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Author's declaration At no time during the registration for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy has the author been registered for any other University award. The work presented here is exclusively that of the author, albeit with support as indicated within the acknowledgements and text. The author attended various University of Plymouth Postgraduate Skills Development sessions and received individual tuition from staff in the Schools of: Engineering; Architecture; and Mathematics and Statistics. External consultations were held at: the Building Research Establishment, East Kilbride; the Building Services Research & Information Association, Bracknell; and the National Physics Laboratory, Teddington. Related publications: De Wilde, P., R. Griffiths, B. Pilkington, S. Goodhew, 2007. Simulation of heat flow from a line source in support of development of a thermal probe. In- Jiang, Zhu, Yang and Li, eds. Building Simulation '07,10th International IBPSA Conference, Beijing, China, September 3-6 2007, 1858-1865 Pilkington, B., P. de Wilde, P., S. Goodhew, R. Griffiths, 2006. Development of a Probe for Measuring In-situ the Thermal Properties of Building Materials. In: Compagnon, Haefeli and Weber, ed. PLEA'06, 23rd International Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, September 6-8 2006,665-670 Pilkington, B., R. Griffiths, S. Goodhew, P. de Wilde, 2007. Thermal probe technology for buildings: the transition from laboratory to field measurements. ASCE Journal of Architectural Engineering - in press Related conferences and Presentations: University of Plymouth Environmental Building Group 1 Oth Anniversary Conference (organiser) November 2006, presented: In-situ thermal conductivity measurements of building materials Constructing Excellence South West conference, University of Plymouth, March 2007, presented: Thermal Probe Measurements of Building Materials related to Passive Energy Strategies Schumacher College, Dartington, New Economics group, June 2007, presented: Environmental building, material spirituality, passive energy strategies, climate change and well-being Word count The main body of th esis contains approximately 57,500 words Signed ...... Date ................ ý rý, tj .......... xviii
Nomenclature Units within the thesis are those of the current International System of Units (SI) plus those below, with others as indicated in the text. k Thermal conductivity, Wm-'K-1 Ct Thermal diffusivity, M2S-1 H Probe conductance, WM-2 K-1 (unless stated otherwise) Q, Power supplied to the probe per unit length, Wm-1 Q Rate of energy generation per unit volume, WM-3 t T AT Elapsed time, s Temperature, K Change in temperature, K 0 The slope of AT/Int P Density, kg M-3 C Specific heat capacity, Jkg-'K-1 PC Volumetric heat capacity, jM-3 K-1 r I d Radius of the probe, m Length of the probe, m Shortest radial distance from the probe to the sample boundary, m PA subscript indicating a property relating to the probe 7 Euler's constant, 0.5772156649 ...... TK AK type thermocouple xix
Page 1: IN SITU MEASUREMENTS OF BUILDING MA
Page 4 and 5: University of Plymc, - ý-i E. 3 LS
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS Abstract .................
Page 8 and 9: Introduction to the in situ measure
Page 10 and 11: List of charts Chart 1: Thermal dif
Page 12 and 13: Chart 54: Voltra temperature rises
Page 14 and 15: Figure 26: Thermal image of clay st
Page 16 and 17: Equation (28) .....................
