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POLAND A Unique Signpost at Cultural Crossroads The unique character of Polish people's lifestyle was shaped over a thousand years of history. The national culture developed at the crossroads of the Latinate and Byzantine worlds, in continual dialogue with the many ethnic groups living in Poland. Architecture Polish towns reflect the whole spectrum of European styles. Poland's Eastern frontiers used to mark the outermost boundary of the influences of Western architecture on the continent. The origins of Polish literature written in the Polish vernacular go back beyond the 14th century. In the 16th century the poetic works of Jan Kochanowski established him as a leading representative of European Renaissance literature. Baroque and Neo- Krakow ranks among the best preserved Gothic and Renaissance urban complexes in Europe. In Vilnius (Lithuania) there are about 40 baroque and Renaissance churches. In Lviv (Ukraine) there are Gothic, Renaissance, and baroque urban complexes with influences of the orthodox and Armenian church. Polish church architecture deserves special attention. There is an one of the best preserved examples of complex Modernist Movement architecture in Europe in Katowice, Upper Silesia, designed and built in the 1930s. Some interesting buildings were also constructed during the Communist regime in the style of Socialist Realism; some remarkable examples of modern architecture erected recently. Polish Art Polish art has always reflected world trends while maintaining its unique character. Jan Matejko's famous school of Historicist painting produced monumental portrayals of significant events in Polish history. Stanislaw Witkiewicz was an ardent supporter of Realism in Polish art, its main representative being Jozef Chelmonski. The Mloda Polska (Young Poland) movement witnessed the birth of modern Polish art, and engaged in a great deal of formal experimentation, led by Jacek Malczewski (Symbolism), Stanislaw Wyspianski, Jozef Mehoffer, and a group of Polish Impressionists. Artists of the twentieth-century Avant- Garde represented various schools and trends. The art of Tadeusz Makowski was influenced by Cubism; while Wladyslaw Strzeminski and Henryk Stazewski worked within the Constructivist idiom. Distinguished contemporary artists include Roman Opalka, Leon Tarasewicz, Jerzy Nowosielski, Wojciech Siudmak, and Miroslaw Balka and Katarzyna Kozyra in the younger generation. The most celebrated Polish sculptors include Xawery Dunikowski, Katarzyna Kobro, Alina Szapocznikow and Magdalena Abakanowicz. Since the inter-war years, Polish art and documentary photography has enjoyed worldwide recognition. In the sixties the Polish Poster School was formed, with Henryk Tomaszewski and Waldemar Swierzy at its head. Literature OPEN TRADE 46 Oct-Dec 2007
POLAND Classicist belle letters made a significant contribution to The music of Fryderyk Chopin, inspired by Polish tradition the cementing of Poland's peoples of many cultural and folklore, conveys the quintessence of Romanticism. backgrounds. The early 19th century novel “ Manuscrit Since 1927, the International Frederick Chopin Piano Trouve A Saragosse" by Count Jan Potocki, which Competition has been held every five years in Warsaw. survived in its Polish translation after the loss of the Contemporary Polish jazz with its special national flavour original in French, became a world classic. Wojciech Has' has fans and followers in many countries. film based on it, a favourite of Luis Bunuel, later became a cult film on university campuses. Poland's great Cinema Romantic literature flourished in the 19th century when Graduates of the famous Lodz Film School include many the country had lost its independence. celebrated directors, among them Roman Polanski (Knife The poets Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Slowacki and in the Water, Rosemary's Baby, Frantic, The Pianist) and Zygmunt Krasinski, the "Three Bards," became the Krzysztof Zanussi, a leading director of the cinema of spiritual leaders of a nation deprived of its sovereignty, moral anxiety of the 70s. Andrzej Wajda's films offer an and prophesied its revival. The novelist Henryk insightful analysis of what is universal in the Polish Sienkiewicz, who won the Nobel Prize in 1905, eulogised experience - the struggle to maintain human dignity the historical tradition. It is difficult to grasp fully the under circumstances which hardly allow it. His major detailed tradition of Polish Romanticism and its films describe the identity of many of Poland's consequences for Polish literature without a thorough knowledge of Polish history. generations. In 2000 Wajda was awarded an Oscar for his contribution to cinema. In