and the Efficacy of Pit Latrine Additives - Water Research Commission

More documents

Recommendations

Info

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT FOR THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF VENTILATED IMPROVED PIT LATRINES (VIPS) AND THE EFFICACY OF PIT LATRINE ADDITIVES Report to the WATER RESEARCH COMMISSION by CA Buckley, KM Foxon, CJ Brouckaert, N Rodda, C Nwaneri, E Balboni, A Couderc & D Magagna on behalf of Pollution Research Group School of Chemical Engineering University of KwaZulu-Natal WRC REPORT NO TT 357/08 JUNE 2008
Obtainable from Water Research Commission Private Bag X03 Gezina, 0031 orders@wrc.org.za The publication of this report emanates from a project entitled Scientific Support for the Design and operation of Ventilated Pit Latrines (VIPS) (WRC project no K5/1630). DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the WRC, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ISBN 978-1-77005-718-0 Printed in the Republic of South Africa ii
Page 1: Scientific Support for the Design a
Page 6 and 7: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 Introduction Ve
Page 8 and 9: A number of studies in which pit la
Page 10 and 11: in this study were undertaken on pi
Page 12 and 13: from samples were considerable lowe
Page 14: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was com
Page 17 and 18: 3.5 Effect of additional moisture a
Page 19 and 20: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Photogr
Page 22 and 23: 1 INTRODUCTION Ventilated improved
Page 24 and 25: pipe and also prevent the exposure
Page 26 and 27: 2 REVIEW OF EXISTING KNOWLEDGE ON T
Page 28 and 29: 2.1.2 Overview of aerobic degradati
Page 30: faeces entering in the prescribed f
Page 33 and 34: occur in the absence of oxygen, tak
Page 35 and 36: (a) (b) Figure 3.2: (a) photograph
Page 37 and 38: Aerobic degradation: In the presenc
Page 39 and 40: This section presents data from stu
Page 41 and 42: A practical definition was used to
Page 43 and 44: excess water ingress (e.g. due to h
Page 45 and 46: 3.4.4.1 Summary of results obtained
Page 47 and 48: A homogenous sample was collected f
Page 49 and 50: of this work is that a pit emptier
Page 51 and 52: esults from Study B indicate that b
Page 53 and 54:
300 T3 - faeces + inoculum + Gas pr
Page 55 and 56:
the variation observed in the data
Page 57 and 58:
conditions. The gas production rate
Page 59 and 60:
conditions. Some additives in this
Page 61 and 62:
their ability to metabolise mixed o
Page 63 and 64:
Table 4.3: Results of field pit add
Page 65 and 66:
change in actual volume of pit cont
Page 67 and 68:
inwards leaving the pits and their
Page 69 and 70:
4.4 Laboratory-scale testing of pit
Page 71 and 72:
Anaerobic units were closed, limiti
Page 73 and 74:
The average rate of mass loss in ae
Page 75 and 76:
Further, the moisture loss may in f
Page 77 and 78:
These results confirm the findings
Page 79 and 80:
In a programme of pit latrine empty
Page 81 and 82:
The new understanding of processes
Page 83 and 84:
5.4.1.1 Performance of standard VIP
Page 85 and 86:
A further observation was that pede
Page 87 and 88:
5.5.4 Maintenance It was observed t
Page 89 and 90:
This study has not elucidated the m
Page 92 and 93:
REFERENCES APHA, ed. (1998). Standa
Page 94 and 95:
APPENDIX A: PHOTOGRAPHIC DIARY This
Page 96 and 97:
Walls of pit during emptying. This
Page 98 and 99:
Workers engaged in spraying solids
Page 100 and 101:
APPENDIX B: STUDY INTO EFFECT OF MO
Page 102 and 103:
2.2 Gas production from each experi
Page 104 and 105:
NaHCO 3 improved the rate of gas pr
Page 106 and 107:
moisture have a beneficial effect o
Page 108 and 109:
Complete chemical characterisation
Page 110:
Finally, it may also be concluded t
Page 114 and 115:
APPENDIX D: PROTOCOL FOR TESTING PI
Page 116:
4.2 Chemical analyses In addition t
show all

and the Efficacy of Pit Latrine Additives - Water Research Commission

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?