Facilitator - WHO Western Pacific Region - World Health Organization

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16 3. Haematocrit (HCT): If measured in the early febrile phase (day 1 to 3 of illness), HCT would be normal and should be used as the patient’s own baseline for later comparisons. However, with the onset of significant plasma leakage, without intravenous or oral fluid therapy, HCT would increase sharply—the change in HCT from baseline being proportional to the degree of plasma leakage. However, this sharp increase in HCT would be blunted or may not be observed in patients receiving prior intravenous fluid therapy or in those with the ability to maintain adequate oral intake. Therefore, the interpretation of HCT should take into account the context of oral or intravenous fluid therapy and urine output, important components in history-taking. Without fluid therapy (either oral or intravenous), HCT would continue to rise with further plasma leakage to as high as 20% above the baseline or more, e.g. from a baseline of 0.40 to 0.48 or higher. By this time, the patient would have developed features of hypovolaemia or even hypovolemic shock. The reduction in HCT would be caused by either intravenous fluid therapy (volume resuscitation), in which case the patient would improve clinically, or severe bleeding, in which case the patient would experience severe hypovolaemic shock. The HCT could fall below the baseline if excessive intravenous fluid therapy had been administered during the critical phase and during the reabsorption phase. In these scenarios, the patient would be stable with adequate peripheral perfusion. On the other hand, if the patient has had severe bleeding, the HCT could also be reduced with intravenous fluid therapy, but his or her clinical condition would not be stable at all. By now, you would appreciate that of the three major components of the complete blood count, the most challenging to understand is the HCT because of fluid therapy, either intravenous therapy by the doctor or the patient’s oral fluids according to his thirst mechanism. Unravelling and understanding these events and the corresponding serial haematocrits in “real-time”, is critical to further management of fluids. SLIDE • 7: • Facilitator explains the potential clinical issues in a patient with dengue: • •dehydration (febrile phase); • •hypovolaemia and shock due to plasma leakage and bleeding (critical phase); • •fluid overload due to fluid reabsorption or excessive IV therapy; and •organ impairment, which usually occurs in conjunction with severe plasma leakage but could be an entity on its own and occur at any time, but commonly during the critical and recovery phases. SESSION 4.3: FEBRILE PHASE SLIDE 8: Vignette of febrile phase SESSION 4.4: CRITICAL PHASE SLIDE • 9: Transition from febrile phase to critical phase • Facilitator explains: •The • critical phase usually runs from day 4 to day 7 of illness. •The phase could start as early as day 3 or as late as day 7 or 8. •The phase coincides with defervescence . Development of warning signs: Identify dengue patients already in shock or at risk of developing shock. The onset of leukopenia is usually 24 hours before the rapid decrease in platelet count. Although leukopenia is not predictive of plasma leakage, it should alert the physician to the possibility that the febrile patient could have dengue.
A rapid decrease in platelet count and a rising trend in haematocrit typically occur shortly before or at defervescence. SLIDE • 10: Pearls and pitfalls: abdominal pain • Facilitator explains: •Abdominal pain should be considered a warning sign when it becomes the chief or solo • complaint of the patient. •The pain could be located in the right hypochondrium (liver or gall bladder region) or central • abdomen or right iliac fossa. • •In some patients, abdominal pain could be as severe as in a surgical abdomen. • •If in doubt, check the CBC for leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and/or raised HCT. •Be aware of the pitfalls: after several hours of vigorous intravenous fluid therapy, patients with increased capillary permeability will develop ascites. The liver may become congested from too much intravenous fluid and together with ascites, the abdomen will become tense and cause the patient to experience abdominal pain. Please do not consider this abdominal pain to be a warning sign of shock. These are signs of fluid overload. Further IV fluid therapy may cause acute pulmonary oedema. SLIDE • 11: Persistent vomiting • Facilitator explains: • •Vomiting is a common symptom in viral illnesses and in the early febrile phase of dengue. •Vomiting may be an important issue for adult patients on regular medications, e.g., antihypertensives. For such patients, normal blood pressure in the absence of their antihypertensives and a 40mm Hg decrease from baseline SBP indicates hypotension. SLIDE • 12: Lethargy • Facilitator explains: • •Lethargy is common in the early febrile phase. • •As the illness progresses into the critical phase, the patient becomes increasingly lethargic. • •Most parents will complain that their child looks very weak. •Lethargy is a warning sign of shock or impending shock. Restlessness is a danger sign of severe shock and cerebral hypoperfusion. SLIDE • 13: Mucosal bleeding • Facilitator explains: •Mucosal • bleeding may be due to thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction. •Fluid accumulation: Plasma leakage is present to some degree in most dengue patients. •In most cases of moderate plasma leakage, patients would have to receive intravenous fluid • therapy before fluid accumulation becomes clinically evident. •However, in cases of severe plasma leakage, pleural effusion may be detected on the right hemithorax by clinical examination or chest radiograph, even before IV therapy. SLIDE 14: Laboratory warning signs 17
Page 3 and 4: Facilitator’s Training Manual Den
Page 5 and 6: Contents Acknowledgements..........
Page 7 and 8: Role of the facilitator in adult le
Page 9 and 10: Format of the manual: The user-frie
Page 11 and 12: Day/Time Session # Duration Activit
Page 13 and 14: DAY 1 Objectives for Day 1 By the e
Page 15 and 16: Session 1.2: Participant introducti
Page 17 and 18: MODULE 2: Epidemiology of dengue Da
Page 19 and 20: Module 2: Epidemiology of dengue SE
Page 21 and 22: MODULE 3: Transmission of dengue an
Page 23 and 24: MODULE 3: Transmission of dengue an
Page 25 and 26: MODULE 4: Clinical course of diseas
Page 27: SLIDE • 5: • Facilitator explai
Page 31 and 32: MODULE 5: Case classification and d
Page 33 and 34: MODULE 5: Case classification & dif
Page 35 and 36: Case Studies #2, 3, 4 and 5 SESSION
Page 37 and 38: Module 6: Patient assessment & eval
Page 39 and 40: Module 6: Patient assessment & eval
Page 41 and 42: Module • 6: Patient assessment &
Page 43 and 44: MODULE 7: Outpatient management Day
Page 45 and 46: Module 7: Outpatient management SLI
Page 47 and 48: DAY 2 Objectives for Day 2 At the e
Page 49 and 50: MODULE 8A: IV fluid principles SLID
Page 51 and 52: MODULE 8A: IV fluid principles •
Page 53 and 54: MODULE 8A: IV fluid principles SLID
Page 55 and 56: Case Studies #7 & 8 SESSION CS7-CS8
Page 57 and 58: SLIDE 6: Dengue with warning signs
Page 59 and 60: • •However after every step-up
Page 61 and 62: SLIDE 17: Pitfalls in navigation
Page 63 and 64: DAY 3 Objectives for Day 3 At the e
Page 65 and 66: • •Project 36 hours and 48 hour
Page 67 and 68: SESSION 8.4D: OTHER COMPLICATIONS:
Page 69 and 70: SLIDE 20: Case 2 •Facilitator •
Page 71 and 72: Case Studies #11, 12, 13, 14, 15 an

Facilitator - WHO Western Pacific Region - World Health Organization

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