Human Rights-Based Intelligence Operations - Commission on ...
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ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES<br />
Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo, Quez<strong>on</strong> City<br />
Philippines<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Based</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Rules of Behavior for Military <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> Pers<strong>on</strong>nel<br />
Guidebook
Copyright © 2011<br />
Published by<br />
The Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g>, J2<br />
ISAFP Compound, Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo, Quez<strong>on</strong> City<br />
This publicati<strong>on</strong> should be cited as<br />
HR-BIO (2011)<br />
All <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> Reserved
A C K N O W L E D G M E N T<br />
The Project Management Team owes its deepest gratitude to God Almighty, for the<br />
strength and wisdom He bestowed in the completi<strong>on</strong> of this Guidebook.<br />
This publicati<strong>on</strong> would not have been possible without the guidance and help of<br />
several individuals who, in <strong>on</strong>e way or another, c<strong>on</strong>tributed and extended their wisdom and<br />
insights in the preparati<strong>on</strong> and completi<strong>on</strong> of this Guidebook. We would like to recognize<br />
the Officers, Enlisted Pers<strong>on</strong>nel and Civilian Pers<strong>on</strong>nel of the Office of the Deputy Chief of<br />
Staff for <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g>, J2, under the leadership of MGen Francisco N CRUZ Jr AFP, who<br />
c<strong>on</strong>ceptualized this noble project as part of J2’s human rights advocacy.<br />
We also acknowledge the significant c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s of the <str<strong>on</strong>g>Commissi<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> under Chairpers<strong>on</strong> Loretta Ann P ROSALES; the Internati<strong>on</strong>al Committee of<br />
the Red Cross through Atty. Evecar CRUZ; and the AFP <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> Office headed<br />
by Col Domingo J TUTAAN Jr for their invaluable assistance.<br />
We likewise extend our utmost gratitude to the H<strong>on</strong>orable Secretary of Nati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
Defense Voltaire T GAZMIN, AFP Chief of Staff LtGen Eduardo SL OBAN Jr, AFP Vice<br />
Chief of Staff LtGen Reynaldo B MAPAGU and The Deputy Chief of Staff, AFP MGen<br />
Anth<strong>on</strong>y J ALCANTARA for their unwavering support to this shared endeavor.<br />
understanding.<br />
Our special thanks to our families and friends for the unc<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>al love, support and<br />
The Project Management Team
THE SOLDIER’S RULE<br />
Be a disciplined soldier.<br />
Disobedience of the laws of war dish<strong>on</strong>ors your army and yourself and causes unnecessary<br />
suffering; far from weakening the enemy’s will to fight, it often strengthens it.<br />
Fight <strong>on</strong>ly enemy combatants and attack <strong>on</strong>ly military objectives.<br />
Destroy no more than your missi<strong>on</strong> requires. Do not fight enemies who are “out of combat”<br />
or who surrender. Disarm them and hand them over to your superior.<br />
Collect and care for the wounded and sick, be they friend or foe.<br />
Treat all civilians and all enemies in your power with humanity. Pris<strong>on</strong>ers of war must be<br />
treated humanely and are bound to give <strong>on</strong>ly informati<strong>on</strong> about their identity. No physical<br />
or mental torture of pris<strong>on</strong>ers of war is permitted. Do not take hostages.<br />
Abstain from all acts of vengeance.<br />
Respect all pers<strong>on</strong>s and objects bearing the emblem of the Red Cross, Red Crescent, Red<br />
Li<strong>on</strong>-and-Sun, the white flag of truce or emblems designating cultural property. Respect<br />
other people’s property. Looting is prohibited.<br />
Endeavor to prevent any breach of the above rules.<br />
Report any violati<strong>on</strong> to your superior. Any breach of laws is punishable.
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> - <str<strong>on</strong>g>Based</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Guidebook<br />
2011<br />
OFFICE OF THE DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF FOR INTELLIGENCE<br />
ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES<br />
Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo, Quez<strong>on</strong> City<br />
Philippines
Republic of the Philippines<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Commissi<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Office of the Chairpers<strong>on</strong><br />
M E S S A G E<br />
On behalf of the <str<strong>on</strong>g>Commissi<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> (CHR), I would like to c<strong>on</strong>gratulate the Armed<br />
Forces of the Philippines, through the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g>, J2 for<br />
coming up with this manual entitled <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Based</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g> Guidebook<br />
(Rules of Behavior for Military <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> Pers<strong>on</strong>nel).<br />
This Guidebook is timely and relevant amid reports of human rights violati<strong>on</strong>s attributed to<br />
the military. It serves to reaffirm the AFP’s commitment to anchor security and intelligence<br />
operati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> a firm human rights framework.<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> work is a fundamental comp<strong>on</strong>ent of military operati<strong>on</strong>s. Informati<strong>on</strong>, after all, is<br />
power. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> rights is needed to ensure that the process and outcome of such vital operati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
do not exceed the limits set by our democratic and republican system. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> rights secure<br />
the rule of law even as the rule of law guarantees the enjoyment of human rights by all and<br />
in all circumstances. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Commissi<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> lauds the Department of Nati<strong>on</strong>al Defense and the<br />
AFP <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> Community for this noble endeavor and looks forward to a more dynamic<br />
collaborative relati<strong>on</strong>ship with the State Security Sector as we c<strong>on</strong>tinue to chart the way for a<br />
just, humane and prosperous Philippine society.<br />
LORETTA ANN P. ROSALES<br />
Chairpers<strong>on</strong>
Republic of the Philippines<br />
Department of Nati<strong>on</strong>al Defense<br />
Office of the Secretary<br />
M E S S A G E<br />
Winning the peace and securing the country mean more than protecting the people and the<br />
State. These also mean giving primacy to <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> (HR), the Internati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian<br />
Law (IHL) and the Rule of Law (RoL). Being the defender of the people, the AFP must uphold<br />
human rights and adhere to the IHL and the RoL at all times.<br />
I therefore find the publicati<strong>on</strong> of this “<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Based</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g> Guidebook<br />
(Rules of Behavior)” auspicious and in line with the implementati<strong>on</strong> of the new AFP Internal<br />
Peace and Security Plan “Bayanihan.”<br />
This Guidebook will help deepen the commitment and awareness of the soldiers to promote and<br />
protect human rights which, in turn, will c<strong>on</strong>tribute immensely to win the campaign against<br />
insurgency and terrorism.<br />
Military intelligence operati<strong>on</strong>s are deemed vital in ensuring nati<strong>on</strong>al security. In the performance<br />
of this missi<strong>on</strong>, Rules of Behavior are absolutely necessary. These Rules should be strictly<br />
adhered to and upheld by all elements, pers<strong>on</strong>nel and units involved in intelligence operati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
I c<strong>on</strong>gratulate the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g>, J2 for coming up with<br />
this easy-to-read, c<strong>on</strong>cise and informative guide to our intelligence pers<strong>on</strong>nel in the furtherance<br />
of their duties. This will certainly go a l<strong>on</strong>g way in transforming the intelligence community<br />
into a more professi<strong>on</strong>al, highly-capable and human rights-based organizati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
VOLTAIRE T GAZMIN<br />
Secretary
Chief of Staff<br />
Armed Forces of the Philippines<br />
Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo, Quez<strong>on</strong> City<br />
M E S S A G E<br />
The c<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong>al mandate of the Armed Forces of the Philippines is to protect the people and the State which<br />
entails the preservati<strong>on</strong> and promoti<strong>on</strong> of human rights. In carrying out this c<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong>al mandate, it is the<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>sibility of each and every military pers<strong>on</strong>nel to be adept in putting principles of human rights into practice.<br />
Through a people-centered strategy and the whole-of-nati<strong>on</strong> approach, this is a feat that the AFP c<strong>on</strong>tinuously<br />
strives for in order to win the peace.<br />
With the rapid advancement of communicati<strong>on</strong>s technology, the applicati<strong>on</strong> of human rights principles in<br />
intelligence operati<strong>on</strong>s has never been more crucial in pursuing the overall goal of winning the peace. Modern<br />
technology has enabled the AFP to gather critical and timely intelligence in aid of decisi<strong>on</strong>-making in nati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
security matters and in support to law-enforcement operati<strong>on</strong>s. However, this capability, if unrestrained, can<br />
encroach <strong>on</strong> these rights instead of protecting them. Other circumstances that would require intelligence pers<strong>on</strong>nel<br />
to weigh the need to accomplish a missi<strong>on</strong> and to resort to the use of force may also arise. Thus, it is of utmost<br />
importance that human rights principles and internati<strong>on</strong>al humanitarian law and the adherence to the rule of law<br />
are placed at the center of intelligence operati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
The crafting of this “<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Based</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g> Guidebook (Rules of Behavior for Military<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> Pers<strong>on</strong>nel)” is certainly a laudable achievement. It stems from the recogniti<strong>on</strong> that human rights are<br />
inherent in the practice of intelligence operati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
I would like to commend the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g>, J2 for spearheading the publicati<strong>on</strong><br />
of the Guidebook which highlights essential principles that every intelligence pers<strong>on</strong>nel must understand during<br />
intelligence operati<strong>on</strong>s. These rules of behavior do not <strong>on</strong>ly enhance the capability of intelligence pers<strong>on</strong>nel in<br />
protecting the people but also serve as a guide in preventing the commissi<strong>on</strong> of human rights violati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
EDUARDO SL OBAN JR<br />
General<br />
AFP
Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff<br />
for <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g>, J2<br />
Armed Forces of the Philippines<br />
M E S S A G E<br />
This “<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Based</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g> Guidebook (Rules of Behavior for Military<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> Pers<strong>on</strong>nel)” provides the general rule in carrying out intelligence operati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
highlighting our solemn duty to adhere to the basic principles of human rights and the<br />
Internati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian Law (IHL).<br />
The publicati<strong>on</strong> of this Guidebook is a modest c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong> of the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff<br />
for <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g>, J2 in implementing the new thrust of the AFP to instituti<strong>on</strong>alize human rights<br />
protecti<strong>on</strong> in all its policies, programs and operati<strong>on</strong>s. In the words of our Chief of Staff, General<br />
