by A thesis submitted to the University of Plymouth in ... - PEARL home

More documents

Recommendations

Info

List of charts Chart 1: Thermal diffusivity by contact resistance estimates, smaller H ..................... 140 Chart 2: Thermal diffusivity by contact resistance estimates, larger H ....................... 140 Chart 3: Oak volumetric heat capacity by H estimate ................................................ 142 Chart 4: H values for TP08 probes in agar and PTFE ................................................ 144 Chart 5: Charts of AT/Int for AT = Int and where t is offset by ±1 Os ........................... 153 Chart 6: Slopes of AT/Int from AT = Int where t offset by ±1 Os .................................. 154 Chart 7: Typical S curve produced by a measurement in phenolic foam .................... 155 Chart 8: A for phenolic foam over 1 00s intervals, t offset by ±1 Os ............................. 156 Chart 9: TP08 heating record for a sample of Hemcrete ............................................ 166 Chart 10: Hemcrete thermal conductivity, 1 00s time windows ................................... 166 Chart 11: Hemcrete thermal conductivity, 1 Os time windows ..................................... 167 Chart 12: TP08 heating record for an insulating aerated concrete block .................... 168 Chart 13: Aerated concrete thermal conductivity, 10s time windows ......................... 168 Chart 14: Thermal conductivity results from a 1.5mm hole, aerated concrete ............ 172 Chart 15: Thermal conductivity results from a 3mm hole, aerated concrete ............... 173 Chart 16: AT/Int for a 1.5mm hole in aerated concrete, with and without filler ............ 174 Chart 17: Thermal conductivity results for aerated concrete, with and without filler ... 174 Chart 18: Temperature stabilisation following probe insertion .................................... 176 Chart 19: Temperature equilibrium from 500s after probe insertion ........................... 177 Chart 20: Temperature stabilisation following a heating cycle ................................... 178 Chart 21: Temperature equilibrium in aerated concrete after a heating cycle ............ 179 Chart 22: Thermal conductivity, oak, measured across and along the grain .............. 180 Chart 23: AT/Int plot for a measurement in oak along the grain ................................. 182 Chart 24: Thermal conductivity, PTFE at three power levels, 1 00s windows ............. 184 Chart 25: Thermal conductivity, phenolic foam at two power levels, 1 00s windows ... 185 x
Chart 26: AT/Int plots for measurements in aerated concrete at three power levels.. 186 Chart 27: Thermal conductivity results for aerated concrete at three power levels .... 187 Chart 28: AT/Int for 600s measurement in agar immobilised water ............................ 190 Chart 29: AT/Int for later part of a measurement in agar immobilised water .............. 191 Chart 30: Thermal conductivity results for agar at two power levels .......................... 192 Chart 31: Temperature rise at 15mm and 47mm, phenolic foam ............................... 195 Chart 32: Thermal conductivity, phenolic foam at two thicknesses ............................ 195 Chart 33: Thermal conductivity results for aerated concrete after oven drying ........... 200 Chart 34: AT/Int for aerated concrete at 5% moisture content by weight ................... 202 Chart 35: Thermal conductivity results for aerated concrete, 5% moisture content .... 202 Chart 36: Thermal conductivity, aerated concrete, varied moisture content ............... 204 Chart 37: Data scatter in TP08 temperature measurements ...................................... 215 Chart 38: TP08 reactions of PT1 000 and TK when probe base warmed ................... 217 Chart 39: TP08 AT/t in petroleum jelly, with Lowess smoothing ................................ 219 Chart 40: TP08 AT/Int in petroleum jelly, with Lowess smoothing .............................. 219 Chart 41: Temperature record of base and needle at internal wall head, the Body .... 224 Chart 42: Temperature stability prior to the second measurement in chart 49 ........... 224 Chart 43: Thermal conductivity results for cob, internal wall head, the Body ............. 225 Chart 44: Temperature record of probe base and needle, cob summerhouse ........... 227 Chart 45: Temperature stability prior to the measurement in chart 52 ....................... 227 Chart 46: Thermal conductivity, cob blocks with and without lambswool binder ........ 228 Chart 47: Temperature record of probe base and needle, aerated concrete, internal 232 Chart 48: Temperature stability prior to the measurement in chart 56 ....................... 232 Chart 49: Thermal conductivity, aerated concrete in situ and laboratory results ........ 233 Chart 50: In situ and laboratory results for unfired earth and woodshaving bricks ..... 236 Chart 51: In situ and laboratory results for straw bale construction ............................ 240 Chart 52: In situ results for clay straw wall construction ............................................ 243 Chart 53: Two in situ clay straw results with varied prior temperature drifts ............... 245 xi
