Replica molding with a polysiloxane mold provides this ... - EPFL
Replica molding with a polysiloxane mold provides this ... - EPFL
Replica molding with a polysiloxane mold provides this ... - EPFL
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
REVIEWS<br />
687 ± 690; b) A. V. Lemmo, J. T. Fisher, H. M. Geysen, D. J. Rose,<br />
Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 543 ± 551.<br />
[31] a) M. Stolka, CHEMTECH 1989, 19(8), 487 ± 495; b) Q. M. Pai, B. E.<br />
Springett, Rev. Mod. Phys. 1993, 65, 163 ± 211.<br />
[32] a) D. C. Neckers, CHEMTECH 1990, 20(10), 616 ± 619; b) T. M.<br />
Bloomstein, D. J. Ehrlich, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1992, 61, 708 ± 781; c) F. T.<br />
Wallenberger, Science 1995, 267, 1274 ± 1275; d) O. Lehmann, M.<br />
Stuke, ibid. 1995, 270, 1644 ± 1646.<br />
[33] Short reviews on soft lithography: a) Y. Xia, Dissertation, Harvard<br />
University, USA, 1996; b) X.-M. Zhao, Y. Xia, G. M. Whitesides, J.<br />
Mater. Chem. 1997, 7, 1069 ± 1074; c) D. Qin, Y. Xia, J. A. Rogers, R. J.<br />
Jackman, X.-M. Zhao, G. M. Whitesides, Top. Curr. Chem. 1998, 194,<br />
1 ± 20; d) G. M. Whitesides, Y. Xia, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 1998, 28,<br />
153 ± 184.<br />
[34] A. Kumar, G. M. Whitesides, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1993, 63, 2002 ± 2004.<br />
[35] Y. Xia, E. Kim, X.-M. Zhao, J. A. Rogers, M. Prentiss, G. M.<br />
Whitesides, Science 1996, 273, 347 ± 349.<br />
[36] X.-M. Zhao, Y. Xia, G. M. Whitesides, Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 837 ± 840.<br />
[37] E. Kim, Y. Xia, G. M. Whitesides, Nature 1995, 376, 581 ± 584.<br />
[38] E. Kim, Y. Xia, X.-M. Zhao, G. M. Whitesides, Adv. Mater. 1997, 9,<br />
651 ± 654.<br />
[39] General reviews on SAMs: a) C. D. Bain, G. M. Whitesides, Angew.<br />
Chem. 1989, 101, 522 ± 528; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1989, 28,<br />
506 ± 512; b) G. M. Whitesides, P. E. Laibinis, Langmuir 1990, 6, 87 ±<br />
96; c) A. Ulman, Introduction to Thin Organic Films: From Langmuir ±<br />
Blodgett to Self-Assembly, Academic Press, Boston, 1991; d) J. D.<br />
Swalen, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 1991, 21, 373 ± 408; e) L. H. Dubois,<br />
R. G. Nuzzo, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 1992, 43, 437 ± 463.<br />
[40] General reviews on self-assembly: a) J.-M. Lehn, Angew. Chem.<br />
1990, 102, 1347 ± 1362; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1990, 29, 1304 ±<br />
1319; b) G. M. Whitesides, J. P. Mathias, C. T. Seto, Science 1991, 254,<br />
1312 ± 1319; c) G. M. Whitesides, Sci. Am. 1995, 273(9), 146 ± 149.<br />
[41] a) T. E. Creigton, Proteins: Structures and Molecular Properties,<br />
Freeman, New York, 1983; b) W. Sanger, Principles of Nucleic Acid<br />
Structures, Springer, New York, 1986; c) H. Ringsdorf, B. Schlarb, J.<br />
Venzmer, Angew. Chem. 1988, 100, 117 ± 162; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.<br />
Engl. 1988, 27, 113 ± 158.<br />
[42] Self-assembly on the molecular scale: a) J.-M. Lehn, Angew. Chem.<br />
1988, 100, 91 ± 114; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1988, 27, 89 ± 112;<br />
b) J. S. Lindsey, New J. Chem. 1991, 15, 153 ± 180; c) E. E. Simanek,<br />
J. P. Mathias, C. T. Seto, D. Chin, M. Mammen, D. M. Gordon, G. M.<br />
Whitesides, Acc. Chem. Res. 1995, 28, 37 ± 44; d) V. Percec, J. Heck,<br />
G. Johansson, D. Tornazos, M. Kawosumi, Pure Appl. Chem. 1994,<br />