Oban…“Rather than simply thinking of what our operati<strong>on</strong>s would do to insurgents’ military<br />
capabilities, we also c<strong>on</strong>sider the effect of our operati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> the lives of the people. As protectors of the<br />
people, we must ensure that we do not endanger them. We must, at all times, give utmost respect to<br />
human rights, adhere to the Internati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian Law, and follow the Rule of Law.”<br />
I therefore enjoin the pers<strong>on</strong>nel of the <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> Community to read and learn by heart the<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tents of this Guidebook, bearing in mind that professi<strong>on</strong>al soldiers are not <strong>on</strong>ly guardians of<br />
our people and our country, but also peace and human rights advocates.<br />
FRANCISCO N CRUZ JR<br />
MGen<br />
AFP
The Soldier’s Rule<br />
Messages<br />
Foreword<br />
Introducti<strong>on</strong> 1<br />
Chapter 1<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> and Internati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian Law 3<br />
1.1 Bill of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> 4<br />
1.2 Universal Declarati<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> 6<br />
1.3 Internati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian Law (IHL) 9<br />
Chapter 2<br />
Adherence to <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
and Internati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian Law 15<br />
2.1 Accountability in <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> Violati<strong>on</strong>s: 16<br />
Command Resp<strong>on</strong>sibility<br />
2.2 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> and Internati<strong>on</strong>al 19<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian Law in the Peace Process<br />
2.3 List of Legal Remedies in Cases of 23<br />
Enforced Disappearances and<br />
Extra-Judicial Killings
Table of C<strong>on</strong>tents<br />
Chapter 3<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> in <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g> 25<br />
3.1 Guiding Principles in 26<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
3.2 Rules of Behavior in Support 28<br />
to Law Enforcement <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
3.3 Rules of Behavior in Informati<strong>on</strong> 33<br />
Collecti<strong>on</strong> and Investigati<strong>on</strong><br />
3.4 Guidelines <strong>on</strong> Handling of Pers<strong>on</strong> 37<br />
Arrested and Under Custodial<br />
Investigati<strong>on</strong><br />
3.5 Guidelines <strong>on</strong> the Use of Firearms 38<br />
3.6 Guidelines <strong>on</strong> Children Involved 39<br />
in Armed C<strong>on</strong>flict<br />
References
Introducti<strong>on</strong><br />
Through the years, the AFP <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> Community<br />
(AFPIC) has strived to become a highly capable, dynamic and<br />
unified military instituti<strong>on</strong> committed to excellence in providing<br />
timely, accurate and relevant intelligence at all levels of Command<br />
for the accomplishment of the AFP Missi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
In pursuit of this goal, the AFPIC recognizes the need to gain<br />
the trust and support of our people, for <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> is in itself ‘about<br />
people and the study of people’. It is imperative for them to know that<br />
military intelligence pers<strong>on</strong>nel, in the performance of their inherent<br />
tasks, are governed by rules and procedures that would ensure the<br />
protecti<strong>on</strong> of human rights and civil liberties.<br />
The Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> J2<br />
is publishing this “<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Based</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Guidebook (Rules of Behavior for Military <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> Pers<strong>on</strong>nel)”<br />
with this objective in mind, to broaden the public’s understanding of<br />
our missi<strong>on</strong> and challenges, and to help us become better and str<strong>on</strong>ger<br />
partners committed to serve and defend our country.<br />
Designed to further harm<strong>on</strong>ize all intelligence operati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
with the principles of human rights and Internati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian<br />
Law (IHL), this Guidebook is <strong>on</strong>e of the c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s of the AFPIC<br />
to the Internal Peace and Security Plan (IPSP) “Bayanihan” of the<br />
AFP and to the Security Sector Reform Agenda of the Commanderin-Chief,<br />
President Benigno S Aquino III.<br />
The essential characteristics of this Guidebook can be best<br />
expressed by the acr<strong>on</strong>ym: AFPCARES<br />
1
AFPCARES<br />
Adherence to Internati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian Law and the Rule of Law<br />
The AFPIC strictly adheres to the C<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong> and the principles of the Internati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian<br />
Law.<br />
Focused in the C<strong>on</strong>duct of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> operati<strong>on</strong>s shall be c<strong>on</strong>ducted <strong>on</strong>ly against known military targets and armed insurgents.<br />
Focused operati<strong>on</strong>s can save resources, reduce collateral damage and produce greater results.<br />
Indiscriminate operati<strong>on</strong>s are prohibited.<br />
People-Centered<br />
The welfare of the people is the primordial c<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong> in every military operati<strong>on</strong>. People-centered<br />
security strategy promotes trust and c<strong>on</strong>fidence and builds partnership with all stakeholders for a<br />
comm<strong>on</strong> goal towards peace and progress.<br />
Command Resp<strong>on</strong>sibility<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> as a command resp<strong>on</strong>sibility dictates that a commander is duty-bound to closely m<strong>on</strong>itor,<br />
supervise, coordinate and c<strong>on</strong>trol the overall activities of his subordinates to ensure that intelligence<br />
operati<strong>on</strong>s are carried out within the legal framework.<br />
Advocating the AFP IPSP “Bayanihan”<br />
The guidebook advocates the c<strong>on</strong>cepts laid down by the AFP IPSP 2011 as part of the strategic<br />
approach in initiating reforms.<br />
Respect for <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Respect for human rights in every aspect of intelligence operati<strong>on</strong>s is the main thrust of the AFPIC.<br />
Transforming the intelligence pers<strong>on</strong>nel into a human rights advocate will aid in “Winning the<br />
Peace.”<br />
Engaging Stakeholders<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> rights advocacy involves engaging stakeholders to promote reforms and foster partnership. The<br />
AFP treats the N<strong>on</strong>-Governmental Organizati<strong>on</strong>s, Civil Society Organizati<strong>on</strong>s and other sectors of<br />
the community as “collaborators for peace.”<br />
Security Sector Reform<br />
In compliance with the Commander-in-Chief ’s nati<strong>on</strong>al agenda for Security Sector Reform (SSR),<br />
the AFPIC will initiate reforms by including the principles of human rights in every intelligence<br />
operati<strong>on</strong>s. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> pers<strong>on</strong>nel should adhere to the principles of HR, IHL and Revised Penal<br />
Code with primary c<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> the rule of law.<br />
2
CHAPTER 1<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> &<br />
Internati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian Law<br />
3
1.1 Bill of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
The Armed Forces of the Philippines, in the<br />
performance of its duty as the protector of<br />
the people, must at all times, guarantee the<br />
protecti<strong>on</strong> and preservati<strong>on</strong> of human rights.<br />
Hence, intelligence pers<strong>on</strong>nel must be familiar<br />
with the following provisi<strong>on</strong>s in the Bill of<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>:<br />
Secti<strong>on</strong> 1. No pers<strong>on</strong> shall be deprived of<br />
life, liberty, or property without due process<br />
of law, nor shall any pers<strong>on</strong> be denied the<br />
equal protecti<strong>on</strong> of the laws.<br />
Secti<strong>on</strong> 2. The right of the people to be secure<br />
in their pers<strong>on</strong>s, houses, papers, and effects<br />
against unreas<strong>on</strong>able searches and seizures<br />
of whatever nature and for any purpose shall<br />
be inviolable.<br />
Secti<strong>on</strong> 3. (1) The privacy of communicati<strong>on</strong><br />
and corresp<strong>on</strong>dence shall be inviolable<br />
except up<strong>on</strong> lawful order of the court, or when<br />
public safety or order requires otherwise, as<br />
prescribed by law.<br />
(2) Any evidence obtained in violati<strong>on</strong><br />
of this or the preceding secti<strong>on</strong> shall<br />
be inadmissible for any purpose in any<br />
proceeding.<br />
Secti<strong>on</strong> 4. No law shall be passed abridging<br />
the freedom of speech, of expressi<strong>on</strong>, or of the<br />
press, or the right of the people to peaceably<br />
assemble and petiti<strong>on</strong> the government for<br />
redress of grievances.<br />
Secti<strong>on</strong> 5. No law shall be made respecting<br />
an establishment of religi<strong>on</strong>, or prohibiting<br />
the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and<br />
enjoyment of religious professi<strong>on</strong> and worship,<br />
without discriminati<strong>on</strong> or preference, shall<br />
forever be allowed.<br />
Secti<strong>on</strong> 6. The liberty of abode and of<br />
changing the same within the limits<br />
prescribed by law shall not be impaired<br />
except up<strong>on</strong> lawful order of the court. Neither<br />
shall the right to travel be impaired except in<br />
the interest of nati<strong>on</strong>al security, public safety,<br />
or public health, as may be provided by law.<br />
Secti<strong>on</strong> 8. The right of the people, including<br />
those employed in the public and private<br />
sectors, to form uni<strong>on</strong>s, associati<strong>on</strong>s, or<br />
societies for purposes not c<strong>on</strong>trary to law<br />
shall not be abridged.<br />
4
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Based</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Secti<strong>on</strong> 12. (1) Any pers<strong>on</strong> under<br />
investigati<strong>on</strong> for the commissi<strong>on</strong> of an<br />
offense shall have the right to be informed<br />
of his right to remain silent and to have<br />
competent and independent counsel<br />
preferably of his own choice.<br />
(2) No torture, force, violence, threat,<br />
intimidati<strong>on</strong>, or any other means which<br />
vitiate the free will shall be used against<br />
him. Secret detenti<strong>on</strong> places, solitary,<br />
incommunicado, or other similar forms<br />
of detenti<strong>on</strong> are prohibited.<br />
(3) Any c<strong>on</strong>fessi<strong>on</strong> or admissi<strong>on</strong> obtained<br />
in violati<strong>on</strong> of this or Secti<strong>on</strong> 17 hereof<br />
shall be inadmissible as evidence against<br />
him.<br />
Secti<strong>on</strong> 14. (1) No pers<strong>on</strong> shall be held to<br />
answer for a criminal offense without due<br />
process of law.<br />
(2) In all criminal prosecuti<strong>on</strong>s, the<br />
accused shall be presumed innocent until<br />
the c<strong>on</strong>trary is proved, and shall enjoy the<br />
right to be heard by himself and counsel,<br />
to be informed of the nature and cause of<br />
the accusati<strong>on</strong> against him.<br />
Secti<strong>on</strong> 15. The privilege of the writ of<br />
habeas corpus shall not be suspended except<br />
in cases of invasi<strong>on</strong> or rebelli<strong>on</strong>, when the<br />
public safety requires it.<br />
Secti<strong>on</strong> 17. No pers<strong>on</strong> shall be compelled<br />
to be a witness against himself.<br />
Secti<strong>on</strong> 18. No pers<strong>on</strong> shall be detained<br />
solely by reas<strong>on</strong> of his political beliefs and<br />
aspirati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
Secti<strong>on</strong> 19. The employment of physical,<br />
psychological, or degrading punishment<br />
against any pris<strong>on</strong>er or detainee or the use<br />
of substandard or inadequate penal facilities<br />
under subhuman c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s shall be dealt<br />
with by law.<br />
“<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> rights are<br />
