bronze age environment and economy in the troad - Universität ...

contents
Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................................................... XI
Acknowledgments................................................................................................................................................................... XI
1 Environment and archaeology of the Troad............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Environmental preconditions and state of palaeoenvironmental research......................................................... 1
1.1.1 Geographic presentations of the environment .................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.2 Geofactors modelling the environment............................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.2.1 Geology and geomorphology ...................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.2.2 Hydrology and hydrography........................................................................................................................................ 2
1.1.2.3 Soils ............................................................................................................................................................................. 2
1.1.2.4 Climate and weather .................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1.2.5 Vegetation.................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1.3 The history of archaeobotanical research in the Troad....................................................................................................... 6
1.2 The archaeology of Kumtepe and Troy and the origin of the samples................................................................ 6
1.2.1 Kumtepe ............................................................................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.1.1 Archaeological research history .................................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.1.2 The recent excavations and location of the archaeobotanical samples........................................................................ 7
1.2.2 Troy .................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.2.2.1 Chronology .................................................................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.2.2 Archaeological research history and results from the early excavations ..................................................................... 8
1.2.2.3 The recent excavations and location of the archaeobotanical samples...................................................................... 10
1.2.2.3.1 Early Bronze Age (Troy I-III) ............................................................................................................................ 10
1.2.2.3.2 Middle Bronze Age (Troy IV/V)........................................................................................................................ 11
1.2.2.3.3 Late Bronze Age (Troy VI/VII).......................................................................................................................... 11
1.2.2.3.4 Post-Bronze Age (Troy VIII/IX) ........................................................................................................................ 12
1.2.3 Comparative summary of the results from Blegen’s and Korfmann’s excavations.......................................................... 12
1.2.4 Other research aspects within the new excavations.......................................................................................................... 14
2 Methods.................................................................................................................................................................................. 15
2.1 From sampling to species list........................................................................................................................................ 15
2.1.1 Sampling and recovery ..................................................................................................................................................... 15
2.1.2 Processing of the sediment and off-site subsampling....................................................................................................... 16
2.1.3 Identification and documentation ..................................................................................................................................... 17
2.2 The evaluation of the archaeobotanical data ............................................................................................................ 18
2.2.1 Taphonomy of the botanical macrofossils from Troy and Kumtepe ................................................................................ 18
2.2.2 Quantitative analysis......................................................................................................................................................... 20
2.2.2.1 Recording system and data preparation..................................................................................................................... 20
2.2.2.2 Descriptive methods .................................................................................................................................................. 20
2.2.2.3 Multivariate methods................................................................................................................................................. 21
2.2.3 The ecological evaluation of the data ............................................................................................................................... 22
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