Page 1: IN SITU MEASUREMENTS OF BUILDING MA
Page 4 and 5: University of Plymc, - ý-i E. 3 LS
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS Abstract .................
Page 8 and 9: Introduction to the in situ measure
Page 12 and 13: Chart 54: Voltra temperature rises
Page 14 and 15: Figure 26: Thermal image of clay st
Page 16 and 17: Equation (28) .....................
Page 18 and 19: Author's declaration At no time dur
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1: Introduction This thesis
Page 23 and 24: shown the potential, in the UK clim
Page 25 and 26: and practical obstacles to the succ
Page 27 and 28: through the solid. Convection, as a
Page 29 and 30: Introduction to the thermal probe t
Page 31 and 32: where moisture was present in the m
Page 33 and 34: za U) > uj ý r- C >, ()) = ui SD 0
Page 35 and 36: Global C02 emissions from fossil fu
Page 37 and 38: they can contribute not only to rev
Page 39 and 40: e Empirical knowledge and experienc
Page 41 and 42: Guide thermal property values are o
Page 43 and 44: hot plate measurements of construct
Page 45 and 46: With a supposed accuracy of better
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2: Literature review, the t
Page 49 and 50: Figure 6: Niven (1905), hot wire ap
Page 51 and 52: thermal resistance inherent to each
Page 53 and 54: temperature rises more slowly after
Page 55 and 56: plate method for thermal conductivi
Page 57 and 58: ecause there was a temperature diff
Page 59 and 60: temperature rise at very early time
Page 61 and 62:
such as the probe wall thickness, c
Page 63 and 64:
could have identical thermal diffus
Page 65 and 66:
A small cylinder of acrylic materia
Page 67 and 68:
negative values were thought to be
Page 69 and 70:
whether the outcome was dependent o
Page 71 and 72:
measured at various depths through
Page 73 and 74:
for thermal diffusivity was achieve
Page 75 and 76:
Tests were first carried out on foa
Page 77 and 78:
achieved, believing that small comp
Page 79 and 80:
the whole temperature rise over the
Page 81 and 82:
(1949) to measure liquids, to more
Page 83 and 84:
and instead two wires of different
Page 85 and 86:
was described as equivalent to a gr
Page 87 and 88:
thermocouple was attached to the ho
Page 89 and 90:
this could have explained discrepan
Page 91 and 92:
Equation (14) was reduced to: IM AT
Page 93 and 94:
L ct. t 1/2 r 0.0632r 2 Equation (2
Page 95 and 96:
The boundary condition raises furth
Page 97 and 98:
the probe. Hence thermal conductivi
Page 99 and 100:
the difference in results for paraf
Page 101 and 102:
a= Cr I/4 exp(B / A) Equation (24)
Page 103 and 104:
put forward that the measurement ra
Page 105 and 106:
where the early times, identified f
Page 107 and 108:
Results achieved with the thermal p
Page 109 and 110:
without consideration of contact re
Page 111 and 112:
Van Haneghem et al (1998) had more
Page 113 and 114:
at the University of Bristol; and o
Page 115 and 116:
cited were quite different form the
Page 117 and 118:
a= 4(exp y)x, and 42: 1 respectivel
Page 119 and 120:
diffusivity value and the length of
Page 121 and 122:
symptoms in AT/Int were not given;
Page 123 and 124:
published values well. Thermal diff
Page 125 and 126:
from assuming an infinitely long li
Page 127 and 128:
assessed after what time the heat c
Page 129 and 130:
Goodhew and Griffiths (2005) report
Page 131 and 132:
25mm x 0.6mm stainless steel needle
Page 133 and 134:
The problem of contact resistance w
Page 135 and 136:
oth a stand-alone probe with a heat
Page 137 and 138:
thermal diffusivity results could b
Page 139 and 140:
Contemporary standards relating to
Page 141 and 142:
directions are given to accommodate
Page 143 and 144:
measurements requires prior technic
Page 145 and 146:
Discussion arising from the literat
Page 147 and 148:
In measurement analyses derived fro
Page 149 and 150:
Many researchers, because of the di
Page 151 and 152:
Chapter 3: Introduction to the meth
Page 153 and 154:
differentiate between the temperatu
Page 155 and 156:
* An assessment of measurements usi
Page 157 and 158:
measurements using various case stu
Page 159 and 160:
(1951). The sensitivity of the equa
Page 161 and 162:
The Blackwell equation including la
Page 163 and 164:
A further study was carded out to a
Page 165 and 166:
measurement was introduced to the d
Page 167 and 168:
The data sheet contained a facility
Page 169 and 170:
is similar to the work of van Loon
Page 171 and 172:
m U) CY) (1 - Z: (0 CD LO ll C" W)
