A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library

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In addition to the previously mentioned model reviews, there was a need for an updated, unbiased, and more detailed review to aid evacuation model users in choosing the appropriate model for their particular project. The previous four reviews listed were written before some of the newer models were developed, showing a need for a more updated review. Also, the previous model reviews could be expanded to provide additional detailed information for each model. Therefore, this review provides information on newly developed evacuation models, a more detailed explanation of model features, the inner workings of each model, and each model’s validation methods and limitations. 2
2 Features of Egress Models This review covers a total of 30 computer models that focus on providing evacuation data from buildings. Many of the models reviewed can also simulate evacuation from other types of structures; however evacuation from buildings is the main focus of this review. The models are organized in the review by their method of availability: available to the public, on a consultancy basis, not yet released, no longer in use, and unknown. A list of the models in the review is provided here in the order that they appear in the detailed review: • Models available to the public: FPETool 8 , EVACNET4 9, 10 , TIMTEX 11 , WAYOUT 12 , STEPS 13-17 , PedGo 18-20 , PEDROUTE/PAXPORT 21-27 , Simulex 28-35 , GridFlow 36 , ASERI 37-40 , buildingEXODUS 3, 41-43 , EXITT 44, 45 , Legion 46-48 . • Models available on a consultancy basis: PathFinder 49 , EESCAPE 50 , Myriad 51, 52 , ALLSAFE 53-55 , CRISP 56-59 , EGRESS 60-62 . • Models not yet released: SGEM 63, 64 , Egress Complexity Model 65, 66 , EXIT89 67-73 , BGRAF 74- 77 , EvacSim 78, 79 . • Models no longer in use: Takahashi’s Fluid Model 80 , EgressPro 81 , BFIRES-2 82-84 , VEgAS 51, 52, 85 . • Models whose availability is unknown: Magnetic Model 86 , E-SCAPE 87 . For each model, a special feature section is included in the review. The special features section verifies whether the model is capable of simulating at least one of the following list of ten specialized features. The specific features included in the review are as follows. • Counterflow • Manual exit block/obstacles • Fire conditions affect behavior • Defining groups • Disabilities/slow occupant groups • Delays/pre-movement times • Elevator use • Toxicity of the occupants • Impatience/drive variables • Route choice of the occupants/occupant distribution For each model in the review, the feature is listed and described only if the model has the capability of simulating it in some way. Also, for each model, the method of simulating route choice is listed and described. In the appendix of this report, each model is reviewed by providing information on a series of evacuation modeling categories, such as model availability, purpose, behavioral methods, etc. In addition, Table 1 of this report provides a brief summary of abbreviations of the categories for each model in the appendix. The following section of the report describes each category in detail and outlines how the models will be distinguished in both Table 1 and in the appendix. 3
Page 1: Technical Note 1471 A Review of Bui
Page 4 and 5: Disclaimer Certain commercial entit
Page 6 and 7: Tables Table 1. Overall features of
Page 9: A Review of Building Evacuation Mod
Page 13 and 14: The current model categories for pu
Page 15 and 16: • Inter-person distance (ID): Eac
Page 17 and 18: 2.11 Validation The models are also
Page 19 and 20: (2-D): 2-Dimension visualization av
Page 21 and 22: Table 1. Overall features of egress
Page 23 and 24: Table 2. Models Available to the Pu
Page 25 and 26: Table 4. Models Not Yet Released Ch
Page 27 and 28: 3.2 Overview of Model Features The
Page 29 and 30: If the user has a project that invo
Page 31 and 32: 5 References 1. Custer, R. L. P. &
Page 33 and 34: 29. IES. (2001). Simulex User Manua
Page 35 and 36: 57. Fraser-Mitchell, J. (2001). Sim
Page 37: 86. Okazaki, S. & Matsushita, S. (2
Page 40 and 41: Models Publicly Available A.1 Egres
Page 42 and 43: Use of fire data: None. Output: The
Page 44 and 45: y the arc), which is calculated by
Page 46 and 47: A.3 TIMTEX Developer: S.S. Harringt
Page 48 and 49: A.4 WAYOUT Developer: V.O. Shestopa
Page 50 and 51: A.5 STEPS Developer: Mott MacDonald
Page 52 and 53: Occupants can also be introduced in
Page 54 and 55: A.6 PedGo Developer: TraffGo Purpos
Page 56 and 57: Any interaction between the occupan
Page 58 and 59: A.7 PEDROUTE and PAXPORT Developer:
Page 60 and 61:
Limitations: No individual consider
Page 62 and 63:
Occupant movement: From the Simulex
Page 64 and 65:
Body Type Table A.5: Body sizes for
Page 66 and 67:
Table A.6: Validation study results
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A.9 GridFlow Developer: D. Purser &
Page 70 and 71:
adjusts the FED susceptibility of e
Page 72 and 73:
A.10 ASERI Developer: V. Schneider,
Page 74 and 75:
the FED model by Purser. This inclu
Page 76 and 77:
parameters yields realistic results
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A.11 buildingEXODUS Developer: E. G
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higher potential for a short time d
Page 82 and 83:
level includes the movie player, da
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• Occupants stop investigating if
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A.13 Legion Developer: Legion Inter
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• Qualitative reproduction of eme
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Validation studies: No publications
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Special features: Route choice of t
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Table A.8: Fruin data and correspon
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Validation studies: Validation was
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Table A.12: Building/Occupant chara
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A.18 CRISP3 Developer: J. Fraser-Mi
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maximum value. Lastly, the lower di
Page 104 and 105:
A.19 EGRESS Developer: N. Ketchell,
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Movement algorithm The unimpeded me
Page 108 and 109:
Disabilities/slow occupant groups -
Page 110 and 111:
Occupant movement: Cellular automat
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graphical format in the article in
Page 114 and 115:
not gained, and this is labeled as
Page 116 and 117:
A.22 EXIT89 Developer: R.F. Fahy, N
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evacuation time and the number of o
Page 120 and 121:
the ceiling. This is the same metho
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factor,” the current goal is chan
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Use of fire data: The model can acc
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• Physical scale - This scale is
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• Free - elevator is idle Use of
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are applied to the entire populatio
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A.26 EgressPro Developer: P. Simenk
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A.27 BFIRES-2 Developer: F. Stahl,
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types of subroutines consist of tho
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• Boundaries of room subdivisions
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Fire Influence Smoke Influence Prox
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Model Availability Unknown A.29 Mag
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A.30 E-SCAPE Developer: E. Reisser-
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affected by the movement of others,
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A.31 References 1. Nelson, H. E. (2
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28. Barton, J. and Leather, J. (199
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57. Gwynne, S., Galea, E. R., Lawre
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86. Lo, S. M. & Fang, Z. (2000). A
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115. Gwynne, S. & Galea, E. R. (200
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