needed to ensure<br />
that the process and<br />
outcome of such<br />
vital operati<strong>on</strong>s do<br />
not exceed the limits<br />
set by democratic<br />
and<br />
republican<br />
system. When it comes to state activities<br />
that affect the freedoms every pers<strong>on</strong> is<br />
entitled to have, human rights serve to<br />
trump all other c<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong>s. As a system<br />
of rules having the force of law by virtue<br />
of our c<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong>al framework, human<br />
rights should inform the behavior of each<br />
intelligence pers<strong>on</strong>nel.”<br />
— Loretta Ann Rosales<br />
Chairpers<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Commissi<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
5
1.2 Universal Declarati<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
The experiences during World War II led to<br />
the adopti<strong>on</strong> by the United Nati<strong>on</strong>s General<br />
Assembly of the Universal Declarati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> (UDHR) <strong>on</strong> December 10,<br />
1948.<br />
The document laid the expressi<strong>on</strong> of rights to<br />
which all human beings are inherently entitled<br />
and ensures that the States, in the exercise<br />
of their sovereign power, will not commit<br />
human rights atrocities resembling those that<br />
proliferated during the Sec<strong>on</strong>d World War.<br />
The Universal Declarati<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
as adopted by all member- states of the United<br />
Nati<strong>on</strong>s for the protecti<strong>on</strong> and preservati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
human rights is recognized as an obligati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
all states, including the Philippines.<br />
The UDHR serves as the foundati<strong>on</strong> for a<br />
new internati<strong>on</strong>al order that embraces the<br />
protecti<strong>on</strong> and preservati<strong>on</strong> of fundamental<br />
rights of human beings without discriminati<strong>on</strong><br />
to race, color, sex, language, religi<strong>on</strong>, political<br />
or other opini<strong>on</strong>, nati<strong>on</strong>al or social origin,<br />
property, birth or other status.<br />
Eleanor Roosevelt regarded the Universal Declarati<strong>on</strong><br />
of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> as her greatest accomplishment.<br />
“Where, after all, do universal human rights begin In<br />
small places, close to home - so close and so small that they<br />
cannot be seen <strong>on</strong> any maps of the world. Yet they are the<br />
world of the individual pers<strong>on</strong>; the neighborhood he lives<br />
in; the school or college he attends; the factory, farm, or office<br />
where he works. Such are the places where every man,<br />
woman, and child seeks equal justice, equal opportunity,<br />
equal dignity without discriminati<strong>on</strong>. Unless these rights<br />
have meaning there, they have little meaning anywhere.<br />
Without c<strong>on</strong>certed citizen acti<strong>on</strong> to uphold them close<br />
to home, we shall look in vain for progress in the larger<br />
world.”<br />
- Eleanor Roosevelt<br />
Chairpers<strong>on</strong>, UN <str<strong>on</strong>g>Commissi<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> HR<br />
(Adopti<strong>on</strong> of Universal Declarati<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
by the General Assembly of United Nati<strong>on</strong>s, December<br />
10, 1948)<br />
6
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Based</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Fundamental Principles of the UDHR<br />
Universality & Inalienability<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> that bel<strong>on</strong>g to and are entitled to all human beings by virtue of their inherent<br />
dignity and without distincti<strong>on</strong> of any kind or race, color, sex, language, religi<strong>on</strong>,<br />
political belief, nati<strong>on</strong>al or social origin, property, birth or status. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> rights<br />
cannot be taken away from an individual.<br />
Indivisibility & Interdependence<br />
The respect for human rights covers all aspects of a pers<strong>on</strong> whether it is his civil, political,<br />
ec<strong>on</strong>omic and cultural rights. Each category is interrelated and interdependent as the<br />
fulfillment of <strong>on</strong>e’s human rights requires the fulfillment of others.<br />
Equality & N<strong>on</strong>-Discriminati<strong>on</strong><br />
All individuals are equal as human beings and by virtue of their inherent dignity. No<br />
<strong>on</strong>e should be subject to discriminati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> grounds such as race, color, sex, ethnicity,<br />
age, language, religi<strong>on</strong> and others.<br />
Empowerment & Participati<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> rights enable and empower individuals to effectively c<strong>on</strong>tribute to the society<br />
and simultaneously realize their maximum potential in a society in which human<br />
rights are respected. The fulfillment of human rights requires the participati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong> of individuals in the society.<br />
Accountability & Rule of Law<br />
The State and other duty-bearers are resp<strong>on</strong>sible for protecting and preserving human<br />
rights. In fulfillment of this duty, the State is answerable for the observance of human<br />
rights and must comply with standards, laws and policies.<br />
7
Guidebook<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Based</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g> Guidebook is a direct applicati<strong>on</strong><br />
of the inherent rights embraced in the<br />
Universal Declarati<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>.<br />
Thus, in the performance of assigned tasks,<br />
intelligence pers<strong>on</strong>nel must be c<strong>on</strong>versant<br />
with the rights that are entitled to each human<br />
being. Pertinent rights are enumerated in the<br />
following (UDHR, 1948):<br />
1. All human beings are born free and equal in<br />
dignity and rights.<br />
2. Every<strong>on</strong>e is entitled to rights and freedoms<br />
without distincti<strong>on</strong> of any kind, such as<br />
race, color, sex, language, religi<strong>on</strong>, political<br />
affiliati<strong>on</strong> or opini<strong>on</strong>, nati<strong>on</strong>al or social origin,<br />
property, birth or any other status.<br />
3. Every<strong>on</strong>e has the right to life, liberty and<br />
security of pers<strong>on</strong>.<br />
4. No <strong>on</strong>e shall be held in slavery or servitude;<br />
slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited<br />
in all their forms.<br />
5. No <strong>on</strong>e shall be subjected to torture or to<br />
cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or<br />
punishment.<br />
6. Every<strong>on</strong>e has the right to be recognized<br />
everywhere as a pers<strong>on</strong> before the law.<br />
7. All are equal before the law and are entitled<br />
without any discriminati<strong>on</strong> to equal protecti<strong>on</strong><br />
of the law.<br />
8. Every<strong>on</strong>e has the right to an effective<br />
remedy by the competent nati<strong>on</strong>al court for<br />
acts violating the fundamental rights granted<br />
him by the C<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong> or by the law.<br />
9. No <strong>on</strong>e shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest,<br />
detenti<strong>on</strong> or exile.<br />
10. Every<strong>on</strong>e is entitled in full equality to a<br />
fair and public hearing by an independent<br />
and impartial court in the determinati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
his rights and obligati<strong>on</strong>s and of any criminal<br />
charge against him.<br />
11. Every<strong>on</strong>e charged with a penal offense<br />
has the right to be presumed innocent until<br />
proven guilty.<br />
12. No <strong>on</strong>e shall be subjected to arbitrary<br />
interference with his privacy, family, home or<br />
corresp<strong>on</strong>dence, nor to attacks up<strong>on</strong> his h<strong>on</strong>or<br />
and reputati<strong>on</strong>. Every<strong>on</strong>e has the right to the<br />
protecti<strong>on</strong> of the law against such interference<br />
or attacks.<br />
13. Every<strong>on</strong>e has the right to freedom of<br />
movement and residence within the borders<br />
of each state.<br />
8
1.3 Internati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian Law<br />
Fundamental Principles of<br />
Internati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian Law<br />
1. Principle of Distincti<strong>on</strong><br />
Parties to the c<strong>on</strong>flict shall at all times<br />
distinguish between the civilian populati<strong>on</strong><br />
and combatants, and between civilian objects<br />
and military objectives and, accordingly, shall<br />
direct their operati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong>ly against military<br />
objectives.<br />
2. Principle of Proporti<strong>on</strong>ality<br />
The actual damage that is caused by attacking<br />
a military target must not be larger than the<br />
calculated military advantage.<br />
3. Principle of Military Necessity<br />
The <strong>on</strong>ly legitimate objective, which states<br />
should endeavor to accomplish during war, is<br />
to weaken the military forces of the enemy;<br />
that for this purpose, it is sufficient to disable<br />
the greatest possible number of men.<br />
(http://www.icrc.org)<br />
Implementati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
Internati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian Law<br />
The 1949 Geneva C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>s and their<br />
Additi<strong>on</strong>al Protocols are internati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
treaties which serve as the core of internati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
humanitarian law, a part of the body of<br />
internati<strong>on</strong>al law that governs the behavior<br />
of states during warfare and internal armed<br />
c<strong>on</strong>flict. However, treaties of IHL, to be<br />
universally accepted must be formally<br />
adopted by a State through ratificati<strong>on</strong> or<br />
accessi<strong>on</strong>. After which, a State must then<br />
enact a nati<strong>on</strong>al legislati<strong>on</strong> and take practical<br />
measures in order for the rules to be fully<br />
effective.<br />
The Philippines ratified the Geneva<br />
C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>s of 1949 <strong>on</strong> October 6, 1952 and<br />
signed the following Additi<strong>on</strong>al Protocols <strong>on</strong><br />
December 12, 1977: Protocol I which applies<br />
to the protecti<strong>on</strong> of victims of internati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
armed c<strong>on</strong>flicts and Protocol II which<br />
deals with the protecti<strong>on</strong> of victims of n<strong>on</strong>internati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
armed c<strong>on</strong>flicts. On December<br />
11, 1986, the Philippines ratified Protocol II.<br />
9
Guidebook<br />
The Philippine government enacted Republic<br />
Act 9851, otherwise known as the “Philippine<br />
Act <strong>on</strong> Crimes Against Internati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian Law and Genocide and<br />
Other Crimes Against <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>ity,” which<br />
mandates both state and n<strong>on</strong>-state armed<br />
groups to observe internati<strong>on</strong>al humanitarian<br />
law standards, giving victims of war crimes,<br />
genocide, and crimes against humanity legal<br />
remedy. The salient provisi<strong>on</strong>s of Republic<br />
Act 9851 are as follows:<br />
1. Internati<strong>on</strong>al law as part of the domestic<br />
law<br />
The Philippines adopts the generally accepted<br />
principles of internati<strong>on</strong>al law as part of<br />
the law of the country, including the<br />
Hague C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>s of 1907, the Geneva<br />
C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> the protecti<strong>on</strong> of victims<br />
of war and internati<strong>on</strong>al humanitarian law.<br />
(Secti<strong>on</strong> 2d, RA 9851)<br />
2. Universal jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> of the crime<br />
The law provides that Philippine Regi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
Trial Courts (RTC) shall have the original<br />
and exclusive jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> over pers<strong>on</strong>s who<br />
commit internati<strong>on</strong>al crimes punishable<br />
under this law, whether military or civilian,<br />
suspected or accused of the crimes defined and<br />