the 90s the films of Krzysztof In the early 20th century many outstanding Polish literary Kieœlowski, such as The Decalogue (made for works emerged from the <strong>new</strong> cultural exchange and television), The Double Life of Veronique and the Three Avant-Garde experimentation. The legacy of the Kresy Colors trilogy, won great popularity. Other Polish film Marchlands of Poland's Eastern regions with Wilno and directors such as Agnieszka Holland and Janusz Lwow (now Vilnius and Lviv) as two major centres for the Kaminski have worked in Hollywood as well. Polish arts, played a special role in these developments. This animated films - represented by Jan Lenica and Zbigniew was also a region in which Jewish tradition and the mystic movement of Hasidism thrived. The Kresy were a cultural Rybczynski (awarded an Oscar in 1983) - have a long trysting-place for numerous ethnic and national groups tradition, and derivie inspiration from Poland's graphic whose achievements were inspiring each other. The arts. works of Bruno Schulz, Boleslaw Leœmian, and Jozef Czechowicz were written there. In the south of Poland, Theatre Zakopane was the birthplace of the avant-garde works of The Polish avant-garde theatre is world-famous, with Stanislaw Ignacy Witkiewicz (Witkacy). And, last but not Jerzy Grotowski as its most innovative and creative least, there was Wladyslaw Reymont awarded 1924 representative. One of the most original twentieth- Nobel prize in literature for his novel Chlopi (The century theatre personalities was Tadeusz Kantor, painter, Peasants). theoretician of drama, stage designer, and playwright, After the Second World War many Polish writers found his ideas finding their culmination in the theatre of death themselves in exile, with many of them clustered around and his most recognised production being "Umarla the Paris-based "Kultura" publishing venture run by Jerzy klasa" (Dead Class). Giedroyc. The group of emigre writers included Witold Museums and Festivals Poland offers a wide spectrum of Gombrowicz, Gustaw Herling-Grudziñski, Czeslaw cultural experience. Those interested in high culture will Milosz, and Slawomir Mrozek. enjoy the renowned music festivals like Wratislavia Zbigniew Herbert, Tadeusz Rozewicz, Czeslaw Milosz Cantans and the Warsaw Autumn. Polish museums (Nobel Prize in 1980), and Wislawa Szymborska (Nobel exhibit remarkable art collections - masterpieces Prize in 1996) are among the most outstanding 20th including Leonardo da Vinci's Lady with an Ermine at the century Polish poets, including novelists and playwrights Czartoryski Museum in Krakow; the Veit Stoss High Altar Witold Gombrowicz, Slawomir Mrozek, and Stanislaw in St. Mary's Basilica, Krakow; and the Last Judgement by Lem (science fiction). The long list includes Hanna Krall Hans Memling (The National Museum in Gdansk). whose reportage focuses mainly on the war-time Jewish Ethnographic museums and open-air site-seeing experience, and Ryszard Kapuœcinski with books museums also hold attractive collections. The panorama translated into many languages. of Polish culture is completed by a medley of local Music festivals. OPEN TRADE 47 Oct-Dec 2007
Page 1 and 2: Vol. 2 Issue 1 Oct-Dec’07 Open Tr
Page 3 and 4: EDITORIAL Dear Reader, Greetings. T
Page 5 and 6: COVER STORY Moving Towards A Global
Page 7 and 8: EVENT The main tribal groups in Mad
Page 9 and 10: AUSTRALIA Peter Forby Australian Tr
Page 11 and 12: BELGIUM Where Art is Part of Corpor
Page 13 and 14: BELGIUM brought a French heritage.
Page 15 and 16: CANADA colleges across the country.
Page 17 and 18: CHINA The music of China dates back
Page 19 and 20: CZECH REPUBLIC dish from the Slovak
Page 21 and 22: FRANCE century in France are Nicola
Page 23 and 24: GERMANY expressionist Georg Baselit
Page 25 and 26: INDONESIA traditions, myths and bel
Page 27 and 28: IRAN this ancient tradition. Howeve
Page 29 and 30: ISRAEL Art Colonies of artists are
Page 31 and 32: ITALY cinema was later used by Musi
Page 33 and 34: JAPAN Japanese rooms are a composit
Page 35 and 36: KOREA pottery a later development a
Page 37 and 38: MAURITIUS Mauritian cuisine. This c
Page 39: NETHERLAND are Hieronymus Bosch, a
Page 43 and 44: ROMANIA kings, princesses, and witc
Page 45 and 46: RUSSIA Soups have always played an
Page 47 and 48: SINGAPORE cultural diffusion with i
Page 49 and 50: SOUTH AFRICA when 68 percent of vot
Page 51 and 52: SWITZERLAND the driving force behin
Page 53 and 54: UNITED KINGDOM Salman Rushdie. Impo
Page 55 and 56: UNITED STATES classes. Aside from h
Page 57 and 58: WEST BENGAL state a new path to tre
Page 59 and 60: WEST BENGAL • Indonesia-based Sal
Page 61 and 62: WEST BENGAL iron and steel projects

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