A Review of Building Evacuation Models - NIST Virtual Library

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A.3 TIMTEX Developer: S.S. Harrington, University of Maryland, U.S. Purpose of the model: The TIMTEX model was developed to model evacuation from buildings 4 to 15 stories high with consideration of certain human factors, such as occupant decision on stair use 7 . Availability to the public for use: Since it was released as a Master’s thesis, this model is inherently available to the public. Modeling method: This is a movement model. Structure of model: This is a coarse network system. Instead of acknowledging the entire floor plan, TIMTEX concentrates on movement from the corridor on the floor to the stairs and then to the exits. The model mainly focuses on the corridor and stair sections of the building. Perspective of model: The model views the occupants globally as a certain number of occupants per floor moving as a homogeneous mass to the exits. The model sees all occupants as alert and able bodied. The occupants view the building with an individual perspective because the user can choose the flow split of occupants to the stairs. The occupants will not necessarily move to the closest stair. Instead, the user can either claim that a stair is frequently used and TIMTEX will use the default percentage use of the popular stair, which is a 64 % increase, or the user can enter any kind of flow split they want for the floor plans. In this case, it would be possible for the user to model a certain percentage of the population using the main exit, which may be the most familiar. Occupant behavior: None. Occupant movement: TIMTEX uses the equations specified in the SFPE Handbook 8 to move occupants throughout the corridors and stair systems. The speed and flow are dependent upon density through each component. Also, the model uses the Handbook’s rules to handle all transition points (i.e., merging streams, where egress elements dimensions change, etc.). Flow up stairs is 10 % slower than down stairs, as specified by Pauls 9 . If queuing occurs in the stairs, the model assumes that the upper floors dominate the flow. There are no variations in the speed, dependent upon the conditions or types of occupants. Instead, flow and density calculations are based on values from the Handbook (which have been averaged among occupant types). The user enters in either the building population per floor or the area of each floor, and the model will enter in the number of occupants for that occupancy type (building occupancy uses 212 ft 2 /person, as an example). Again, it is up to the user to accept the flow split generated by TIMTEX or enter a new split. Output: Total evacuation time and individual floor clearing times are included in the output and are shown in Figure A.4. A-8
Use of fire data: None. Figure A.4: Window from output of TIMTEX 7, p. 55 Import CAD drawings: No. The user supplies the following data to the model: the corridor length and width, the stair width, the stair door width, the landing length and width, the floor to floor height, and the riser/tread dimensions. Boundary layers are automatically subtracted from the building components. The user also supplies the number of stories and if a stair is frequently used. Visualization capabilities: None. Validation studies: The model has been validated for buildings under 15 stories by comparing results to the work done by Pauls 8, 10 . Special features: Route choice of the occupants/occupant distribution – User chooses the flow split of occupants on the floor. Limitations: This model does not actually move people throughout the floor plan, but rather occupants begin at the entrance to the staircase. A-9
Page 1: Technical Note 1471 A Review of Bui
Page 4 and 5: Disclaimer Certain commercial entit
Page 6 and 7: Tables Table 1. Overall features of
Page 9 and 10: A Review of Building Evacuation Mod
Page 11 and 12: 2 Features of Egress Models This re
Page 13 and 14: The current model categories for pu
Page 15 and 16: • Inter-person distance (ID): Eac
Page 17 and 18: 2.11 Validation The models are also
Page 19 and 20: (2-D): 2-Dimension visualization av
Page 21 and 22: Table 1. Overall features of egress
Page 23 and 24: Table 2. Models Available to the Pu
Page 25 and 26: Table 4. Models Not Yet Released Ch
Page 27 and 28: 3.2 Overview of Model Features The
Page 29 and 30: If the user has a project that invo
Page 31 and 32: 5 References 1. Custer, R. L. P. &
Page 33 and 34: 29. IES. (2001). Simulex User Manua
Page 35 and 36: 57. Fraser-Mitchell, J. (2001). Sim
Page 37: 86. Okazaki, S. & Matsushita, S. (2
Page 40 and 41: Models Publicly Available A.1 Egres
Page 42 and 43: Use of fire data: None. Output: The
Page 44 and 45: y the arc), which is calculated by
Page 48 and 49: A.4 WAYOUT Developer: V.O. Shestopa
Page 50 and 51: A.5 STEPS Developer: Mott MacDonald
Page 52 and 53: Occupants can also be introduced in
Page 54 and 55: A.6 PedGo Developer: TraffGo Purpos
Page 56 and 57: Any interaction between the occupan
Page 58 and 59: A.7 PEDROUTE and PAXPORT Developer:
Page 60 and 61: Limitations: No individual consider
Page 62 and 63: Occupant movement: From the Simulex
Page 64 and 65: Body Type Table A.5: Body sizes for
Page 66 and 67: Table A.6: Validation study results
Page 68 and 69: A.9 GridFlow Developer: D. Purser &
Page 70 and 71: adjusts the FED susceptibility of e
Page 72 and 73: A.10 ASERI Developer: V. Schneider,
Page 74 and 75: the FED model by Purser. This inclu
Page 76 and 77: parameters yields realistic results
Page 78 and 79: A.11 buildingEXODUS Developer: E. G
Page 80 and 81: higher potential for a short time d
Page 82 and 83: level includes the movie player, da
Page 84 and 85: • Occupants stop investigating if
Page 86 and 87: A.13 Legion Developer: Legion Inter
Page 88 and 89: • Qualitative reproduction of eme
Page 90 and 91: Validation studies: No publications
Page 92 and 93: Special features: Route choice of t
Page 94 and 95: Table A.8: Fruin data and correspon
Page 96 and 97:
Validation studies: Validation was
Page 98 and 99:
Table A.12: Building/Occupant chara
Page 100 and 101:
A.18 CRISP3 Developer: J. Fraser-Mi
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maximum value. Lastly, the lower di
Page 104 and 105:
A.19 EGRESS Developer: N. Ketchell,
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Movement algorithm The unimpeded me
Page 108 and 109:
Disabilities/slow occupant groups -
Page 110 and 111:
Occupant movement: Cellular automat
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graphical format in the article in
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not gained, and this is labeled as
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A.22 EXIT89 Developer: R.F. Fahy, N
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evacuation time and the number of o
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the ceiling. This is the same metho
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factor,” the current goal is chan
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Use of fire data: The model can acc
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• Physical scale - This scale is
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• Free - elevator is idle Use of
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are applied to the entire populatio
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A.26 EgressPro Developer: P. Simenk
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A.27 BFIRES-2 Developer: F. Stahl,
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types of subroutines consist of tho
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• Boundaries of room subdivisions
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Fire Influence Smoke Influence Prox
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Model Availability Unknown A.29 Mag
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A.30 E-SCAPE Developer: E. Reisser-
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affected by the movement of others,
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A.31 References 1. Nelson, H. E. (2
Page 150 and 151:
28. Barton, J. and Leather, J. (199
Page 152 and 153:
57. Gwynne, S., Galea, E. R., Lawre
Page 154 and 155:
86. Lo, S. M. & Fang, Z. (2000). A
Page 156:
115. Gwynne, S. & Galea, E. R. (200
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