Slides

Explicit coding scheme for measuring productivity of multiword utterances:(Lieven,
Pine and Barnes 1992, Lieven, Pine and Baldwin 1997).
Frozen phrases: utterances which contain two or more words which have not
previously occurred alone in the child's vocabulary or which contain one such word,
provided it has not occurred in the same position in a previous multi-word utterance.
Constructed utterances: utterances which contain one or more words or phrases which
have occurred independently in the child's vocabulary together with a word or phrase
which has occurred in the same position in at least two other previous multi-word
utterances.
Example:
Words in child's single-word vocabulary:
Gone
ball
dolly
birdie
dinner
Multi-word utterances:
book gone
ball gone
dolly gone
birdie gone
dinner gone
frozen phrase
intermediate
constructed
constructed
constructed
Lexically-based constructions can account for about 60% of children's early
multi-word utterances, with the remainder 40% consisting primarily of frozen phrases
(Lieven, Pine and Baldwin 1997).
Acquiring a stock of frozen phrases may be a typical route for syntactic acquisition
(Pine and Lieven 1993).
2.3 Variety of category membership ('Multiple appearances' test)
There should be multiple members, and each of the members should occur in a range
of diagnostic contexts.
Example 1: V + tense/aspect (Pine, Lieven and Rowland 1998)
A study of 12 children audiorecorded at monthly to fortnightly intervals for about six
months. The age at the beginning of the recording varied between 1;3 and 2;0. The
age at the end of the recording varied between 1;10 and 2;7.
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