bronze age environment and economy in the troad - Universität ...

contents
4 Comparative ecology of the archaeobotanical remains from Troy and Kumtepe .................................. 47
4.1 The ecological interpretation of archaeobotanical data.......................................................................................... 47
4.2 Interrelations between ecology and economy ........................................................................................................... 47
4.3 Geomorphology, soil science and their contribution to landscape reconstruction in the Troad................. 48
4.4 Aspects of Eastern Mediterranean vegetation and their appearence in the Troad.......................................... 49
4.4.1 Grazing and browsing........................................................................................................................................................ 50
4.4.2 Fire..................................................................................................................................................................................... 50
4.4.3 Settlement activity ............................................................................................................................................................. 50
4.5 Studies on past vegetation with emphasis on human influence ........................................................................... 51
4.6 Modern vegetation in the vicinity of Troy ................................................................................................................. 52
4.6.1 The pine woods of the High Plateau.................................................................................................................................. 52
4.6.2 Maquis, phrygana and steppe on the Low Plateau ............................................................................................................ 52
4.6.3 The moisture-loving flora of the Scamander valley and the delta region.......................................................................... 53
4.6.4 Other ‘pastures’ ................................................................................................................................................................. 53
4.6.5 Plantations and arable fields .............................................................................................................................................. 54
4.7 The archaeobotanical species spectrum of Troy and Kumtepe and its ecological information.................. 54
4.7.1 Potential habitats................................................................................................................................................................ 54
4.7.2 Maquis on the Low Plateau ............................................................................................................................................... 54
4.7.3 Moisture-dependent plant communities in the valley........................................................................................................ 55
4.7.4 The prehistoric grass species and their significance in landscape reconstruction ............................................................. 55
4.7.5 The main aspects of landscape development as evident from the archaeobotanical remains............................................ 56
5 Economic aspects in the Bronze Age Troad............................................................................................................ 58
5.1 Some environmental constraints of Mediterranean agriculture ........................................................................... 58
5.2 Crop husbandry before harvest − fallow and manure ............................................................................................. 58
5.3 Crop-processing after harvest ........................................................................................................................................ 59
5.4 Crop husbandry at Bronze Age Troy and Neolithic/Chalcolithic Kumtepe..................................................... 60
5.4.1 Barley cultivation .............................................................................................................................................................. 60
5.4.2 Free-threshing wheats........................................................................................................................................................ 61
5.4.3 Hulled wheats .................................................................................................................................................................... 61
5.4.4 Pulses................................................................................................................................................................................. 61
5.4.5 Fruit cultivation − with emphasis on olive ........................................................................................................................ 62
5.4.6 Other useful plants in everyday life................................................................................................................................... 63
5.5 The weed flora .................................................................................................................................................................... 64
5.5.1 Problems of species classification − Weed or wild plants ............................................................................................... 64
5.5.2 Grass pea: crop or weed................................................................................................................................................... 65
5.5.3 Ryegrass as a weed of cereal crops.................................................................................................................................... 66
5.5.4 Agricultural techniques...................................................................................................................................................... 66
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