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CARE OF PATIENTS WITH VASCULAR ANOMALIES 355 [47] Benesch M, Windelberg M, Sauseng W, et al. Compassionate use of bevacizumab (Avastin Ò) in children and yound adults with refractory or recurrent solid tumors. Ann Oncol 2007; [epub ahead of print]. [48] Hazen PG, Carney JF, Engstrom CW, et al. Proliferating hemangioma of infancy: successful treatment with topical 5% imiquimod cream. Pediatric Dermatology 2005;22(3):254–6. [49] Metz BJ, Rubenstein MC, Levy ML, et al. Response of ulcerated perineal hemangiomas of infancy to becaplermin gel, a recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor. Arch Dermatol 2004;140(7):867–70. [50] Mulliken JB, Young AE, editors. Vascular birthmarks: hemangiomas and malformations. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1988. [51] Enjolras O, Ciabrini D, Mazoyer E, et al. Extensive pure venous malformations in the upper or lower limb: a review of 27 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36:219–25. [52] Mazoyer E, Enjolras O, Laurian C, et al. Coagulation abnormalities associated with extensive venous malformations of the limbs: differentiation from Kasabach-Merritt syndrome. Clin Lab Haematol 2002;24(4):243–51. [53] Mason KP, Neufeld EJ, Karian VE, et al. Coagulation abnormalities in pediatric and adult patients after sclerotherapy or embolization of vascular anomalies. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001;177:1359–63. [54] Nowak-Gottl U, Junker R, Kreuz W, et al. Risk of recurrent venous thrombosis in children with combined prothrombotic risk factors. Blood 2001;97:858–62. [55] Tormene D, Simioni P, Prandoni P, et al. The incidence of venous thromboembolism in thrombophilic children: a prospective cohort study. Blood 2002;100:2403–5. [56] Austin H, Key NS, Benson JM, et al. Sickle cell trait and the risk of venous thromboembolism among blacks. Blood 2007;110(3):908–12. [57] Decousus H, Moulin N, Quenet S, et al. Thrombophilia and risk of venous thrombosis in patients with cancer. Thromb Res 2007;120(Suppl 2):S51–61. [58] Skourtis G, Lazoura O, Panoussis P, et al. Klippel-Trenaunay syndrom:an unusual cause of pulmonary embolism. Int Angiol 2006;25(3):322–6. [59] Huiras EE, Barnes CJ, Eichenfield LF, et al. Pulmonary thromboembolism associated with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. Pediatrics 2005;116(4):e596–600. [60] Morad AB, McClain KL, Ogden AK. The role of tranexamic acid in the treatment of giant hemangiomas in newborns. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1993;15:383–5. [61] Wang QK. Update on the molecular genetics of vascular anomalies. Lymphat Res Biol 2005; 3(4):226–33. [62] Tan WH, Baris HN, Burrows PE, et al. The spectrum of vascular anomalies in patients with PTEN mutations: implications for diagnosis and management. J Med Genet 2007;44(9): 594–602. [63] O’Reilly KE, Rojo F, She QB, et al. mTOR inhibition induces upstream receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and activates Akt. Cancer Res 2006;66(3):1500–8.
