A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library

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Table 5. Models No Longer in Use Characteristics/Model Fluid EgressPro BFIRES-2 VEgAS Avail to public N3 N3 N3/U N3/U Method Movement-O Movement Behavioral-RA Behavioral Structure Coarse Coarse Fine Fine Perspective of M/O Global Global Individual Individual People beh None None Conditional AI Import CAD drawings N N N Y Visual simulation Y N N Y Counterflow N N N N Manual exit block N N Y Y Fire conditions N Y Y Y Defining groups N N N Y Disabl/Slow occ grps N N Y N Delays/Pre-evacuation Y Y Y Y Rte. choice Optimal 1 route Conditional User-dfnd/Cond Elevator use N N N N Toxicity to occ N N Y-smk tolerance Y Impatience/Drive N N N N Occ distribution Optimization from rooms and to exits 1 choice only Various Various Table 6. Models - Availability Unknown Characteristics/Model Magnetic Model E-SCAPE Avail to public U U Method Movement Behavioral Structure Fine Coarse Perspective of M/O Individual Individual People beh Implicit Conditional Import CAD drawings N N Visual simulation Y Y Counterflow N N Manual exit block N N Fire conditions N Y Defining groups Y Y Disabl/Slow occ grps Y N Delays/Pre-evacuation Y Y Rte. choice 3 choices Conditional Elevator use N N Toxicity to occ N N Impatience/Drive N N Occ distribution UC – 3 choices Various 18
3.2 Overview of Model Features The purpose of this section is to generally describe the models that fall into the two main availability categories that users would be interested in: available to the public and available on a consultancy basis. As Table 1 shows, there are 13 evacuation models that are available to the public and 6 evacuation models available on a consultancy basis that are featured in this model review. Models Available to the Public Of the models available to the public, there are 6 movement models, 3 partial behavioral, and 4 behavioral models listed in Table 1. As mentioned earlier, the movement method is used to describe the sophistication of the model’s simulation techniques, i.e. the complexity of the modeling techniques used to simulate the egress situation and the occupant behavior throughout the evacuation. Table 1 also shows that two of the models, STEPS and PedGo, are labeled as both movement and partial-behavioral models. In STEPS, the use of groups with different characteristics, pre-evacuation times, and visualization could categorize this model as a partialbehavioral model. However, due to the basic movement and behavioral techniques used in both of these models, the movement category still applies. PedGo is a cellular automata model where one set of rules applies to all occupants regarding their movement, which is the reason to categorize the model as movement. However, the model is also labeled as partial behavioral because of the individual inputs that the user can assign to certain occupants, such as patience and reaction (assigned in seconds) and dawdle and sway (assigned stochastically to a certain percentage of the population). Generally, by labeling a model as “movement,” there are no behavioral options available to the user. The majority of the movement models contains coarse grid structures, contain global perspectives, do not incorporate fire data, and do not use CAD drawings. The STEPS and PedGo models are the exception here, allowing for a fine grid, individual perspectives, implicit behavior, and the use of CAD drawings. Lastly, the majority of the movement models do not allow for visualization, with the exception being WAYOUT, STEPS, and PedGo. There are three partial behavioral models that are available to the public. Of these, two of these move people continuously through the building with individual perspectives, whereas one of them, PEDROUTE, contains a coarse network with global perspectives. All three incorporate implicit behavior, the use of CAD drawings, and visualization, however none of them incorporate fire data. Lastly, there are four behavioral models that fall under the category of available to the public. The behavioral models contain a variety of different grid structures; however they all contain individual perspectives, have the capability of simulating fire situations, and visualize the evacuation. These models may or may not allow for the use of CAD drawings and range in the behavioral method from rules/conditional to artificial intelligence. Overall, independent of modeling method, these 13 models vary widely in their purpose, movement method, and validation techniques. With any ranking according to sophistication, the user should be aware that just because a particular input is available does not mean that the 19