penalized under this law. (Secti<strong>on</strong> 17, Chapter<br />
VIII, RA 9851)<br />
3. N<strong>on</strong>-prescripti<strong>on</strong> of the offense<br />
The crimes defined and penalized under this<br />
law, their prosecuti<strong>on</strong>, and the executi<strong>on</strong> of<br />
sentences imposed <strong>on</strong> their account, shall not<br />
be subject to any prescripti<strong>on</strong>. (Secti<strong>on</strong> 11,<br />
Chapter 5, RA 9851)<br />
4. Liability of n<strong>on</strong>-state actors<br />
The law lays down the rules which are<br />
applicable to both State and n<strong>on</strong>-State actors.<br />
Hence, CNN, MILF, MNLF, ASG and other<br />
armed threat groups in the country may also<br />
be held individually criminally liable for<br />
grave breaches of the Geneva C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>s<br />
and of Additi<strong>on</strong>al Protocol I, and for other<br />
serious violati<strong>on</strong>s of IHL in n<strong>on</strong>-internati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
armed c<strong>on</strong>flicts.<br />
5. War crimes or crimes against IHL<br />
In case of a n<strong>on</strong>-internati<strong>on</strong>al armed c<strong>on</strong>flict,<br />
“war crimes” are any of the following acts<br />
committed against pers<strong>on</strong>s taking no active<br />
part in the hostilities, including members of<br />
the armed forces who have laid down their arms<br />
and those placed hors de combat by sickness,<br />
wounds, detenti<strong>on</strong> or any other cause:<br />
a. Violence to life and pers<strong>on</strong>, in particular,<br />
willful killings, mutilati<strong>on</strong>, cruel treatment<br />
and torture;<br />
b. Committing outrages up<strong>on</strong> pers<strong>on</strong>al<br />
dignity, in particular, humiliating and<br />
degrading treatment;<br />
c. Taking of hostages; and,<br />
10
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Based</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
d. The meting out of sentences and<br />
the carrying out of executi<strong>on</strong>s without<br />
previous judgment pr<strong>on</strong>ounced by a<br />
regularly c<strong>on</strong>stituted court.<br />
Other serious violati<strong>on</strong>s of the laws and<br />
customs applicable in armed c<strong>on</strong>flict, within<br />
the established framework of internati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
law, are as follows:<br />
a. Intenti<strong>on</strong>ally directing attacks<br />
against the civilian populati<strong>on</strong> or against<br />
individual civilians not taking direct part<br />
in hostilities;<br />
b. Intenti<strong>on</strong>ally directing attacks against<br />
civilian objects which are not military<br />
objectives;<br />
c. Intenti<strong>on</strong>ally directing attacks against<br />
buildings, materials, medical units<br />
and transport, and pers<strong>on</strong>nel using<br />
the distinctive emblems of the Geneva<br />
C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>s or Additi<strong>on</strong>al Protocol III<br />
in c<strong>on</strong>formity with internati<strong>on</strong>al law;<br />
d. Launching an attack in the knowledge<br />
that such attack will cause incidental loss<br />
of life or injury to civilians or damage<br />
to civilian objects or widespread, l<strong>on</strong>gterm<br />
and severe damage to the natural<br />
envir<strong>on</strong>ment which would be excessive in<br />
relati<strong>on</strong> to the c<strong>on</strong>crete and direct military<br />
advantage anticipated;<br />
e. Launching an attack against works<br />
or installati<strong>on</strong>s c<strong>on</strong>taining dangerous<br />
forces in the knowledge that such attack<br />
will cause excessive loss of life, injury to<br />
civilians or damage to civilian objects, and<br />
death or serious injury to body or health;<br />
f. Attacking or bombarding, by whatever<br />
means, towns, villages, dwellings or<br />
buildings which are undefended and which<br />
are not military objectives, or making n<strong>on</strong>defended<br />
localities or demilitarized z<strong>on</strong>es<br />
the object of attack;<br />
g. Killing or wounding a pers<strong>on</strong> in the<br />
knowledge that he/she is hors de combat,<br />
including a combatant who, having laid<br />
down his/her arms or no l<strong>on</strong>ger having<br />
means of defense, has surrendered at his/<br />
her discreti<strong>on</strong>;<br />
h. Making improper use of a flag of truce,<br />
of the flag or the military insignia and<br />
uniform of the enemy or of the United<br />
Nati<strong>on</strong>s, as well as of the distinctive<br />
emblems of the Geneva C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>s or<br />
other protective signs under internati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
humanitarian law, resulting in death,<br />
serious pers<strong>on</strong>al injury or capture;<br />
i. Intenti<strong>on</strong>ally directing attacks against<br />
buildings dedicated to religi<strong>on</strong>, educati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
art, science or charitable purposes, historic<br />
m<strong>on</strong>uments, hospitals and places where<br />
the sick and wounded are collected;<br />
j. Subjecting pers<strong>on</strong>s who are in the power<br />
of an adverse party, to physical mutilati<strong>on</strong><br />
or to medical or scientific experiments of<br />
11
Guidebook<br />
any kind, or to removal of tissue or organs<br />
for transplantati<strong>on</strong>, which are neither<br />
justified by the medical, dental or hospital<br />
treatment of the pers<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>cerned nor<br />
carried out in his/her interest, and which<br />
cause death to or seriously endanger the<br />
health of such pers<strong>on</strong> or pers<strong>on</strong>s;<br />
k. Killing, wounding or capturing an<br />
adversary by resort to perfidy;<br />
l. Declaring that no quarters will be<br />
given;<br />
m. Pillaging a town or place, even when<br />
taken by assault;<br />
n. Ordering the displacement of the<br />
civilian populati<strong>on</strong> for reas<strong>on</strong>s related<br />
to the c<strong>on</strong>flict, unless the security of the<br />
civilians involved or imperative military<br />
reas<strong>on</strong>s so demand;<br />
o. Committing outrages up<strong>on</strong> pers<strong>on</strong>al<br />
dignity, in particular, humiliating and<br />
degrading treatments;<br />
p. Committing rape, sexual slavery,<br />
enforced prostituti<strong>on</strong>, forced pregnancy,<br />
enforced sterilizati<strong>on</strong>, or any other form<br />
of sexual violence;<br />
q. Utilizing the presence of a civilian or<br />
other protected pers<strong>on</strong> to render certain<br />
points, areas or military forces immune<br />
from military operati<strong>on</strong>s; and,<br />
r. Committing any of the following acts:<br />
(1)C<strong>on</strong>scripting, enlisting or recruiting<br />
children under the age of fifteen (15)<br />
years into the nati<strong>on</strong>al armed forces;<br />
(2)C<strong>on</strong>scripting, enlisting or recruiting<br />
children under the age of eighteen (18)<br />
years into an armed force or group other<br />
than the nati<strong>on</strong>al armed forces; and,<br />
(3)Using children under the age of<br />
eighteen (18) years to participate actively<br />
in hostilities.<br />
6. Genocide<br />
“Genocide” means any of the following acts<br />
with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a<br />
nati<strong>on</strong>al, ethnic, racial, religious, social or any<br />
other similar stable and permanent group such<br />
as:<br />
a. Killing members of the group;<br />
b. Causing serious bodily or mental harm<br />
to members of the group;<br />
c. Deliberately inflicting <strong>on</strong> the group<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s of life calculated to bring<br />
about its physical destructi<strong>on</strong> in whole or<br />
in part;<br />
d. Imposing measures intended to prevent<br />
births within the group; and,<br />
e. Forcibly transferring children of the<br />
12
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Based</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
group to another group.<br />
7. Other Crimes Against <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>ity<br />
“Other Crimes Against <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>ity” means<br />
any of the following acts when committed<br />
as part of a widespread or systematic attack<br />
directed against any civilian populati<strong>on</strong>, with<br />
knowledge of the attack:<br />
a. Willful killing;<br />
b. Exterminati<strong>on</strong>;<br />
c. Enslavement;<br />
d. Arbitrary deportati<strong>on</strong> or forcible<br />
transfer of populati<strong>on</strong>;<br />
e. Impris<strong>on</strong>ment or other severe<br />
deprivati<strong>on</strong> of physical liberty in violati<strong>on</strong><br />
of fundamental rules of internati<strong>on</strong>al law;<br />
f. Torture;<br />
g. Rape, sexual slavery, enforced<br />
prostituti<strong>on</strong>, forced pregnancy, enforced<br />
sterilizati<strong>on</strong>, or any other form of sexual<br />
violence of comparable gravity;<br />
h. Persecuti<strong>on</strong> against any identifiable<br />
group or collectivity <strong>on</strong> political, racial,<br />
nati<strong>on</strong>al, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender,<br />
sexual orientati<strong>on</strong> or other grounds that<br />
are universally recognized as impermissible<br />
under internati<strong>on</strong>al law, in c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong><br />
with any act referred to in this paragraph<br />
or any crime defined in this Act;<br />
i. Enforced or involuntary disappearance<br />
of pers<strong>on</strong>s;<br />
j. Apartheid; and,<br />
k. Other inhumane acts of a similar<br />
character intenti<strong>on</strong>ally causing great<br />
suffering, or serious injury to body or to<br />
mental or physical health.<br />
AFP Reaffirmati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> the Adherence<br />
to Principles of IHL and HR<br />
Further, the Department of Nati<strong>on</strong>al Defense<br />
and Department of Interior and Local<br />
Government (DND/DILG) Joint Circular<br />
Number 2, -91, Providing Implementing<br />
Guidelines re: Presidential Memorandum<br />
Order No. 393 dated September 9, 1991,<br />
Directing the Armed Forces of the Philippines<br />
(AFP) and the Philippine Nati<strong>on</strong>al Police<br />
(PNP) to Reaffirm their Adherence to the<br />
Principles of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian Law and <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> in the C<strong>on</strong>duct of Security/Police<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g>, provides for the Rules of Behavior<br />
for soldiers during security operati<strong>on</strong>s in order<br />
to preclude any abuses against innocent civilians<br />
and hostile/lawless elements c<strong>on</strong>sidered out<br />
of combat to include those who are wounded,<br />
captured or who surrendered and to reduce<br />
the destructi<strong>on</strong> that may be inflicted against<br />
lives and properties, as follows:<br />
1. Maintain a high level of discipline and<br />
strictly adhere to the AFP code of h<strong>on</strong>or,<br />
ethics, loyalty, valor and solidarity.<br />
13
Guidebook<br />
2. Exercise utmost restraint and cauti<strong>on</strong><br />
in the use of armed force to implement<br />
policies. When the use of armed force is<br />
inevitable, strict c<strong>on</strong>trols must be exercised<br />
to ensure that <strong>on</strong>ly reas<strong>on</strong>able force<br />
necessary for missi<strong>on</strong> accomplishment<br />
shall be taken and shall be directed <strong>on</strong>ly<br />
against hostile elements, not against<br />
civilians or n<strong>on</strong>-combatants.<br />
3. Treat suspects and enemies who are out<br />
of combat (e.g. wounded, surrendered/<br />
captured) humanely and with respect<br />
and shall, at the earliest time possible,<br />
turn them over to higher echel<strong>on</strong>s of<br />
command/office for proper dispositi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
4.Inhibit from unnecessary military<br />
acti<strong>on</strong>s that could cause destructi<strong>on</strong> to<br />
private and public properties. If, in the<br />
course of legitimate security operati<strong>on</strong>s,<br />
private properties are damaged, measures<br />
shall be undertaken whenever practicable,<br />
utilizing available unit’s manpower and<br />
equipment to repair the damage caused as<br />
a matter of AFP Civic Acti<strong>on</strong> Policy.<br />
5. Respect all pers<strong>on</strong>s and objects bearing<br />
the emblem of the Red Cross, White Flag<br />
of Truce or emblems designating cultural<br />
property.<br />
Furthermore, GHQ Directive to the<br />
Commanders of Major Services, Unified<br />
Commands and AFPWSSUs dated August<br />
9, 2007 explicitly provides that the AFP never<br />
has a policy and activity to inflict terror to<br />
the people but committed to sow just and<br />
lasting state of peace that will pave way to<br />