Page 173 and 174:
AT over In(t) , 6T/In(t) *6T/In(t-1
Page 175 and 176:
eyond. These results related to a v
Page 177 and 178:
Interim conclusion to the assessmen
Page 179 and 180:
Chapter 5: Laboratoty work A number
Page 181 and 182:
could then be revisited for further
Page 183 and 184:
process was instigated whereby ther
Page 185 and 186:
acetyl resin containing around 25%
Page 187 and 188:
A Calculated over 10s Periods 0.2 0
Page 189 and 190:
The dual probe gave a volumetric he
Page 191 and 192:
It was found that 1.5mm high speed
Page 193 and 194:
0.3 100s A Comparison, 3mrn Hole dr
Page 195 and 196:
practicably possible, using a 1.5mm
Page 197 and 198:
Temperature Stabilisation 17.00 16.
Page 199 and 200:
Temperature Stabilisation 17.80 17.
Page 201 and 202:
Steinhagen (1977), in a literature
Page 203 and 204:
Assael et al (2002) considered that
Page 205 and 206:
Power Level Assessment, Phenolic Fo
Page 207 and 208:
A Calculated over 100s Periods - Lo
Page 209 and 210:
Figure 13 shows 100s time window, t
Page 211 and 212:
Probe Temperature v Elapsed Heating
Page 213 and 214:
Vos (1955), and later researchers s
Page 215 and 216:
Boundary Assessment, Phenolic Foam
Page 217 and 218:
Figure 14: Thermal imaging arrangem
Page 219 and 220:
Figure 16: 3D thermal image of a pr
Page 221 and 222:
of measurements, and eleven others
Page 223 and 224:
ather than insulating, aerated conc
Page 225 and 226:
Conclusions from the laboratory bas
Page 227 and 228:
Chapter 6: In situ measurements Int
Page 229 and 230:
fluctuating during a measurement, a
Page 231 and 232:
about 6 hours but could also be run
Page 233 and 234:
Probe temperature measurement The t
Page 235 and 236:
This methodology produced a compoun
Page 237 and 238:
Chart 38: TP08 reactions of PT1000
Page 239 and 240:
Example of smoothed TPOS data -PT10
Page 241 and 242:
Figure 20: Field apparatus packed f
Page 243 and 244:
Figure 21: The Body and probe posit
Page 245 and 246:
A Calculated over 100s Periods 2 1.
Page 247 and 248:
Base, needle and ambient temperatur
Page 249 and 250:
unplastered walls, in a sheltered s
Page 251 and 252:
locks, respectively. Samples were m
Page 253 and 254:
ased measurements of an oven dried
Page 255 and 256:
Figure 23: Unfired earth and woodsh
Page 257 and 258:
Some difficulties with the techniqu
Page 259 and 260:
Chart 51 shows average thermal cond
Page 261 and 262:
----... - -ci.. .. Figure 25: Clay
Page 263 and 264:
to varied thermal conductivity valu
Page 265 and 266:
In Situ Results Over 100s Periods H
Page 267 and 268:
a notionally dry room for six days.
Page 269 and 270:
Chapter 7: Further work, discussion
Page 271 and 272:
thermal diffusivity of IIAE-07 rn 2
Page 273 and 274:
entrance losses, as proposed with t
Page 275 and 276:
work where it is envisaged that sma
Page 277 and 278:
Discussion The aim of this project
Page 279 and 280:
temperature rise effects of thermal
Page 281 and 282:
produced temperature rises in the r
Page 283 and 284:
egion of 0.8m long. However, with t
Page 285 and 286:
along with the effects of temperatu
Page 287 and 288:
designers wishing to reduce energy
Page 289 and 290:
Appendix A: Computer simulation The
Page 291 and 292:
The author is further indebted to D
Page 293 and 294:
Voltra thermal conductivity outcome
Page 295 and 296:
ased on real experimental data for
Page 297 and 298:
A Calculated over 100s Periods 0.1
Page 299 and 300:
4) Despite the three issues above,
Page 301 and 302:
I Relf Date Material Probe Heat Lab
Page 303 and 304:
Rof Date Material Probe Heat Lab Ra
Page 305 and 306:
Ket Uate material vroDS meat LaD Ke
Page 307 and 308:
KOf uate mi rrooe meat LaD In situ
Page 309 and 310:
I Ref Date Material Probe Heat Lab
Page 311 and 312:
Date Material Probe Heat Lab Raw Da
Page 313 and 314:
list Date material Probe meat Iao t
Page 315 and 316:
Ref Date Material Probe Heat Lab Ra
Page 317 and 318:
Location Analyses hemp situ 00("),
Page 319 and 320:
13: 51 (f) MED/1 32 (hole B) 14: 01
Page 321 and 322:
Output Input thermal SD Mean PC SID
Page 323 and 324:
Input thermal properties, from Pars
Page 325 and 326:
ASTIVI Committee D20 (2005) Standar
Page 327 and 328:
heat flow meter methods - Dry and m
Page 329 and 330:
Department of Trade and Industry (2
Page 331 and 332:
Hacker J, Holmes M, Belcher S, Davi
Page 333 and 334:
Jaeger JC (1958) The measurement of
Page 335 and 336:
Morton T, Stevenson F, Taylor B, Sm
Page 337 and 338:
http: //www. building. co. uk/story
Page 339 and 340:
Todd S (2006) A review of the propo
Page 341 and 342:
Woodside W, Messmer JH (1961a) Ther
Page 343 and 344:
Carwile LCK, Hoge HJ (1966) Thermal
Page 345 and 346:
Lovins AB (1996) Negawatts: Twelve
Page 347:
Woodside W (1958) Calculation of th
show all

by A thesis submitted to the University of Plymouth in ... - PEARL home

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?