Pediatr Clin N Am 55 (2008) 357–376 Advances in Hemophilia: Experimental Aspects and Therapy Nidra I. Rodriguez, MD a,b, *, W. Keith Hoots, MD a,b a Division of Pediatrics, Hematology Section, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 6411 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA b Gulf States Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Center, 6655 Travis, Suite 400 HMC, Houston, TX 77030, USA Hemophilia A or B is an X-linked recessive disorder that results from the deficiency of blood coagulation factor VIII or IX, respectively (Fig. 1). Hemophilia is classified based on the level of factor VIII or IX activity as severe (!1%), moderate (1%–5%), or mild (O5%–40%). The type and frequency of bleeding in hemophilia vary according to its severity. For example, patients who have severe hemophilia present with spontaneous bleeding into the joints or muscles, soft tissue bleeding, and life-threatening hemorrhage in addition to episodes of minor bleeding. Patients who have moderate hemophilia present less commonly with spontaneous bleeding but frequently experience bleeding after minor trauma. Finally, patients who have mild hemophilia typically present bleeding only after surgery or major trauma. Musculoskeletal bleeding is the most common type of bleeding in hemophilia. Such bleeding can result in arthropathy, a common complication seen in the patient population that has this disease. In general, hemophilia treatment consists of replacing the missing coagulation protein with clotting factor concentrates when bleeding episodes occur (treatment on demand) or by scheduled infusions of clotting factor several times per week (prophylaxis). The development of neutralizing antibodies or inhibitors against factor VIII or IX is another complication encountered as a result of hemophilia treatment. Multiple factor VIII and IX concentrates are available and categorized based on their source (plasma derived versus recombinant), purity, and viral inactivation methods [1]. Recombinant products are categorized further based on the presence or absence of animal/human protein in the cell culture * Corresponding author. Gulf States Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Center, 6655 Travis, Suite 400 HMC, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail address: nidra.i.rodriguez@uth.tmc.edu (N.I. Rodriguez). 0031-3955/08/$ - see front matter Ó 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2008.01.010 pediatric.theclinics.com
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Pediatr Clin N Am 55 (2008) xiii-xi
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Pediatr Clin N Am 55 (2008) 287-304
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DECISION ANALYSIS IN PEDIATRIC HEMA
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Nietert et al [30] Treatment of sic
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406 BLANCHETTE & BOLTON-MAGGS findi
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408 BLANCHETTE & BOLTON-MAGGS as a
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410 BLANCHETTE & BOLTON-MAGGS splen
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412 BLANCHETTE & BOLTON-MAGGS with
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414 BLANCHETTE & BOLTON-MAGGS react
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416 BLANCHETTE & BOLTON-MAGGS [16]
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422 FASANO & LUBAN of storage and t
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424 FASANO & LUBAN Leukocyte reduct
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426 FASANO & LUBAN RBCs is decrease
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Table 1 Blood component characteris
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430 FASANO & LUBAN Alloimmunization
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432 FASANO & LUBAN of individual un
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434 FASANO & LUBAN patients have an
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436 FASANO & LUBAN adults; therefor
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438 FASANO & LUBAN [21]. Meta-analy
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440 FASANO & LUBAN Pretransfusion m
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442 FASANO & LUBAN [55,56]. This is
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444 FASANO & LUBAN [20] Roseff SD,
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THALASSEMIA UPDATE 449 hypochromia
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THALASSEMIA UPDATE 451 Fig. 1. Chan
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THALASSEMIA UPDATE 453 delivery of
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THALASSEMIA UPDATE 455 thromboses i
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THALASSEMIA UPDATE 457 On the basis
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THALASSEMIA UPDATE 459 [31] Kan YW,
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ORAL IRON CHELATORS 463 large iron-
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ORAL IRON CHELATORS 465 of 50 child
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ORAL IRON CHELATORS 467 Table 2 Com
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ORAL IRON CHELATORS 469 use in Nort
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ORAL IRON CHELATORS 471 needed to d
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ORAL IRON CHELATORS 473 in liver fi
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ORAL IRON CHELATORS 475 in the lowe
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ORAL IRON CHELATORS 477 Other oral
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ORAL IRON CHELATORS 479 [12] Borgna
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ORAL IRON CHELATORS 481 [55] Wonke
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HYDROXYUREA FOR CHILDREN WITH SICKL
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Fig. 1. Guideline for initiating, m
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504 TRACY & RICE congenital spheroc
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506 TRACY & RICE and antibodies aga
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508 TRACY & RICE limited splenic vo
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510 TRACY & RICE constitutes the pi
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512 TRACY & RICE German experience
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514 TRACY & RICE Table 1 Effect of
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516 TRACY & RICE decreased bilirubi
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518 TRACY & RICE [13] Bader-Meunier
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