Sustainability of rice in the global food system - IRRI books

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CHAPTER 2 Global food needs and resource limits J.G. Speth Rice, the staple food for the largest number of people today, is important for development. We have learned much about the potential of agricultural technology from work in rice, and it is in the area of rice that the most striking growth has taken place. Food supply: growth and crises Breakthroughs in cereal technology have helped to increase grain production. The production of 10 major food crops in developing countries increased by 74% in the past two decades, with yield advances from technology contributing to 70% of this growth in output. Investments in agricultural research at the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) centers and in national research and extension systems have been instrumental in this increased productivity. Developing countries use high-yielding varieties on 74% of the area producing rice, 70% of wheat area, and 57% of maize area. Food grain availability has been increasing and, according to the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 150 million fewer people go to bed hungry than 25 years ago, and an additional 1.5 billion people in developing countries are being fed with the incremental production. The availability of staple food has grown in all regions of the world except sub- Saharan Africa, where this remains a critical concern. There, population growth has outstripped growth in agricultural production. Food imports rose by 185% between 1974 and 1990, and food aid by 295%. Food for sustainable human development Too often, agriculture and its development have been perceived in narrow food-supply terms alone. Technical specialists in agriculture can contribute to increasing production potential, output, and efficiency. But the social, institutional, and policy dimensions are critical in translating scientific knowledge into the reality of fuller lives. These dimensions have been much harder to address as effectively as have scientific developments. The focus of attention should shift from the world’s food needs to people’s food needs. The world’s food needs are primarily driven by market prices, and an abstract 11
unfulfillable goal, whereas people’s food needs are a more tangible fulfillment of needs for a healthy life. Sustainable food security is a fundamental aspect of sustainable human development. It fuses the goals of household food security and sustainable agriculture. A commitment to sustainable food security requires that we address not only increasing agricultural production but also income and land distribution, dietary needs, women’s status and opportunities, and the protection and regeneration of the resource base for food production. The recent World Food Summit held at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has clearly emphasized the more people- and environment-oriented approach to guide future investments. Food strategy for sustainable human development: three policy areas We can identify three components of the sustainable human development approach, as it relates to food and agriculture: food and participatory development, food and environmental sustainability, and food and sustainable livelihoods. Food and participatory development Broad-based economic growth that is equitable and anticipatory is central to eradicating poverty and meeting food needs. Agricultural development is an important instrument for this growth, but only insofar as it is accompanied by dynamic nonfarm economic growth. The United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) Poverty Strategy Initiative, through participatory methods, helps smallholders and communities identify and implement a range of actions to improve their livelihoods. Though the rural poor are immensely skilled in generating livelihoods under adverse conditions, they mostly operate with no improved inputs or information, low prices and distant markets for their produce, and virtually no institutional support for harnessing and managing natural resources. Migration to cities only serves to bloat cities and offers partial and temporary solutions to problems of rural poverty. Achieving sustainable livelihoods for the rural poor is thus crucial for balanced and sustainable economic growth. Partnership between local communities and development planning and programs can be enhanced by building and supporting local institutions that enable broad-based participation. For instance, the conventional top-down process of agricultural technology development and transfer has had some success. But when farmers are actively involved, and technology development and transfer take into account local needs and conditions, the results are far greater and the benefits more broadly shared. Institutional development is critical. Decentralization and democratic governance facilitate local participation. For small farmers to increase their productivity, they need access to information, services, improved technologies, and markets. Most existing institutions in developing countries fail to meet small-farmer needs. To meet these crucial needs, UNDP supports capacity building in a variety of ways, via inno- 12 Speth
Page 2 and 3: SUSTAINABILITY OF RICE IN THE GLOBA
Page 4 and 5: Contents PREFACE V.W. Ruttan V CHAP