the development of communities around the<br />
country. With this commitment, the AFP<br />
will follow the standing rules of engagement,<br />
ensure the protecti<strong>on</strong> of human rights and<br />
adhere to the internati<strong>on</strong>al humanitarian law<br />
under all circumstances.<br />
“We must understand the role of human rights as<br />
empowering of individuals and communities. By protecting<br />
these rights, we can help prevent the many c<strong>on</strong>flicts based <strong>on</strong><br />
poverty, discriminati<strong>on</strong> and exclusi<strong>on</strong> (social, ec<strong>on</strong>omic and<br />
political) that c<strong>on</strong>tinue to plague humanity and destroy<br />
decades of development efforts. The vicious circle of human<br />
rights violati<strong>on</strong>s that lead to c<strong>on</strong>flicts, which in turn, lead to more violati<strong>on</strong>s must be<br />
broken. I believe we can break it <strong>on</strong>ly by ensuring respect for all human rights.”<br />
- Mary Robins<strong>on</strong>, former UN High <str<strong>on</strong>g>Commissi<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g>er for <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
14
CHAPTER 2<br />
Adherence to <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> &<br />
Internati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian Law<br />
15
2.1 Accountability in <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Violati<strong>on</strong>s: Command Resp<strong>on</strong>sibility<br />
Command Resp<strong>on</strong>sibility refers to the<br />
“accountability or resp<strong>on</strong>sibility of the<br />
commander of a military force or unit for the<br />
acts of his men, inclusive of the authority to<br />
order, direct, prevent or c<strong>on</strong>trol the acts of his<br />
men.” (People v Lucero, et. al, GR No. 64323-<br />
24, May 31, 1999)<br />
The term “commanders” refers to the<br />
following: Major Service Commanders, Area<br />
Commanders, Divisi<strong>on</strong> Commanders, Brigade<br />
Commanders, Battali<strong>on</strong> Commanders,<br />
Company Commanders, Plato<strong>on</strong> Leaders and<br />
Detachment Commanders and their equivalent<br />
in the PN, PAF and AFPWSSUs. (GHQ, AFP<br />
Directive <strong>on</strong> Strict Adherence to the Doctrine<br />
of Command Resp<strong>on</strong>sibility, issued <strong>on</strong> 04<br />
February 2007)<br />
AFP commanders at all levels shall retain<br />
command resp<strong>on</strong>sibility over all their<br />
pers<strong>on</strong>nel, units, and offices detached and<br />
placed under operati<strong>on</strong>al c<strong>on</strong>trol of other<br />
commands, officers and agencies. (Sec. 5,<br />
Administrative Order 219 – Oct 4, 1995)<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> matter is a command<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>sibility. Commanders who are proven,<br />
through due process, to have countenanced<br />
human rights abuses by way of summarily<br />
dropping complaints, intimidating the<br />
complainant and/or witnesses, “cover-up” of<br />
the incidents, failure to report to superiors,<br />
and/or shows inacti<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> the complaint,<br />
shall be held accountable either as c<strong>on</strong>duct<br />
unbecoming an officer or as accessory. (GHQ,<br />
AFP Guidelines <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> and<br />
Improvement of Discipline, issued <strong>on</strong> January<br />
2, 1989)<br />
Commanders shall be resp<strong>on</strong>sible for the<br />
c<strong>on</strong>duct and behavior of AFP pers<strong>on</strong>nel under<br />
their c<strong>on</strong>trol and supervisi<strong>on</strong>. They will be<br />
held accountable under pertinent provisi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
of the Articles of War, or as accessory after<br />
the fact in cases where they refuse to act, delay<br />
or otherwise aid or abet the wr<strong>on</strong>gdoing of<br />
their subordinate who is the subject of a valid<br />
complaint or warrant of arrest. (DND/DILG<br />
Joint Circular Number 2-91 dated September<br />
9, 1991)<br />
Under the Doctrine of “Command<br />
Resp<strong>on</strong>sibility”, a commander is dutybound<br />
to closely m<strong>on</strong>itor, supervise, direct,<br />
coordinate, and c<strong>on</strong>trol the overall activities of<br />
his subordinates within his area of operati<strong>on</strong>s,<br />
and can and shall be held administratively<br />
accountable for neglect of duty in taking<br />
appropriate acti<strong>on</strong> to discipline his men.<br />
(Executive Order Nr 226, 17 February 1995)<br />
16
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Based</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Neglect of Duty under the Doctrine<br />
of “Command Resp<strong>on</strong>sibility”<br />
The Commander shall be held accountable<br />
for the neglect of duty if he has knowledge<br />
that a crime or offense is to be committed, is<br />
being committed, or has been committed by<br />
his subordinate, or by others within his area<br />
of resp<strong>on</strong>sibility and, despite such knowledge,<br />
he did not take preventive or corrective acti<strong>on</strong><br />
either before, during or immediately after its<br />
commissi<strong>on</strong>.(Secti<strong>on</strong> 1, Executive Order 226)<br />
Presumpti<strong>on</strong> of Knowledge<br />
A Commanding Officer is presumed<br />
to have knowledge of the commissi<strong>on</strong> of<br />
irregularities or criminal offenses within his<br />
area of resp<strong>on</strong>sibility in any of the following<br />
circumstances:<br />
1. When the irregularities or illegal acts are<br />
widespread within his area of jurisdicti<strong>on</strong>;<br />
2. When the irregularities or illegal acts are<br />
repeatedly or regularly committed within<br />
his area of resp<strong>on</strong>sibility; or<br />
3. When members of his immediate staff or<br />
office pers<strong>on</strong>nel are involved.<br />
[Secti<strong>on</strong> 2, Executive Order 226]<br />
Command Resp<strong>on</strong>sibility<br />
under RA 9851<br />
Secti<strong>on</strong>s 8-12, RA 9851 provide that a superior<br />
shall be criminally resp<strong>on</strong>sible as a principal<br />
for crimes committed by subordinates under<br />
his/her effective command and c<strong>on</strong>trol, or<br />
effective authority and c<strong>on</strong>trol, as a result of<br />
his/her failure to properly exercise c<strong>on</strong>trol<br />
over such subordinates, where:<br />
1. He/she either knew or, owing to the<br />
circumstances at the time, should have<br />
known that his/her subordinates were<br />
committing; and,<br />
2. He/she failed to take all necessary<br />
and reas<strong>on</strong>able measures within his/<br />
her power to prevent or repress their<br />
commissi<strong>on</strong> or to submit the matter to the<br />
competent authorities for investigati<strong>on</strong><br />
and prosecuti<strong>on</strong>. (Secti<strong>on</strong> 10, RA 9851)<br />
Duties of the Commanding Officer<br />
1. Undertake Corrective Measures <strong>on</strong> any<br />
Misc<strong>on</strong>duct Committed by AFP Pers<strong>on</strong>nel<br />
Commanders shall ensure that all participants<br />
in security operati<strong>on</strong>s shall be briefed and<br />
debriefed before and after every operati<strong>on</strong><br />
to insure proper behavior of pers<strong>on</strong>nel and<br />
understanding of their missi<strong>on</strong> as well as to<br />
assess the overall impact of the operati<strong>on</strong><br />
to AFP goals and objectives and whenever<br />
necessary immediately undertake corrective<br />
measures <strong>on</strong> any misc<strong>on</strong>duct committed by<br />
AFP pers<strong>on</strong>nel. (DND/ DILG Joint Circular<br />
Number 2-91 dated September 9, 1991)<br />
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Guidebook<br />
2. Take Custody of Erring Pers<strong>on</strong>nel<br />
Up<strong>on</strong> receipt of an adverse report indicating<br />
that military pers<strong>on</strong>nel under his command<br />
committed a serious offense, the commander<br />
shall immediately take custody of subject<br />
military pers<strong>on</strong>nel subject to the provisi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
of EO 106, s-37, and cause the expeditious<br />
c<strong>on</strong>duct of investigati<strong>on</strong> of such report by an<br />
appropriate investigating officer, if he is not yet<br />
under the custody of the police or the regular<br />
courts. (Para 4d of GHQ Letter-Directive <strong>on</strong><br />
Commander’s Resp<strong>on</strong>sibility <strong>on</strong> Criminal<br />
and Administrative Cases Involving Military<br />
Pers<strong>on</strong>nel dated Oct 13, 2001)<br />
All human rights-related incidents allegedly<br />
committed by members of the AFP in<br />
the course of security operati<strong>on</strong>s shall be<br />
immediately investigated and, if evidence<br />
warrants, charges shall be filed in the proper<br />
courts. Reports of investigati<strong>on</strong> as well as<br />
acti<strong>on</strong>s taken shall be submitted to GHQ<br />
fifteen (15) days after receipt of informati<strong>on</strong><br />
about the alleged human rights violati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
(DND/DILG Joint Circular Number 2-91<br />
dated September 9, 1991)<br />
3. Order the Arrest and C<strong>on</strong>finement or<br />
Restricti<strong>on</strong> of Offenders<br />
To immediately order the arrest and<br />
c<strong>on</strong>finement of military pers<strong>on</strong>nel who<br />
commit, are actually committing, or have<br />
been charged for committing a grave offense<br />
pursuant to Articles of War # 70 - Arrest and<br />
C<strong>on</strong>finement. If arrest or c<strong>on</strong>finement is<br />
made without prior investigati<strong>on</strong> or formal<br />
charges filed immediately up<strong>on</strong> arrest or<br />
c<strong>on</strong>finement, investigati<strong>on</strong> shall be initiated<br />
and completed not later than eight (8)<br />
calendar days after the arrest and c<strong>on</strong>finement<br />
to determine the existence of prima facie<br />
evidence to justify his c<strong>on</strong>tinuous c<strong>on</strong>finement,<br />
restricti<strong>on</strong> to limits or custody under a<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>sible officer. (Para 4b of GHQ Letter-<br />
Directive <strong>on</strong> Commander’s Resp<strong>on</strong>sibility <strong>on</strong><br />
Criminal and Administrative Cases Involving<br />
Military Pers<strong>on</strong>nel dated Oct 13, 2001)<br />
Disciplinary Punishment<br />
The impositi<strong>on</strong> and enforcement of a<br />
disciplinary punishment for any act/omissi<strong>on</strong><br />
that resulted in a human rights violati<strong>on</strong> is<br />
a Commander’s resp<strong>on</strong>sibility. Failure to<br />
punish the offender means that he tolerated<br />
the act of his subordinates.<br />
It is vital that disciplinary punishment<br />
should be imposed in case of a violati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
The impositi<strong>on</strong> of punishment growing out<br />
of the same act/omissi<strong>on</strong> shall not be a bar<br />
to trial by court-martial if higher authorities<br />
have a reas<strong>on</strong>able ground to believe that the<br />
offender is not properly punished.<br />
No offender shall be punished until a<br />
thorough and impartial investigati<strong>on</strong> has<br />
been c<strong>on</strong>ducted. This investigati<strong>on</strong> shall<br />
include inquiry as to the truth of the matter,<br />
c<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong> of all circumstances present<br />
and recommendati<strong>on</strong> made in the interest of<br />
justice and discipline.<br />
18
2.2 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> &<br />
Internati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian Law<br />
in the Peace Process<br />
The Government of the Philippines (GPH)<br />
recognizes that respect for human rights and<br />
internati<strong>on</strong>al humanitarian law is of crucial<br />
importance and urgent necessity in laying<br />
the ground for the pursuit of peaceful and<br />
negotiated settlement with rebel groups; thus,<br />
has entered into agreements with the Nati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
Democratic Fr<strong>on</strong>t (NDF) of the Communist<br />
Party of the Philippines/New People’s Army<br />
(CPP-NPA). In support to the government’s<br />
efforts for the attainment of l<strong>on</strong>g and lasting<br />
peace, the AFPIC strictly adheres to the<br />
following agreements:<br />
Comprehensive Agreement <strong>on</strong><br />
Respect for <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> and<br />
Internati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian Law<br />
(CARHRIHL)<br />
The CARHRIHL is the first comprehensive<br />
agreement in the substantive agenda of the<br />
peace negotiati<strong>on</strong>s which was signed by GPH<br />
and NDF panels <strong>on</strong> March 16, 1998 in The<br />
Hague, Netherlands.<br />