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1: Introduction This thesis
Page 23 and 24: shown the potential, in the UK clim
Page 25 and 26: and practical obstacles to the succ
Page 27 and 28: through the solid. Convection, as a
Page 29 and 30: Introduction to the thermal probe t
Page 31 and 32: where moisture was present in the m
Page 33 and 34: za U) > uj ý r- C >, ()) = ui SD 0
Page 35 and 36: Global C02 emissions from fossil fu
Page 37 and 38: they can contribute not only to rev
Page 39 and 40: e Empirical knowledge and experienc
Page 41 and 42: Guide thermal property values are o
Page 43 and 44: hot plate measurements of construct
Page 45 and 46: With a supposed accuracy of better
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2: Literature review, the t
Page 49 and 50: Figure 6: Niven (1905), hot wire ap
Page 51 and 52: thermal resistance inherent to each
Page 53 and 54: temperature rises more slowly after
Page 55 and 56: plate method for thermal conductivi
Page 57 and 58: ecause there was a temperature diff
Page 59 and 60: temperature rise at very early time
Page 61 and 62: such as the probe wall thickness, c
Page 63 and 64: could have identical thermal diffus
Page 65 and 66: A small cylinder of acrylic materia
Page 67 and 68: negative values were thought to be
Page 69 and 70:
whether the outcome was dependent o
Page 71 and 72:
measured at various depths through
Page 73 and 74:
for thermal diffusivity was achieve
Page 75 and 76:
Tests were first carried out on foa
Page 77 and 78:
achieved, believing that small comp
Page 79 and 80:
the whole temperature rise over the
Page 81 and 82:
(1949) to measure liquids, to more
Page 83 and 84:
and instead two wires of different
Page 85 and 86:
was described as equivalent to a gr
Page 87 and 88:
thermocouple was attached to the ho
Page 89 and 90:
this could have explained discrepan
Page 91 and 92:
Equation (14) was reduced to: IM AT
Page 93 and 94:
L ct. t 1/2 r 0.0632r 2 Equation (2
Page 95 and 96:
The boundary condition raises furth
Page 97 and 98:
the probe. Hence thermal conductivi
Page 99 and 100:
the difference in results for paraf
Page 101 and 102:
a= Cr I/4 exp(B / A) Equation (24)
Page 103 and 104:
put forward that the measurement ra
Page 105 and 106:
where the early times, identified f
Page 107 and 108:
Results achieved with the thermal p
Page 109 and 110:
without consideration of contact re
Page 111 and 112:
Van Haneghem et al (1998) had more
Page 113 and 114:
at the University of Bristol; and o
Page 115 and 116:
cited were quite different form the
Page 117 and 118:
a= 4(exp y)x, and 42: 1 respectivel
Page 119 and 120:
diffusivity value and the length of
Page 121 and 122:
symptoms in AT/Int were not given;
Page 123 and 124:
published values well. Thermal diff
Page 125 and 126:
from assuming an infinitely long li
Page 127 and 128:
assessed after what time the heat c
Page 129 and 130:
Goodhew and Griffiths (2005) report
Page 131 and 132:
25mm x 0.6mm stainless steel needle
Page 133 and 134:
The problem of contact resistance w
Page 135 and 136:
oth a stand-alone probe with a heat
Page 137 and 138:
thermal diffusivity results could b
Page 139 and 140:
Contemporary standards relating to
Page 141 and 142:
directions are given to accommodate
Page 143 and 144:
measurements requires prior technic
Page 145 and 146:
Discussion arising from the literat
Page 147 and 148:
In measurement analyses derived fro
Page 149 and 150:
Many researchers, because of the di
Page 151 and 152:
Chapter 3: Introduction to the meth
Page 153 and 154:
differentiate between the temperatu
Page 155 and 156:
* An assessment of measurements usi
Page 157 and 158:
measurements using various case stu
Page 159 and 160:
(1951). The sensitivity of the equa
Page 161 and 162:
The Blackwell equation including la
Page 163 and 164:
A further study was carded out to a
Page 165 and 166:
measurement was introduced to the d
Page 167 and 168:
The data sheet contained a facility
Page 169 and 170:
is similar to the work of van Loon
Page 171 and 172:
m U) CY) (1 - Z: (0 CD LO ll C" W)
Page 173 and 174:
AT over In(t) , 6T/In(t) *6T/In(t-1
Page 175 and 176:
eyond. These results related to a v
Page 177 and 178:
Interim conclusion to the assessmen
Page 179 and 180:
Chapter 5: Laboratoty work A number
Page 181 and 182:
could then be revisited for further
Page 183 and 184:
process was instigated whereby ther
Page 185 and 186:
acetyl resin containing around 25%
Page 187 and 188:
A Calculated over 10s Periods 0.2 0
Page 189 and 190:
The dual probe gave a volumetric he
Page 191 and 192:
It was found that 1.5mm high speed
Page 193 and 194:
0.3 100s A Comparison, 3mrn Hole dr
Page 195 and 196:
practicably possible, using a 1.5mm
Page 197 and 198:
Temperature Stabilisation 17.00 16.
Page 199 and 200:
Temperature Stabilisation 17.80 17.