Page 6: Preface Rice is the primary food gr
Page 9 and 10: sustainability macrocosm, particula
Page 11 and 12: All the participants believed stron
Page 13 and 14: Part III contains nine chapters:
Page 16: Part I: Food Security
Page 21 and 22: Building national capacity for an i
Page 24: Part II: Food Systems
Page 27 and 28: for the next 30-50 yr. Also, the de
Page 29 and 30: Table 2. Average farm household inc
Page 31 and 32: Table 4. Intensity of labor use and
Page 33 and 34: As incomes increase, people diversi
Page 35 and 36: important. Water has generally been
Page 37 and 38: Table 7. Costs of production and fa
Page 39 and 40: Table 8. The demand response to inc
Page 41 and 42: Table 10. Recent trends in populati
Page 43 and 44: Table 11. Input supply and yield re
Page 45 and 46: important implications for the stra
Page 47 and 48: With growing economic prosperity an
Page 49 and 50: McGuirk A, Mundlak Y. 1991. Incenti
Page 52 and 53: CHAPTER 4 A stable landscape Social
Page 54 and 55: of conservational science, eventual
Page 56 and 57: sauce or bean curd; the extraction
Page 58 and 59: opment” (Huang 1990). For these s
Page 60 and 61: y the multiple levels of exploitati
Page 62 and 63: If ever there was a rice economy, N
Page 64 and 65: uy and sell scrap or work in the of
Page 66 and 67: In direct economic terms, as Ohnuki
Page 68 and 69:
It cannot be argued, even in Japan,
Page 70 and 71:
With the consolidation of the disci
Page 72 and 73:
Gourou P. 1936. Les paysans du delt
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CHAPTER 5 Sustainability, food syst
Page 76 and 77:
Fig. 1. The hierarchical nature of
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that posit that there are universal
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Most paradigms—conventional and a
Page 82 and 83:
Table 2. Political ecology paradigm
Page 84 and 85:
The need to develop political techn
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well as the 1992 United Nations Con
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still relevant. (Bray’s masterful
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terials (Developing an ecological e
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Fig. 2. The elements of food system
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to climate, soils, latitude, social
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coming more explicitly aware of our
Page 98 and 99:
Dahlberg KA. 1996b. Population dyna
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Part III: Rice Production Systems:
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tion costs, and input-output prices
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use threatens the environment, and
Page 107 and 108:
abiotic stresses. This research is
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modified canopy morphology because
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Sink size Current high-yielding var
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It was suggested that rice grain yi
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tropical japonicas (Khush 1995). Hy
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ever, that the heterosis reported f
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needed for this subecosystem are in
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een reported (Thach 1994). The avai
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or alkaline aerobic (upland) soils.
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Table 2. Main abiotic stresses of s
Page 127 and 128:
Chang TT. 1964. Varietal difference
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Kishore GM. 1994. Starch biosynthes
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Singh G, Singh S, Gurung SB. 1984.
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CHAPTER 8 Intensification of rice p
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promoted private and public investm
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years ago (Uexkuell 1985, De Datta
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matter conservation and the nutrien
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It may be that crop diversification
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Fig. 3. Central role of microbial b
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Figure 4. Phosphorus uptake by trad
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Coleman DC, Dighton J, Ritz K, Gill
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Pingali PL, Hossain M, Pandey S, Pr
Page 152 and 153:
CHAPTER 9 Importance of rice pests
Page 154 and 155:
A review of the literature on rice
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Fig. 1. Risk probability: probabili
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Code for production situation Site(
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Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of geneti
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Table 1. Plants containing two or m
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Fig. 5. Protocol for production of
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showed that both pyramids and parti
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Dahal G, Dasgupta I, Lee G, Hull R.