The CAHRIHL seeks to c<strong>on</strong>fr<strong>on</strong>t, remedy<br />
and prevent the most serious human rights<br />
violati<strong>on</strong>s, as well as to uphold, protect and<br />
promote the full scope of human rights and<br />
fundamental freedoms, including:<br />
1. The right of the victims and their families<br />
to seek justice for violati<strong>on</strong>s of human<br />
rights, including adequate compensati<strong>on</strong> or<br />
indemnificati<strong>on</strong>, restituti<strong>on</strong> and rehabilitati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
and effective sancti<strong>on</strong>s and guarantees against<br />
repetiti<strong>on</strong> and impunity.<br />
2. The right to life, especially against<br />
summary executi<strong>on</strong>s (salvagings),<br />
involuntary disappearances, massacres<br />
and indiscriminate bombardments of<br />
communities, and the right not to be subjected<br />
to campaigns of incitement to violence against<br />
<strong>on</strong>e’s pers<strong>on</strong>.<br />
3. The right to liberty, particularly against<br />
unwarranted and unjustified arrest and<br />
detenti<strong>on</strong> and to effectively avail of the<br />
privilege of the writ of habeas corpus.<br />
4. The right not to be subjected to physical<br />
or mental torture, solitary c<strong>on</strong>finement,<br />
rape and sexual abuse, and other inhuman,<br />
cruel or degrading treatment, detenti<strong>on</strong> and<br />
punishment.<br />
19
Guidebook<br />
5.The right to substantive and procedural due<br />
process, to be presumed innocent until proven<br />
guilty, and against self-incriminati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
6. The right to privacy of communicati<strong>on</strong><br />
and corresp<strong>on</strong>dence, especially against<br />
intercepting, pilfering and opening of mail<br />
matters and c<strong>on</strong>ducting illegal surveillance<br />
and informati<strong>on</strong> gathering through<br />
electr<strong>on</strong>ic and other means.<br />
7. The right not to be subjected to forced<br />
evacuati<strong>on</strong>s, food and other forms of<br />
ec<strong>on</strong>omic blockades and indiscriminate<br />
bombings, shellings, strafing, gunfire and<br />
the use of landmines. (Part III, Art 2,<br />
CARHRIHL)<br />
To ensure the compliance of both parties to<br />
the CARHRIHL, a joint committee was<br />
formed. The panel committee is composed<br />
of six members in which each Party has three<br />
representatives. The peace agreement has a<br />
m<strong>on</strong>itoring committee whose primary task<br />
is to review human rights violati<strong>on</strong>s that are<br />
screened by both the GPH and the NDF<br />
m<strong>on</strong>itoring committee and to determine<br />
whether these complaints are to be reported<br />
to the Party that the complaint is filed against.<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Commissi<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> takes<br />
part in the investigati<strong>on</strong> process when cases<br />
are filed al<strong>on</strong>gside the GPH m<strong>on</strong>itoring<br />
committee. The committee is presided by<br />
representatives of human rights organizati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
that are specifically nominated by each Party.<br />
(Part V, CARHRIHL).<br />
Complaint Process in the<br />
Joint M<strong>on</strong>itoring Committee<br />
1. Complaint is received by the Joint<br />
Secretariat<br />
2. Forwarded to GPH and NDFP<br />
3. Screening of complaints for each<br />
committee (GPH and NDF)<br />
4. Joint M<strong>on</strong>itoring Committee (JMC)<br />
reviews the complaints<br />
5. JMC shall initiate requests<br />
or recommendati<strong>on</strong>s for the<br />
implementati<strong>on</strong> of the Agreements to<br />
the government agencies involved<br />
6. Investigati<strong>on</strong> of the complaint shall<br />
be c<strong>on</strong>ducted by the party (GPH or<br />
NDF) c<strong>on</strong>cerned<br />
7. C<strong>on</strong>cerned party shall make recommendati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
to the Negotiating Panel<br />
8. Appropriate acti<strong>on</strong> shall be taken<br />
based <strong>on</strong> these recommendati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
20
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Based</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Joint Agreement <strong>on</strong> Safety and<br />
Immunity Guarantees ( JASIG)<br />
In firm adherence to The Hague Joint<br />
Declarati<strong>on</strong> and pursuant to the pertinent<br />
provisi<strong>on</strong>s of the Joint Statement signed<br />
in Breukelen, The Netherlands <strong>on</strong> June 14,<br />
1994, the Government of the Republic of<br />
the Philippines (GPH) and the Nati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
Democratic Fr<strong>on</strong>t of the Philippines (NDFP)<br />
adopted the Joint Agreement <strong>on</strong> Safety and<br />
Immunity Guarantees ( JASIG).<br />
JASIG is a comprehensive agreement between<br />
the GPH and the NDF that seeks to facilitate<br />
the peace negotiati<strong>on</strong>s, create a favorable<br />
atmosphere c<strong>on</strong>ducive to free discussi<strong>on</strong> and<br />
movement during the peace negotiati<strong>on</strong>s, and<br />
avert any incident that may jeopardize the<br />
negotiati<strong>on</strong>s. JASIG, which was signed by<br />
both parties <strong>on</strong> February 24, 1995, accords<br />
safety and immunity guarantees to protect<br />
the rights of negotiators, c<strong>on</strong>sultants, staffers,<br />
security, and other pers<strong>on</strong>nel who participate<br />
in the GPH and NDF peace negotiati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
Under the JASIG, duly accredited pers<strong>on</strong>s<br />
in possessi<strong>on</strong> of documents of identificati<strong>on</strong><br />
or safe c<strong>on</strong>duct passes are guaranteed free<br />
and unhindered passage in all areas in the<br />
Philippines, and in traveling to and from<br />
the Philippines in c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong> with the<br />
performance of their duties in the peace<br />
negotiati<strong>on</strong>s. All accredited pers<strong>on</strong>s are<br />
provided immunity from surveillance,<br />
harassment, search, arrest, detenti<strong>on</strong>,<br />
prosecuti<strong>on</strong> and interrogati<strong>on</strong>s or any<br />
other similar punitive acti<strong>on</strong>s due to any<br />
involvement or participati<strong>on</strong> in the peace<br />
negotiati<strong>on</strong>s. The immunity guarantees cover<br />
all acts and utterances made in the course of<br />
the peace negotiati<strong>on</strong>s and likewise cover all<br />
materials, informati<strong>on</strong> and data submitted<br />
to or produced pursuant to these peace<br />
negotiati<strong>on</strong>s. (Para II, JASIG)<br />
CONTACT NUMBERS<br />
GPH M<strong>on</strong>itoring Committee Secretariat<br />
Joint M<strong>on</strong>itoring Committee of CARHRIHL<br />
6F Immaculate C<strong>on</strong>cepti<strong>on</strong><br />
Multi-Purpose Bldg.,<br />
41 Lantana St., Cubao, Quez<strong>on</strong> City<br />
Landline: (02) 725-4621<br />
E-mail Address: GPHm<strong>on</strong>itoring@yahoo.com<br />
AFP <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> Office (AFPHRO)<br />
Bulwagang Heneral Valdez Bldg.,<br />
General Headquarters<br />
Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo,<br />
Quez<strong>on</strong> City<br />
(0917) 725-1003<br />
OPAPP JASIG Desk<br />
GPH-NDF Panel Secretariat Office, 4F, Agustin 1<br />
Bldg., Ortigas Ave., Ortigas Center, Pasig City<br />
Cell ph<strong>on</strong>e: (0918) 938-1958<br />
Landline: (02) 636-0701 loc 827<br />
Telefax: (02) 638-2295<br />
AFP JASIG Desk<br />
OCD, J2, GHQ<br />
Camp Gen Emilio Aguinaldo, Q.C.<br />
Cell ph<strong>on</strong>e: (0917) 543-6191/<br />
(0919) 669-1601<br />
PNP JASIG Desk<br />
IOD, ODI, PNP<br />
2F, NHQ Bldg., Camp Crame, Q.C.<br />
Cell ph<strong>on</strong>e: (0929) 187-6562<br />
21
Procedures in Apprehending or Challenging<br />
Pers<strong>on</strong>alities if JASIG is in Effect<br />
1. Inform<br />
The apprehending officer/challenger should properly inform the “apprehended individual”<br />
of the basis for such challenge.<br />
2. Verificati<strong>on</strong><br />
The “apprehended individual “ must present to the apprehending officer the document<br />
of identificati<strong>on</strong> (DI) which will serve as “safe c<strong>on</strong>duct pass” supporting his/her claim for<br />
JASIG guarantees.<br />
3. Submissi<strong>on</strong> of Report<br />
(Letterhead)<br />
(Ph<strong>on</strong>e and Fax Numbers)<br />
This is to acknowledge that _____________________ with the Document Identificati<strong>on</strong> Number ______ is a<br />
__________ in the GRP-NDFP peace negotiati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
The above named pers<strong>on</strong> is entitled to the safety and immunity guarantees provided under the Joint Agreement<br />
<strong>on</strong> Safety and Immunity Guarantees (JASIG) for the durati<strong>on</strong> of the peace negotiati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
(Seal)<br />
You are hereby required to facilitate the safe c<strong>on</strong>duct and free passage of the named pers<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
Thank you for you courtesy and assistance.<br />
____________<br />
Chairpers<strong>on</strong><br />
Guidebook<br />
The apprehending officer must submit an incident report to his pertinent JASIG desk<br />
and its oversight officer within 24 hours from the time of the incident/apprehensi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
The Office of the Presidential Adviser <strong>on</strong> the Peace Process (OPAPP) JASIG Desk<br />
must be provided with a copy of said report.<br />
If the pers<strong>on</strong> is eligible for JASIG, the apprehending officer must immediately release<br />
him/her and provide clearance. A copy of the clearance must be furnished to the AFP/<br />
PNP units <strong>on</strong> the ground and OPAPP JASIG Desk.<br />
If the pers<strong>on</strong> is not eligible for JASIG, the apprehending officer must immediately turn<br />
him/her over to AFP/PNP units or government agencies for proper processing and<br />
dispositi<strong>on</strong>. A report shall be submitted to the c<strong>on</strong>cerned AFP/PNP/OPAPP JASIG<br />
desks.<br />
22
2.3 Legal Remedies in Cases of Enforced<br />
Disappearances & Extra-Judicial Killings<br />
Writ of Habeas Corpus<br />
“Habeas corpus” is a Latin phrase which<br />
literally means “you have the body.” The writ is<br />
an order to the pers<strong>on</strong> in charge of some<strong>on</strong>e’s<br />
detenti<strong>on</strong> to deliver the named pers<strong>on</strong> so that<br />
the court can investigate the legality of his<br />
impris<strong>on</strong>ment. Basically, it is a writ directed<br />
to the pers<strong>on</strong> detaining another, commanding<br />
him to produce the body of the pris<strong>on</strong>er at<br />
a designated time and place and explain the<br />
cause of his detenti<strong>on</strong>. The Writ of Habeas<br />
Corpus generally extends to all cases of illegal<br />
c<strong>on</strong>finement or detenti<strong>on</strong> by which a pers<strong>on</strong> is<br />
deprived of liberty, or the rightful custody of a<br />
pers<strong>on</strong> is withheld from the pers<strong>on</strong> entitled to<br />
it. (http://phbar.org)<br />
Writ of Amparo<br />
The Writ of Amparo is of Mexican origin.<br />
Amparo means protecti<strong>on</strong> from the Spanish<br />
word “Amparar.” It is a remedy available to<br />
any pers<strong>on</strong> whose right to life, liberty, and<br />
security has been violated or is threatened<br />
with violati<strong>on</strong> by an unlawful act or omissi<strong>on</strong><br />
of a public official/employee, or of a private<br />
individual or entity. (http://en.wikipedia.<br />
org)<br />
The writ is issued in cases of extrajudicial<br />
killings and enforced disappearances or threats<br />
thereof. (Sec 1, Rule <strong>on</strong> the Writ of Amparo,<br />
A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC, 25 Sept 2007)<br />
In the event that the Writ of Amparo is issued<br />
against any member of the AFP, by the Supreme<br />
Court, Court of Appeals, Sandiganbayan or<br />
any Justice of such court, and the Regi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
Trial Court, the following rules of acti<strong>on</strong> shall<br />
be strictly followed by the units c<strong>on</strong>cerned<br />
as provided by the AFP Policy Directive <strong>on</strong><br />
Acti<strong>on</strong>s and Defense under the Rule <strong>on</strong> the<br />
Writ of Amparo dated Dec. 17, 2007:<br />
1. To verify the identity of the aggrieved<br />
party;<br />
2. To recover and preserve evidence related<br />
to the death or disappearance of the pers<strong>on</strong><br />
identified in the petiti<strong>on</strong> or whose right to<br />
life, liberty or security is threatened with<br />
violati<strong>on</strong> of an unlawful act or omissi<strong>on</strong> as<br />
alleged in the petiti<strong>on</strong> that may aid in the<br />