A31, 1031 ± 1070.<br />
[43] Self-assembly on the nanometer scale: a) C. A. Mirkin, R. L.<br />
Letsinger, R. C. Mucic, J. J. Storhuff, Nature 1996, 382, 607 ± 609;<br />
b) A. P. Alivisator, K. P. Johnsson, X. Peng, T. E. Wilson, C. J.<br />
Loweth, M. P. Bruchez, Jr., P. G. Schurtz, Nature 1996, 382, 609 ± 611.<br />
[44] Self-assembly on the micrometer scale: a) A. S. Dimitov, K.<br />
Nagayama, Langmuir 1996, 12, 1303 ± 1311; b) M. Trau, S. Sankaran,<br />
D. A. Saville, I. A. Aksay, Nature 1995, 374, 437 ± 439; c) S.-R. Yeh,<br />
M. Seul, B. I. Shraiman, ibid. 1997, 386, 57 ± 59; d) A. van Blaaderen,<br />
R. Ruel, P. Wiltzius, ibid. 1997, 385, 321 ± 324.<br />
[45] Self-assembly on the millimeter scale: a) A. Terfort, N. Bowden,<br />
G. M. Whitesides, Nature 1997, 386, 162 ± 164; b) N. Bowden, A.<br />
Terfort, J. Carbeck, G. M. Whitesides, Science 1997, 276, 233 ± 235.<br />
[46] Recent reviews on SAMs: a) J. Xu, H.-L. Li, J. Coll. Interf. Sci. 1995,<br />
176, 138 ± 149; b) A. Ulman, MRS Bull. 1995, 30(6), 46 ± 51; c) A. R.<br />
Bishop, R. G. Nuzzo, Curr. Opin. Coll. Interf. Sci. 1996, 1, 127 ± 136;<br />
d) E. Delamarche, B. Michel, H. A. Biebuyck, C. Gerber, Adv. Mater.<br />
1996, 8, 719 ± 729.<br />
[47] See, for example, a) P. Fenter, A. Eberhardt, P. Eisenberger, Science<br />
1994, 266, 1216 ± 1218; b) E. Delamarche, B. Michel, H. Kang, C.<br />
Gerber, Langmuir 1994, 10, 4103 ± 4108; c) S. V. Atre, B. Liedberg,<br />
D. L. Allara, ibid. 1995, 11, 3882 ± 3893; d) P. Wagner, M. Hegner, H.-<br />
J. Güntherodt, G. Sernenza, ibid. 1995, 11, 3867 ± 3875.<br />
[48] See, for example, a) H. A. Biebuyck, G. M. Whitesides, Langmuir<br />
1994, 10, 1825 ± 1831; b) H. Schönherr, H. Ringsdorf, ibid. 1996, 12,<br />
3891 ± 3897.<br />
[49] E. B. Throughton, C. D. Bain, G. M. Whitesides, R. G. Nuzzo, D. L.<br />
Allara, M. D. Porter, Langmuir 1988, 4, 365 ± 385.<br />
G. M. Whitesides et al.<br />
[50] J. E. Chadwick, D. C. Myles, R. L. Garrell, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993,<br />
115, 10 364 ± 10 365.<br />
[51] K. Uvdal, I. Persson, B. Liedberg, Langmuir 1995, 11, 1252 ± 1256.<br />
[52] See, for example, a) P. Fenter, P. Eisenberger, J. Li, N. Camillone III,<br />
S. Bernasek, G. Scoles, T. A. Ramnanarayanan, K. S. Liang, Langmuir<br />
1991, 7, 2013 ± 2016; b) A. Dhirani, M. A. Hines, A. J. Fisher, O.<br />
Ismail, P. Guyot-Sionnest, ibid. 1995, 11, 2609 ± 2614.<br />
[53] See, for example, a) H. Keller, P. Sirnak, W. Schrepp, J. Dembowski,<br />
Thin Solid Films 1994, 244, 799 ± 805; b) M. Itoh, K. Nishihara, K.<br />
Aramaki, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1995, 142, 3696 ± 3704; c) J. B. Schlenoff,<br />
M. Li, H. Ly, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 12528 ± 12 536.<br />
[54] T. R. Lee, P. E. Laibinis, J. P. Folkers, G. M. Whitesides, Pure Appl.<br />
Chem. 1991, 63, 821 ± 828.<br />
[55] J. J. Hickman, P. E. Laibinis, D. I. Auerbach, C. Zou, T. J. Gardner,<br />
G. M. Whitesides, M. S. Wrighton, Langmuir 1992, 8, 357 ± 359.<br />
[56] See, for example, a) C. W. Sheen, J.-X. Shi, J. Martensson, A. N.<br />
Parikh, D. L. Allara, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 1514 ± 1515;<br />
b) C. D. Bain, Adv. Mater. 1992, 4, 591 ± 594; c) J. F. Dorsten, J. E.<br />
Maslar, P. W. Bohn, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1995, 66, 1755 ± 1757.<br />
[57] Y. Gu, Z. Lin, R. A. Butera, V. S. Smentkowski, D. H. Waldeck,<br />
Langmuir 1995, 11, 1849 ± 1851.<br />
