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Accuracy = hits + hits false alarms For each cluster of intervening words identified by a frame, the category label that occurred most frequently, in terms of both type and token, was taken as the prominent category of the frame. This measure indicates the degree to which a salient category was identified by a frequent frame. number of words belonging to pro min ent category Prominence= number of all words Table 8. Examples of frequent frames in the adult input to AJR (w_w) Frequent frames zenme_de “how_particle” Intervening words (number of tokens) shuo “talk”(76), jiao “call”(17), gao “manage to get”(6), jiang “speak”(6), da “beat” (5), xi “wash”(4), chang “sing” (3), tiaowu “dance” (2), an “press”(1), cai “guess”(1), fang “put up”(1), jiao “teach” (1), na “tale”(1), sukou “rinse one’s mouth” (1), shuijiaojiao “sleep”(1), xiang “ring”(1), xie “write”(1), zhidao “know”(1). Prominent category of intervening words verb bu_le “not_particle” yao “want to have”(8),wan “play(5), qu “go” (3), tiaowu “dance”(3), xi “wash”(3), tiao “jump”(3), hua “draw”(2), jide “remember”(2), jiang “speak”(2), jiao “call”(2), kai “open”(2), yun “dizzy”(2), ying “win”(2), ren “recognize”(1), shua “wash”(1), ting “listen”(1), tou “cast”(1), xihan “like”(1), zhong “hit target”(1), zhuan “turn” (1), zuo “sit”(1), guang “take charge of “(1), hao “good” (1), he “drink”(1), kan “look”(1), lai “come”(1). verb Table 9. Accuracy and prominence score of frequent frames in the adult input (types) Subject AJR Prominent category yielded by frequent frames Mean accuracy score of frequent frames (w_w) yielding verb and adjective Verb 0.74 0.91 Adjective 0.77 0.88 Mean prominence score of frequent frames yielding verb and adjective LSY Verb 0.83 0.86 Adjective 0.82 0.89 83-84% of the frequent frames produced by the two children at two years of age overlapped with the frequent frames of the adult input covering the period prior to two years of age. 10
The frequent frame analysis of the adult input to these two children and the spontaneous utterances produced by the children indicate clearly the formation of distributionally defined word classes, and that distribuional bootstrapping of syntactic categories is possible. 3.4 Syntactic development is not gradual or piecemeal (Xiao 2006, Xiao, Cai and Lee 2006) Only between 47 and 52 percent of the sentence frames first used with a verb involved repetition of a previous sentence frame or a single operation. Between 48 and 53 percent of the sentence frames first used with a verb involved two or more changes from prior sentence frames used with the verb, or were frames that could not be traced to any previous sentence frames for the verb. These figures are much higher than the 8% reported by Tomasello for his subject. Children were in command of sentence frames as abstract structures and were able to apply structures acquired for a particular verb to other verbs. Table 10. Changes in the sentence frames of verbs in verb chains for utterances with three or more words Number of changes from previous AJR LSY sentence in the same verb chain Repetition of previous sentence in the 56 66 same verb chain One change from previous sentence 73 75 in the same verb chain Subtotal 129 (51.8%) 141 (47.2%) Two changes from previous sentence 56 53 in the same verb chain Three or more changes from previous 18 52 sentence in the same verb chain No previous sentence in the same 46 53 verb chain Subtotal 120 (48.2%) 158 (52.8%) (i) LSY: hongse bi mei hua qiangshang (01;10;10) Red pen not draw wall "(I) did not use the red pen to draw on the wall" (ii) LSY hua dabing (01;07;11) draw biscuit "Draw biscuit" 11
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