A Life Cycle Assessment of the PureCell Stationary Fuel Cell System ...

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Inventory Tables The inventory tables show which data are used in the SimaPro model, giving a transparent view of what assumptions are made and where the data gaps are. Also, the calculations that were necessary to obtain certain data are described. First the steel data and processing data are described separately because they appear in almost all of the PureCell subsystems/components inventory tables. Steel Data Approximately two thirds of the total weight of the PureCell system is made up of steel (carbon steel and stainless steel). In fact, steel is used in almost all of the PureCell subsystems/components. Therefore the steel data are described separately here. Three different types of steel are used in the PureCell system, and they appear in the inventory tables as: • Steel cold rolled coil IISI • Stainless Steel 304 2B IISI • Stainless Steel 316 2B IISI These steel data do not come from a SimaPro database, but are provided by the International Iron and Steel Institute, IISI [8]. IISI data are used in this LCA because they are reliable and up-to-date. The data include the recycled input of steel scrap into the steel manufacturing process. However, the ‘recycling credit’ is not included in these data. ‘Recycling credit’ is a methodology developed by the International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) in order to include the benefit of making more recycled material available for future use. The number to be assessed is obtained by the following formula: • Recycled material released for new use at end-of-life – (minus) Recycled material used during manufacturing [9]. Because the recycled material released for new use at end-of-life is not defined for the PureCell system, and because subsystem/component reuse will also be part of the PureCell system end-of-life scenario, the ‘recycling credit’ is not included in the steel data for this LCA. Processing Data In most of the inventory tables, data on material processing appears. Except for the Cell Stack Assembly (CSA), all subsystems and components were manufactured at an external supplier’s facility. All the material processing data are therefore based on personal interviews with UTC Power and modeled using the generic SimaPro databases. Manufacturing Phase For the SimaPro model, the PureCell system is divided into a number of subsystems and components, as shown in Figure 4-2. 21
Figure 4-2: PureCell subsystem and component breakdown For each of these subsystems/components the LCI data is described. It should be noted here that the cooling module is not included in the LCA. The cooling module is a 1700 lb three fan air device with the function to reject power plant waste heat to the atmosphere. On the one hand, the cooling module is not part of the PureCell system, and it is neither manufactured nor assembled by UTC Power. Furthermore, the proposed 1700 lb cooling module is merely optional; it is also possible to use a cooling tower or other heat sink in lieu of the cooling module [10]. On the other hand, the function of the cooling module within the system cannot be denied, and should therefore theoretically be included when this LCA is to be regarded as representative for a stationary fuel cell system. However, no cooling module data are available, and it is deemed to be more valuable to exclude the cooling module from the LCA, and explicitly state this, than to include it by making coarse assumptions. 22
Page 1 and 2: Report No. CSS06-09 June 30, 2006 A
Page 3 and 4: Document Description A Life Cycle A
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements This research was
Page 7 and 8: Use Phase .........................
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures Figure 3-1: Manufac
Page 11 and 12: List of Tables Table 4-1: Air blowe
Page 13 and 14: Table 0-12: Semiconductor chip Pure
Page 15 and 16: and which elements of the product c
Page 17 and 18: determining the facility area relat
Page 19 and 20: System Boundaries Ideally an LCA in
Page 21 and 22: Most of these data were obtained fr
Page 23: Chapter 4 - Inventory Analysis This
Page 27 and 28: Air valve subassembly The air valve
Page 29 and 30: water and can be recovered in order
Page 31 and 32: Power data for 2005 value, which wa
Page 33 and 34: Enclosure The enclosure shelters th
Page 35 and 36: • The ‘PET ETH U, adapted to US
Page 37 and 38: Power Conditioning System (PCS) The
Page 39 and 40: Steam ejector The steam ejector is
Page 41 and 42: Steel scrap The scrap rate that was
Page 43 and 44: Use Phase In SimaPro, the use phase
Page 45 and 46: The specific gravity of natural gas
Page 47 and 48: End-of-Life Phase For every PureCel
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 5 - Impact Assessment and I
Page 51 and 52: indicator 99 uses European normaliz
Page 53 and 54: In Figures 5-3 and 5-4 a more direc
Page 55 and 56: Due to the extremely high contribut
Page 57 and 58: Figure 5-9: PureCell System manufac
Page 59 and 60: From Figure 5-10 it becomes clear t
Page 61 and 62: Figure 5-14: PureCell system CSA, w
Page 63 and 64: esponsible for 72% of the CSA total
Page 65 and 66: It is obvious that the attention no
Page 67 and 68: Figure 5-22 shows the impact per ma
Page 69 and 70: Table 5-3 shows the manufacturing p
Page 71 and 72: perturbation is also evaluated by l
Page 73 and 74: are the main opportunities for redu
Page 75 and 76:
A 3% decrease in the platinum recyc
Page 77 and 78:
Material Waste treatment Percentage
Page 79 and 80:
(or at least achieve the assumed 98
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 6-1: Wind/electrolysis syste
Page 83 and 84:
subassemblies that make up the fuel
Page 85 and 86:
For the 100 miles scenario, this th
Page 87 and 88:
Resp. organics 1.41E+03 1.23E+02 8.
Page 89 and 90:
1000 Miles Transport Scenario Figur
Page 91 and 92:
ILS and steam ejector subassemblies
Page 93 and 94:
PCS waste scenario 1 kg Separated w
Page 95 and 96:
The 98% recycling of ILS platinum a
Page 97 and 98:
Table 6-14 shows a comparison of ag
Page 100 and 101:
The goal of this part of the resear
Page 102 and 103:
References 1. Energy Information Ad
Page 104 and 105:
Appendices 101
Page 106 and 107:
Cold transforming steel PureCell sy
Page 108 and 109:
Table 0-4: PureCell system maintena
Page 110 and 111:
NH4+ 0.043917 g NH3 (as N) 0.04 g C
Page 112 and 113:
Stainless Steel 316 2B IISI [8] Pro
Page 114 and 115:
Electric Components PureCell system
Page 116 and 117:
dioxin (TEQ) 9.99E-12 g ethane 0.03
Page 118 and 119:
Mg 10.4668 g Mn 5.42E-05 g Hg 0.001
Page 120 and 121:
adioactive substance to water 1.82E
Page 122 and 123:
Silicon wafer PureCell system [17]
Page 124 and 125:
particulates (unspecified) 17.5 lb
Page 126 and 127:
Appendix E: PureCell System Life Cy
Page 128 and 129:
Appendix G: Calculations for the Pu
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A Life Cycle Assessment of the PureCell Stationary Fuel Cell System ...

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