[58] See, for example, a) M. J. Wirth, R. W. P. Fairbank, H. O. Fatunmbi,<br />
Science 1997, 275, 44 ± 47; b) J. B. Brzoska, I. B. Azouz, F. Rondelez,<br />
Langmuir 1994, 10, 4367 ± 4373; c) D. L. Allara, A. N. Parikh, F.<br />
Rondelez, ibid. 1995, 11, 2357 ± 2360.<br />
[59] M. R. Linford, C. E. D. Chidsey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115,<br />
12631 ± 12632.<br />
[60] M. R. Linford, P. Fenter, P. M. Eisenberger, C. E. D. Chidsey, J. Am.<br />
Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 3145 ± 3155.<br />
[61] A. Bansal, X. Li, I. Lauermann, N. S. Lewis, S. I. Yi, W. H. Weinberg,<br />
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7225 ± 7226.<br />
[62] See, for example, a) D. L. Allara, R. G. Nuzzo, Langmuir 1985, 1,<br />
54 ± 71; b) P. E. Laibinis, J. J. Hickinan, M. S. Wrighton, G. M.<br />
Whitesides, Science 1989, 245, 845 ± 847; c) Y.-T. Tao, M.-T. Lee, S.-<br />
C. Chang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9547 ± 9555.<br />
[63] J. P. Folkers, C. B. Gorman, P. E. Laibinis, S. Buchholz, G. M.<br />
Whitesides, R. G. Nuzzo, Langmuir 1995, 11, 813 ± 824.<br />
[64] Reviews: a) G. Cao, H.-G. Hong, T. E. Mallouk, Acc. Chem. Res.<br />
1992, 25, 420 ± 427; b) M. E. Thompson, Chem. Mater. 1994, 6, 1168 ±<br />
1175; c) H. E. Katz, ibid. 1994, 6, 2227 ± 2232.<br />
[65] T. J. Gardner, C. D. Frisbie, M. S. Wrighton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995,<br />
117, 6927 ± 6933.<br />
[66] A recent review on STM studies: G. E. Polner, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97,<br />
1117 ± 1127.<br />
[67] Recent AFM studies: a) C. A. Alves, E. L. Smith, M. D. Porter, J.<br />
Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 1222 ± 1227; b) G.-Y. Liu, M. B. Salmeron,<br />
Langmuir 1994, 10, 367 ± 370.<br />
[68] See, for example, M. R. Anderson, M. N. Evaniak, M. Zhang,<br />
Langmuir 1996, 12, 294 ± 300.<br />
[69] See, for example, N. Camillone III, T. Y. B. Leung, P. Schwartz, P.<br />
Eisenberger, G. Scoles, Langmuir 1996, 12, 2737 ± 2746.<br />
[70] See, for example, W. B. Caldwell, D. J. Campbell, K. Chen, B. R.<br />
Herr, C. A. Mirkin, A. Malik, M. K. Durbin, P. Dutta, K. G. Huang, J.<br />
Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 6071 ± 6082.<br />
[71] See, for example, L. Strong, G. M. Whitesides, Langmuir 1988, 4,<br />
546 ± 558.<br />
[72] M. A. Bryant, J. E. Pemberton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 3629 ±<br />
3637.<br />
[73] See, for example, a) Q. Du, E. Freysz, Y. R. Shen, Science 1994, 264,<br />
826 ± 828; b) C. D. Bain, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1995, 91, 1281 ±<br />
1296.<br />
[74] See, for example, J. P. Folkers, P. E. Laibinis, G. M. Whitesides,<br />
Langmuir 1992, 8, 1330 ± 1341.<br />
[75] L. H. Dubois, B. R. Zegarski, R. G. Nuzzo, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990,<br />
112, 570 ± 579.<br />
[76] See, for example, a) Y. Li, J. Huang, R. T. McIver, Jr., J. C.<br />
Hemminger, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 2428 ± 2432; b) M. J.<br />
Tarlov, J. G. Newman, Langmuir 1992, 8, 1398 ± 1405; c) T. D.<br />
McCarley, R. L. McCarley, Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 130 ± 136.<br />
[77] See, for example, a) C. D. Bain, G. M. Whitesides, J. Am. Chem. Soc.<br />
1988, 110, 3665 ± 3666; b) D. J. Olbris, A. Ulman, Y. Shnidman, J.<br />
Chem. Phys. 1995, 102, 6885 ± 6873.<br />
572 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 550 ± 575