Page 170 and 171:
Sama S, Hasanuddin A, Manwan I, Cab
Page 172 and 173:
CHAPTER 10 Weeds: a looming problem
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long-term strategies to minimize pr
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Weedy rice and red rice are undesir
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suspension of a fungal pathogen wit
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Notes Authors’ addresses: M. Olof
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with shallow water depths, modern r
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after prolonged wetting; therefore,
Page 187 and 188:
Nitrate-nitrogen contamination. Inc
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Opportunities with wet-seeded rice
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(Murray-Rust and Snellen 1993). Few
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Nutrient balance and sustainability
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Pest management Research has shown
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Fukai S, Rajatsasereekul S, Boonjun
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Tuong TP, Cabangon RJ. 1996. Reduci
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Although IRRI continues to work to
Page 203 and 204:
itability of the farming enterprise
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When we develop a knowledge-intensi
Page 207 and 208:
of success, given their interpretat
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knowledge is embedded in machines a
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CHAPTER 13 Rice and the global envi
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emissions of greenhouse gases are s
Page 216 and 217:
Fig. 2. Increment in aboveground bi
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Fig. 3. Grain yield at maturity (t
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Possible effects of increased UV-B
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Methane emissions in different rice
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Table 2. Influencing components in
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Fig. 7. Methane ebullition and emis
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gas. Assuming a given amount of man
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Matthews RB, Kropff MJ, Bachelet D,
Page 232 and 233:
CHAPTER 14 New Frontier Projects: b
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Fig. 1. Four potential research app
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the cellular machinery needed for t
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pure and predictable in its fruitin
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Isolation of apomixis genes of gras
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with the A genome, it can be overco
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veloped: a BC 1 F 2 population obta
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explored approach is to find plants
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Knowles RP. 1977. Recurrent mass se
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Notes Authors’ address: Internati
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CHAPTER 15 Protecting the diversity
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Schoenly KG, Cohen JE, Heong KL, Li
Page 259 and 260:
Table 1. Taxa in the genus Oryza: t
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Fig. 1. The gene pool of the main c
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it accounts for 30-50% of agricultu
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easons, 2 we should be cautious in
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that has been modified by means of
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ened by changes in rice cultivation
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of conservation actions address bio
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Market integration and the availabi
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direct crosses without using embryo
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the new plant type rice through PCR
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to enhance tolerance of these stres
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understanding is important given th
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One of the major concerns in the ma
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Chang TT. 1976. The origin, evoluti
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IRRI (International Rice Research I
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Pham JL, Glaszmann JC, Sano R, Barb
Page 292 and 293:
CHAPTER 17 Biological diversity of
Page 294 and 295:
Components of invertebrate diversit
Page 296 and 297:
Fig. 2. Landscape features and orga
Page 298 and 299:
with parasitoids displaying an earl
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lished data). Of 57 species identif
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iodiversity concepts to microbiota
Page 304 and 305:
Manly BFJ. 1991. Randomization and
Page 306:
Notes Authors’ address: Internati
Page 310 and 311:
CHAPTER 18 The economic value of ge
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Table 1. Numbers of varieties inclu
Page 314 and 315:
crosses. By contrast, of the landra
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5. Field testing and evaluation of
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developed in the Philippines (IR5,
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constituted a collection of ultimat
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The present value of a landrace add
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esearch on other commodities are al
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This exercise is based on judgments
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CHAPTER 19 Food, energy, and the en
Page 330 and 331:
The other two crops lower rice cons
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efore 1973, when the Shah of Iran a
Page 334 and 335:
Given these realities, countries wi
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But this does not mean that Asian w
Page 338:
Notes Author’s address: Universit
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CHAPTER 20 Rice production constrai
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of research networks was establishe
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Fig. 4. Grain area in China. Fig. 5
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Fig. 6. Rice regions in China. nort
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even higher than the maximum yield
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The responses to the research scien
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Table 5. Highest yields (kg ha -1 )
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Table 7. Yield gaps I and II in kg
Page 358 and 359:
Table 10. Yield gap I for single-se
Page 360 and 361:
The estimated yield loss from indiv
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weather conditions can cause a more
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CHAPTER 21 Priorities and opportuni
Page 366 and 367:
Table 3. Rice calorie supply as a p
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Fig. 3. Rice production trends in I
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Fig. 6. Area, production, and yield
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Fig. 7. Rice area (million ha) by e
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C. Rainfed shallow lowland and semi
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Table 7 continued. Ecology Kerala M
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Table 9. Crop management practices
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tional area in states such as Andhr
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sustained productivity, a renewed a
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North and northwest India Medium-du
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Table 12. Procurement prices vs cos
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and costly. Increasing FCI ineffici
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• Decisions on adjusting domestic
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land, rainfed lowland, and flood-pr
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Table 18. The rice production syste
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aspects, and research and technolog
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CHAPTER 22 Conclusions: a potential
Page 400 and 401:
Several more specific questions fol
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Notes Author’s address: San Franc
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Shu Geng SGENG@UCDAVIS.EDU Michael
Page 406 and 407:
About the authors Ossmat Azzam has
Page 408 and 409:
Thomas George has been an agronomis
Page 410 and 411:
Lisa M. Leimar Price worked at IRRI
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