prosecuti<strong>on</strong> of the pers<strong>on</strong>/s resp<strong>on</strong>sible;<br />
3. To identify witnesses and obtain<br />
statements from them c<strong>on</strong>cerning the<br />
death or disappearance;<br />
23
Guidebook<br />
4. To determine the cause, manner, locati<strong>on</strong><br />
and the time of death or disappearance<br />
as well as any pattern or practice that<br />
may have brought about the death or<br />
disappearance;<br />
5. To identify and apprehend the pers<strong>on</strong>/s<br />
involved in the death or disappearance;<br />
and,<br />
6. To bring the suspected offenders before<br />
a competent court.<br />
Writ of Habeas Data<br />
The Writ of Habeas Data is a remedy available<br />
to any pers<strong>on</strong> whose right to privacy in life,<br />
liberty or security is violated or threatened by<br />
an unlawful act or omissi<strong>on</strong> of a public official<br />
or private individual. The writ of habeas data<br />
enables the petiti<strong>on</strong>er to invoke the right to<br />
privacy and right to informati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
In Latin America, the writ has been used to<br />
enable the petiti<strong>on</strong>er to obtain informati<strong>on</strong><br />
about himself from public or private<br />
records. This has been particularly useful in<br />
cases of extrajudicial killings and enforced<br />
disappearances as the families of victims could<br />
demand undisclosed informati<strong>on</strong>. In cases<br />
where data about the petiti<strong>on</strong>er has been<br />
falsified, the petiti<strong>on</strong>er can use the writ of<br />
habeas data to correct the data.<br />
The writ can also be used to invoke the right<br />
to privacy. The writ enables a pers<strong>on</strong> to know<br />
the purpose in which the data about himself is<br />
being collected. (A.M. No. 08-1-16 SC, Jan 22,<br />
08 - The Rule <strong>on</strong> the Writ of Habeas Data)<br />
When a Writ of Habeas Data is served, the<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>dent shall observe the following:<br />
1. The resp<strong>on</strong>dent shall file a verified written<br />
return together with supporting affidavits<br />
within five (5) work days from service of<br />
the writ, which period may be reas<strong>on</strong>ably<br />
extended by the Court for justifiable<br />
reas<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
2. The return shall, am<strong>on</strong>g other things,<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tain the following:<br />
a. The lawful defenses such as nati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
security, state secrets, privileged<br />
communicati<strong>on</strong>, c<strong>on</strong>fidentiality of the<br />
source of informati<strong>on</strong> of media and<br />
others;<br />
b. In case of resp<strong>on</strong>dent in charge, in<br />
possessi<strong>on</strong> or in c<strong>on</strong>trol of the data or<br />
informati<strong>on</strong> subject of the petiti<strong>on</strong>:<br />
i. A disclosure of the data or informati<strong>on</strong><br />
about the petiti<strong>on</strong>er, the nature of such<br />
data or informati<strong>on</strong>, and the purpose for<br />
its collecti<strong>on</strong>;<br />
ii. The steps or acti<strong>on</strong> taken by the<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>dent to ensure the security<br />
and c<strong>on</strong>fidentiality of the data or<br />
informati<strong>on</strong>;<br />
iii. The currency and accuracy of the data<br />
or informati<strong>on</strong> held; and,<br />
c. Other allegati<strong>on</strong>s relevant to the<br />
resoluti<strong>on</strong> of the proceeding. (A.M. No.<br />
08-1-16 SC, Jan 22, 08 - The Rule <strong>on</strong> the<br />
Writ of Habeas Data)<br />
24
CHAPTER 3<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> in<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
25
3.1 Guiding Principles in<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
“Our soldiers and marines understand that whether NPA, Abu Sayyaf, or criminals; they<br />
have rights and are entitled to the protecti<strong>on</strong> of the law.”...<br />
“We are the AFP of all, not <strong>on</strong>ly of the law-abiding Filipinos, but also of those needing more<br />
attenti<strong>on</strong> and greater understanding”.<br />
- Excerpt from the CSAFP Command Message 02-09 dated 13 July 2009<br />
The primary mandate of intelligence is to<br />
collect, process, evaluate and disseminate<br />
intelligence to the end users in accordance<br />
with the law. It is basically informati<strong>on</strong><br />
gathering and producti<strong>on</strong> of intelligence to<br />
be used by the different AFP units. (AFPM<br />
2-011, 2007)<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Based</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
(HR-BIO) underscores the respect for the<br />
preservati<strong>on</strong> of life, liberty, security, human<br />
dignity, equality, and rule of law while<br />
accomplishing the objectives of intelligence<br />
missi<strong>on</strong>s. The following are the guiding<br />
principles <strong>on</strong> the c<strong>on</strong>duct of all intelligence<br />
operati<strong>on</strong>s:<br />
1. Paramount c<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong> of the safety of<br />
civilians<br />
In engaging the enemy, avoid, or if it cannot<br />
be avoided, minimize collateral damage by<br />
way of incidental injury or loss of life to<br />
civilians and damage to private property.<br />
2. Inclusi<strong>on</strong> of human rights protecti<strong>on</strong> in<br />
all intelligence activities<br />
The commanding officer is resp<strong>on</strong>sible in the<br />
supervisi<strong>on</strong>, promoti<strong>on</strong> and implementati<strong>on</strong><br />
of the HR and IHL principles. Briefings and<br />
debriefings should be c<strong>on</strong>ducted prior to<br />
and after all intelligence operati<strong>on</strong>s/activities<br />
stressing the importance of observing human<br />
rights protecti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
3. Adherence to the Rule of Law<br />
All intelligence pers<strong>on</strong>nel must adhere and<br />
be familiar with the principles of HR and<br />
IHL and related provisi<strong>on</strong>s of the Revised<br />
26
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Based</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Penal Code and the special laws. No arrest<br />
shall be made based <strong>on</strong> mere suspici<strong>on</strong> or raw<br />
intelligence.<br />
4. Protecti<strong>on</strong> and Welfare of All Pers<strong>on</strong>s in<br />
Custody<br />
Ensure the full protecti<strong>on</strong> and welfare of<br />
all pers<strong>on</strong>s in custody and take immediate<br />
acti<strong>on</strong> to secure medical attenti<strong>on</strong> whenever<br />
required. Arrested individual shall be treated<br />
humanely and accorded of all his/her rights.<br />
5. Restrained Use of Force<br />
As much as possible, apply n<strong>on</strong>-violent<br />
means before resorting to the use of force and<br />
firearms.<br />
Firearms shall never be used against pers<strong>on</strong>s<br />
except in self-defense or defense of others<br />
against the imminent threat of death or<br />
serious injury, to prevent the perpetrati<strong>on</strong><br />
of a particularly serious crime involving<br />
imminent grave threat to life.<br />
6. M<strong>on</strong>itor and Act <strong>on</strong> HR Violati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
All intelligence units should include in<br />
their periodic reports all human rights<br />
violati<strong>on</strong>s m<strong>on</strong>itored in their respective areas<br />
of operati<strong>on</strong>s. Said reports shall include<br />
specific data indicating: name of pers<strong>on</strong>alities<br />
involved; time and place and nature of<br />
violati<strong>on</strong>s; and acti<strong>on</strong>s taken by the unit.<br />
Presentati<strong>on</strong> of the HR-BIO Guidebook by the former Chief of Staff, AFP, Gen Ricardo David, together with<br />
MGen Francisco N Cruz Jr, Deputy Chief of Staff for <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g>, J2 to Loreta Ann P Rosales, Chairpers<strong>on</strong>,<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Commissi<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> (CHR) during the <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> Family C<strong>on</strong>ference <strong>on</strong> January 21, 2011<br />
27
3.2 Rules of Behavior in Support to Law<br />
Enforcement <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
In law enforcement operati<strong>on</strong>s, the participati<strong>on</strong> of intelligence units is limited to supporting<br />
the PNP and other law enforcement agencies. During law enforcement operati<strong>on</strong>, the support<br />
role of an intelligence unit/pers<strong>on</strong>nel shall be limited to the c<strong>on</strong>firmati<strong>on</strong> of the pers<strong>on</strong> to be<br />
arrested and the place to be searched; serve as guide to the place where the operati<strong>on</strong> is to<br />
be made; and helping the uniformed pers<strong>on</strong>nel and/or peace officer subdue the pers<strong>on</strong> to be<br />
arrested in case he/she resists the arrest.<br />
Gather informati<strong>on</strong>/evidence about illegal activities<br />
-Investigate to c<strong>on</strong>firm involvement in illegal activities<br />
-Check for existing and valid Warrant of arrest (WA), if n<strong>on</strong>e, apply for WA<br />
-Apply for Search Warrant (SW) if there are illegal items in the possessi<strong>on</strong> of the pers<strong>on</strong> to be arrested<br />
-In serving of SW, AFP <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> pers<strong>on</strong>nel can have a supporting role. Only the PNP, NBI or other law<br />
enforcement agencies can c<strong>on</strong>duct search and seizure<br />
Case c<strong>on</strong>ference with PNP and other Law Enforcement Agencies<br />
-Participating pers<strong>on</strong>nel shall be briefed <strong>on</strong> legal procedures and related legal c<strong>on</strong>sequences<br />
-Participating pers<strong>on</strong>nel will also be briefed <strong>on</strong> general and specific rules to the type of operati<strong>on</strong>s to be<br />
c<strong>on</strong>ducted<br />
Lateral coordinati<strong>on</strong> am<strong>on</strong>g the operating units and government agencies is a must<br />
-Coordinati<strong>on</strong> am<strong>on</strong>g operating units and other government agencies that have jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> over the area to<br />
ensure and enhance immediate cooperati<strong>on</strong><br />
-Participating pers<strong>on</strong>nel will also be briefed <strong>on</strong> general and specific rules to the type of operati<strong>on</strong>s to be<br />
c<strong>on</strong>ducted<br />
Only the prescribed uniform or attire of respective units involved and countersigns agreed up<strong>on</strong> shall be<br />
worn during the operati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
-Use of countersign/identificati<strong>on</strong> is a must when civilian attire is used for operati<strong>on</strong>s not warranting the use of<br />
military uniform.<br />
All firearms to be used for the operati<strong>on</strong> shall be covered by proper documents<br />
-Proper documents include Missi<strong>on</strong> Orders (MO) and Memorandum Receipt (MR)/Acknowledgement Receipt<br />
of Equipment (ARE)<br />
-Unnecessary display of firearms outside of the area of engagement shall be avoided.<br />
28
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Based</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Before making an arrest or search, pers<strong>on</strong>nel<br />
must know the following rules: (Chapter I,<br />
1-6, AFPM 2-011, 2007)<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> pers<strong>on</strong>nel may arrest a pers<strong>on</strong><br />
without a judicial warrant of arrest under any<br />
of the instances provided under Secti<strong>on</strong> 5,<br />
Rule 113 of the Revised Rules of the Court,<br />
as follows:<br />
In Flagrante Delicto<br />
In his presence, the pers<strong>on</strong> to be arrested<br />
has committed, is actually committing, or is<br />
attempting to commit an offense.<br />
“The test of in flagrante delicto arrest is that<br />
the suspect was acting under circumstances<br />
reas<strong>on</strong>ably tending to show that he has<br />
committed or is about to commit a crime.<br />
Evidence of guilt is not necessary. It is<br />
enough if there is probable cause.“<br />
— Sen. Miriam Defensor Santiago during<br />
her speech at the PNP Headquarters,<br />
March 2006<br />
Hot Pursuit Doctrine<br />
The offense has in fact just been committed<br />
and he has pers<strong>on</strong>al knowledge of the facts<br />
indicating that the pers<strong>on</strong> to be arrested has<br />
committed it.<br />
Escapee<br />
The pers<strong>on</strong> to be arrested is a pris<strong>on</strong>er who<br />
escaped from a penal establishment or place<br />
where he is serving judgment or temporarily<br />