Page 201 and 202:
Steinhagen (1977), in a literature
Page 203 and 204:
Assael et al (2002) considered that
Page 205 and 206:
Power Level Assessment, Phenolic Fo
Page 207 and 208:
A Calculated over 100s Periods - Lo
Page 209 and 210:
Figure 13 shows 100s time window, t
Page 211 and 212:
Probe Temperature v Elapsed Heating
Page 213 and 214:
Vos (1955), and later researchers s
Page 215 and 216:
Boundary Assessment, Phenolic Foam
Page 217 and 218:
Figure 14: Thermal imaging arrangem
Page 219 and 220:
Figure 16: 3D thermal image of a pr
Page 221 and 222:
of measurements, and eleven others
Page 223 and 224:
ather than insulating, aerated conc
Page 225 and 226:
Conclusions from the laboratory bas
Page 227 and 228:
Chapter 6: In situ measurements Int
Page 229 and 230:
fluctuating during a measurement, a
Page 231 and 232:
about 6 hours but could also be run
Page 233 and 234:
Probe temperature measurement The t
Page 235 and 236:
This methodology produced a compoun
Page 237 and 238:
Chart 38: TP08 reactions of PT1000
Page 239 and 240:
Example of smoothed TPOS data -PT10
Page 241 and 242:
Figure 20: Field apparatus packed f
Page 243 and 244:
Figure 21: The Body and probe posit
Page 245 and 246:
A Calculated over 100s Periods 2 1.
Page 247 and 248:
Base, needle and ambient temperatur
Page 249 and 250:
unplastered walls, in a sheltered s
Page 251 and 252:
locks, respectively. Samples were m
Page 253 and 254:
ased measurements of an oven dried
Page 255 and 256:
Figure 23: Unfired earth and woodsh
Page 257 and 258:
Some difficulties with the techniqu
Page 259 and 260:
Chart 51 shows average thermal cond
Page 261 and 262:
----... - -ci.. .. Figure 25: Clay
Page 263 and 264:
to varied thermal conductivity valu
Page 265 and 266:
In Situ Results Over 100s Periods H
Page 267 and 268:
a notionally dry room for six days.
Page 269 and 270:
Chapter 7: Further work, discussion
Page 271 and 272:
thermal diffusivity of IIAE-07 rn 2
Page 273 and 274:
entrance losses, as proposed with t
Page 275 and 276:
work where it is envisaged that sma
Page 277 and 278:
Discussion The aim of this project
Page 279 and 280:
temperature rise effects of thermal
Page 281 and 282:
produced temperature rises in the r
Page 283 and 284:
egion of 0.8m long. However, with t
Page 285 and 286:
along with the effects of temperatu
Page 287 and 288:
designers wishing to reduce energy
Page 289 and 290:
Appendix A: Computer simulation The
Page 291 and 292:
The author is further indebted to D
Page 293 and 294:
Voltra thermal conductivity outcome
Page 295 and 296:
ased on real experimental data for
Page 297 and 298:
A Calculated over 100s Periods 0.1
Page 299 and 300:
4) Despite the three issues above,
Page 301 and 302:
I Relf Date Material Probe Heat Lab
Page 303 and 304:
Rof Date Material Probe Heat Lab Ra
Page 305 and 306:
Ket Uate material vroDS meat LaD Ke
Page 307 and 308:
KOf uate mi rrooe meat LaD In situ
Page 309 and 310:
I Ref Date Material Probe Heat Lab
Page 311 and 312:
Date Material Probe Heat Lab Raw Da
Page 313 and 314:
list Date material Probe meat Iao t
Page 315 and 316:
Ref Date Material Probe Heat Lab Ra
Page 317 and 318:
Location Analyses hemp situ 00("),
Page 319 and 320:
13: 51 (f) MED/1 32 (hole B) 14: 01
Page 321 and 322:
Output Input thermal SD Mean PC SID
Page 323 and 324:
Input thermal properties, from Pars
Page 325 and 326:
ASTIVI Committee D20 (2005) Standar
Page 327 and 328:
heat flow meter methods - Dry and m
Page 329 and 330:
Department of Trade and Industry (2
Page 331 and 332:
Hacker J, Holmes M, Belcher S, Davi
Page 333 and 334:
Jaeger JC (1958) The measurement of
Page 335 and 336:
Morton T, Stevenson F, Taylor B, Sm
Page 337 and 338:
http: //www. building. co. uk/story
Page 339 and 340:
Todd S (2006) A review of the propo
Page 341 and 342:
Woodside W, Messmer JH (1961a) Ther
Page 343 and 344:
Carwile LCK, Hoge HJ (1966) Thermal
Page 345 and 346:
Lovins AB (1996) Negawatts: Twelve
Page 347:
Woodside W (1958) Calculation of th
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