive soils ranging from fine-grained sand to coarse-grained gravel. It is less suitable when operating in clay because: (i) Most slurry separation plant could not separate clay from slurry. As 59
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A Closer Look at Prevailing Civil Engineering Practice - European ...

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