Page 1: Technical Note 1471 A Review of Bui
Page 4 and 5: Disclaimer Certain commercial entit
Page 6 and 7: Tables Table 1. Overall features of
Page 9 and 10: A Review of Building Evacuation Mod
Page 11 and 12: 2 Features of Egress Models This re
Page 13 and 14: The current model categories for pu
Page 15 and 16: • Inter-person distance (ID): Eac
Page 17 and 18: 2.11 Validation The models are also
Page 19 and 20: (2-D): 2-Dimension visualization av
Page 21 and 22: Table 1. Overall features of egress
Page 23 and 24: Table 2. Models Available to the Pu
Page 25: Table 4. Models Not Yet Released Ch
Page 29 and 30: If the user has a project that invo
Page 31 and 32: 5 References 1. Custer, R. L. P. &
Page 33 and 34: 29. IES. (2001). Simulex User Manua
Page 35 and 36: 57. Fraser-Mitchell, J. (2001). Sim
Page 37: 86. Okazaki, S. & Matsushita, S. (2
Page 40 and 41: Models Publicly Available A.1 Egres
Page 42 and 43: Use of fire data: None. Output: The
Page 44 and 45: y the arc), which is calculated by
Page 46 and 47: A.3 TIMTEX Developer: S.S. Harringt
Page 48 and 49: A.4 WAYOUT Developer: V.O. Shestopa
Page 50 and 51: A.5 STEPS Developer: Mott MacDonald
Page 52 and 53: Occupants can also be introduced in
Page 54 and 55: A.6 PedGo Developer: TraffGo Purpos
Page 56 and 57: Any interaction between the occupan
Page 58 and 59: A.7 PEDROUTE and PAXPORT Developer:
Page 60 and 61: Limitations: No individual consider
Page 62 and 63: Occupant movement: From the Simulex
Page 64 and 65: Body Type Table A.5: Body sizes for
Page 66 and 67: Table A.6: Validation study results
Page 68 and 69: A.9 GridFlow Developer: D. Purser &
Page 70 and 71: adjusts the FED susceptibility of e
Page 72 and 73: A.10 ASERI Developer: V. Schneider,
Page 74 and 75: the FED model by Purser. This inclu
Page 76 and 77:
parameters yields realistic results
Page 78 and 79:
A.11 buildingEXODUS Developer: E. G
Page 80 and 81:
higher potential for a short time d
Page 82 and 83:
level includes the movie player, da
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• Occupants stop investigating if
Page 86 and 87:
A.13 Legion Developer: Legion Inter
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• Qualitative reproduction of eme
Page 90 and 91:
Validation studies: No publications
Page 92 and 93:
Special features: Route choice of t
Page 94 and 95:
Table A.8: Fruin data and correspon
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Validation studies: Validation was
Page 98 and 99:
Table A.12: Building/Occupant chara
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A.18 CRISP3 Developer: J. Fraser-Mi
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maximum value. Lastly, the lower di
Page 104 and 105:
A.19 EGRESS Developer: N. Ketchell,
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Movement algorithm The unimpeded me
Page 108 and 109:
Disabilities/slow occupant groups -
Page 110 and 111:
Occupant movement: Cellular automat
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graphical format in the article in
Page 114 and 115:
not gained, and this is labeled as
Page 116 and 117:
A.22 EXIT89 Developer: R.F. Fahy, N
Page 118 and 119:
evacuation time and the number of o
Page 120 and 121:
the ceiling. This is the same metho
Page 122 and 123:
factor,” the current goal is chan
Page 124 and 125:
Use of fire data: The model can acc
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• Physical scale - This scale is
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• Free - elevator is idle Use of
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are applied to the entire populatio
Page 132 and 133:
A.26 EgressPro Developer: P. Simenk
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A.27 BFIRES-2 Developer: F. Stahl,
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types of subroutines consist of tho
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• Boundaries of room subdivisions
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Fire Influence Smoke Influence Prox
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Model Availability Unknown A.29 Mag
Page 144 and 145:
A.30 E-SCAPE Developer: E. Reisser-
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affected by the movement of others,
Page 148 and 149:
A.31 References 1. Nelson, H. E. (2
Page 150 and 151:
28. Barton, J. and Leather, J. (199
Page 152 and 153:
57. Gwynne, S., Galea, E. R., Lawre
Page 154 and 155:
86. Lo, S. M. & Fang, Z. (2000). A
Page 156:
115. Gwynne, S. & Galea, E. R. (200
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