c<strong>on</strong>fined while his case is pending or has<br />
escaped while being transferred from <strong>on</strong>e<br />
c<strong>on</strong>finement to another.<br />
The test of the ‘hot pursuit doctrine’<br />
is probable cause which is defined by<br />
the Supreme Court as “an actual belief<br />
or reas<strong>on</strong>able grounds of suspici<strong>on</strong>”. It<br />
requires that the law enforcement unit<br />
holds direct knowledge of the crime or<br />
has pers<strong>on</strong>ally witnessed the suspect right<br />
after the crime was committed. There is<br />
no need to witness the actual commissi<strong>on</strong><br />
of the crime itself.<br />
Pers<strong>on</strong>/s arrested without warrant shall be<br />
immediately turned over to the appropriate<br />
Prosecutor’s Office for inquest proceedings<br />
to avoid any violati<strong>on</strong>s under RA 7438 and<br />
/or Art. 125 of the Revised Penal Code<br />
in c<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong> of key hours provided for<br />
by laws: 12 (light), 18 (correcti<strong>on</strong>al), 36<br />
(afflictive), 72 (under <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> Security Act),<br />
except when such pers<strong>on</strong>/s arrested execute/s<br />
a waiver .<br />
“If a warrantless arrest is made and<br />
eventually the court finds the arrested<br />
pers<strong>on</strong>s to be innocent and acquits them,<br />
are the arresting officers liable The answer<br />
is no.”<br />
— Sen. Miriam Defensor Santiago<br />
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Guidebook<br />
The recommended acti<strong>on</strong>s in effecting warrantless arrest are provided below: (Chapter I, 1-4,<br />
AFPM 2-011, 2007)<br />
Team leader provides identificati<strong>on</strong> to the target of arrest or any other pers<strong>on</strong> present<br />
-State name, rank, designati<strong>on</strong>, unit and address of his unit<br />
-Formal introducti<strong>on</strong>s may be dispensed with when the pers<strong>on</strong> arrested: (1) is engaged in<br />
committing an offense, (2) is seen after committing an offense, (3) escaped or fled from<br />
the arresting officer, and the giving of informati<strong>on</strong> will imperil the arrest<br />
Inform the cause of the arrest and present the issued warrant<br />
-If the pers<strong>on</strong> to be arrested is <strong>on</strong> a moving vehicle, the arresting unit shall warn the<br />
passengers to park their vehicles and to surrender peacefully.<br />
C<strong>on</strong>duct body search<br />
-The arresting team may c<strong>on</strong>duct a body search <strong>on</strong> the arrested pers<strong>on</strong> who may pose a<br />
threat to the arresting team or the public.<br />
C<strong>on</strong>fiscated items must be documented and inventoried<br />
-The following may be c<strong>on</strong>fiscated from the arrested pers<strong>on</strong>: (1) objects used in the<br />
commissi<strong>on</strong> of the crime, (2) objects which are fruits of the crime, (3) objects which<br />
might be used by the arrested pers<strong>on</strong> to commit violence or to escape, (d) dangerous<br />
weap<strong>on</strong>s and those which may be used as evidence in the case.<br />
Pers<strong>on</strong> arrested must be immediately turned over to the nearest PNP stati<strong>on</strong> for proper<br />
documentati<strong>on</strong><br />
-No unnecessary or excessive use of force shall be resorted to in making arrests and the<br />
pers<strong>on</strong>s arrested shall not be subjected to greater restraint than what is necessary.<br />
30
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Based</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Violati<strong>on</strong> of Art 125, RPC<br />
Delay in the delivery of detained pers<strong>on</strong>s<br />
to proper judicial authorities, carries the<br />
following penalties for any public officer or<br />
employee who delays the performance of any<br />
judicial or executive order for the release of<br />
a pris<strong>on</strong>er or detenti<strong>on</strong> pris<strong>on</strong>er, or unduly<br />
delays the service of the notice of such order<br />
to said pris<strong>on</strong>er or the proceedings up<strong>on</strong><br />
any petiti<strong>on</strong> for liberati<strong>on</strong> of such pers<strong>on</strong>:<br />
1. The penalty of arresto mayor (<strong>on</strong>e<br />
m<strong>on</strong>th and <strong>on</strong>e day to six m<strong>on</strong>ths) in its<br />
maximum period to prisi<strong>on</strong> correcci<strong>on</strong>al<br />
(six m<strong>on</strong>ths and <strong>on</strong>e day to six years) in<br />
its minimum period , if the detenti<strong>on</strong> has<br />
not exceeded three days;<br />
2. The penalty of prisi<strong>on</strong> correcci<strong>on</strong>al in<br />
its medium and maximum periods, if the<br />
detenti<strong>on</strong> has c<strong>on</strong>tinued more than three<br />
but not more than fifteen days;<br />
3. The penalty of prisi<strong>on</strong> mayor (six<br />
years and <strong>on</strong>e day to twelve years), if<br />
the detenti<strong>on</strong> has c<strong>on</strong>tinued for more<br />
than fifteen days but not more than six<br />
m<strong>on</strong>ths; and,<br />
4. That of reclusi<strong>on</strong> temporal (twelve<br />
years and <strong>on</strong>e day to twenty years), if<br />
the detenti<strong>on</strong> shall have exceeded six<br />
m<strong>on</strong>ths.<br />
Procedures, Duties and Guidelines<br />
for Arresting or Investigating Officer<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Based</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> the 1987 Philippine C<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong>,<br />
jurisprudence and Republic Act No. 7438, an<br />
Act defining the <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> of Pers<strong>on</strong>s Arrested,<br />
Detained or Under Custodial Investigati<strong>on</strong> as<br />
well as Duties of the Arresting, Detaining and<br />
Investigating Officer, the following are the<br />
procedures, guidelines and duties which the<br />
arresting or investigating officer must do and<br />
observe (People vs Mahinay, 302 SCRA 455,<br />
Feb. 1, 1999):<br />
1. The pers<strong>on</strong> arrested, detained, invited<br />
or under custodial investigati<strong>on</strong> must be<br />
informed in a language known to and<br />
understood by him of the reas<strong>on</strong> for the<br />
arrest and he must be shown the warrant<br />
of arrest, if any; Every other warnings,<br />
informati<strong>on</strong> or communicati<strong>on</strong> must be<br />
in a language known to and understood<br />
by said pers<strong>on</strong>;<br />
2. He must be warned that he has a right<br />
to remain silent and that any statement<br />
he makes may be used as evidence<br />
against him;<br />
3. He must be informed that he has the<br />
right to be assisted at all times and have<br />
the presence of an independent and<br />
competent lawyer, preferably of his<br />
own choice;<br />
31
Guidebook<br />
4. He must be informed that if he has no<br />
lawyer or cannot afford the services of<br />
a lawyer, <strong>on</strong>e will be provided for him;<br />
and that a lawyer may also be engaged<br />
by any pers<strong>on</strong> in his behalf, or may be<br />
appointed by the court up<strong>on</strong> petiti<strong>on</strong> of<br />
the pers<strong>on</strong> arrested or <strong>on</strong>e acting in his<br />
behalf;<br />
5. That whether or not the pers<strong>on</strong><br />
arrested has a lawyer, he must be<br />
informed that no custodial investigati<strong>on</strong><br />
in any form shall be c<strong>on</strong>ducted except<br />
in the presence of his counsel or after a<br />
valid waiver has been made;<br />
6. He must be informed that he has the<br />
right to waive any of said rights provided<br />
it is made voluntarily, knowingly<br />
and intelligently and ensure that he<br />
understood the same;<br />
7. In additi<strong>on</strong>, if the pers<strong>on</strong> arrested<br />
waives his right to a lawyer, he must<br />
be informed that it must be d<strong>on</strong>e in<br />
writing and in the presence of counsel,<br />
otherwise, he must be warned that the<br />
waiver is void even if he insists <strong>on</strong> his<br />
waiver and chooses to speak;<br />
8. The pers<strong>on</strong> arrested must be informed<br />
that he may indicate in any manner at any<br />
time or stage of the process that he does<br />
not wish to be questi<strong>on</strong>ed with warning<br />
that <strong>on</strong>ce he makes such indicati<strong>on</strong>, the<br />
police may not interrogate him if the<br />
same had not yet commenced, or the<br />
interrogati<strong>on</strong> must ceased if it has<br />
already begun;<br />
9. The pers<strong>on</strong> arrested must be informed<br />
that his initial waiver of his right to<br />
remain silent, the right to counsel<br />
or any of his rights does not bar him<br />
from invoking it at any time during<br />
the process, regardless of whether he<br />
may have answered some questi<strong>on</strong>s or<br />
volunteered some statements;<br />
10. He must also be informed that any<br />
statement or evidence, as the case may<br />
be, obtained in violati<strong>on</strong> of any of the<br />
foregoing, whether inculpatory or<br />
exculpatory, in whole or in part, shall<br />
be inadmissible in evidence; and,<br />
11. The pers<strong>on</strong> arrested must be<br />
informed that, at any time, he has the<br />
right to communicate or c<strong>on</strong>fer by the<br />
most expedient means - teleph<strong>on</strong>e,<br />
radio, letter or messenger - with his<br />
lawyer (either retained or appointed),<br />
any member of his immediate family, or<br />
any medical doctor, priest or minister<br />
chosen by him or by any <strong>on</strong>e from his<br />
immediate family or by his counsel,<br />
or be visited by/c<strong>on</strong>fer with duly<br />
accredited nati<strong>on</strong>al or internati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
n<strong>on</strong>-government organizati<strong>on</strong>. It shall<br />
be the resp<strong>on</strong>sibility of the officer to<br />
ensure that this is accomplished.<br />
32
3.3 Rules of Behavior in<br />
Informati<strong>on</strong> Collecti<strong>on</strong> & Investigati<strong>on</strong><br />
Anti-Wiretapping Law<br />
The means to c<strong>on</strong>duct surveillance is limited<br />
by RA 4200 - An Act to Prohibit and Penalize<br />
Wiretapping and Other Related Violati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
of the Privacy of Communicati<strong>on</strong>, and For<br />
Other Purposes or otherwise known as the<br />
Anti-Wiretapping Law. It seeks to penalize<br />
wiretapping and other related violati<strong>on</strong>s of the<br />
right to privacy of communicati<strong>on</strong> guaranteed<br />
under the Bill of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>. Any recording,<br />
communicati<strong>on</strong> or spoken word obtained<br />
in violati<strong>on</strong> of the provisi<strong>on</strong>s of this Act is<br />
inadmissible as evidence in any judicial,<br />
quasi-judicial or administrative hearing or<br />
investigati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Unlawful acts under RA 4200<br />
are the following:<br />
1. Tapping of any wire or cable or using<br />
any other device or arrangement, to<br />
secretly overhear, intercept, or record such<br />
communicati<strong>on</strong> or spoken word.<br />
2. Knowingly possessing any tape/wire<br />
record, disc record, or copies thereof,<br />
of any communicati<strong>on</strong> or spoken word;<br />
replaying the same for any other pers<strong>on</strong><br />
or pers<strong>on</strong>s; communicating the c<strong>on</strong>tents<br />
thereof verbally, or in writing and,<br />
furnishing transcripti<strong>on</strong>s thereof, whether<br />
complete or partial.<br />
Wiretapping is lawful if the following<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s exist:<br />
1. When a peace officer is authorized by<br />
written order from the court; and,<br />
2. In cases involving treas<strong>on</strong>, espi<strong>on</strong>age,<br />
provoking war and disloyalty in cases<br />
of war, piracy, mutiny in the high seas,<br />
rebelli<strong>on</strong>, c<strong>on</strong>spiracy and proposal to<br />
commit rebelli<strong>on</strong>, inciting to rebelli<strong>on</strong>,<br />
sediti<strong>on</strong>, c<strong>on</strong>spiracy to commit sediti<strong>on</strong>,<br />
inciting to sediti<strong>on</strong>, kidnapping as<br />
defined by the RPC and violati<strong>on</strong>s of<br />
Comm<strong>on</strong>wealth Act No 616, punishing<br />
espi<strong>on</strong>age and other offenses against<br />
nati<strong>on</strong>al security. (Sec. 3, RA 4200)<br />
33
Guidebook<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> Security Act of 2007<br />
(HSA, 2007)<br />
Under the <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> Security Act of 2007,<br />
the authority to c<strong>on</strong>duct surveillance and<br />
intercepti<strong>on</strong> of communicati<strong>on</strong>s between<br />
members of judicially declared and outlawed<br />
terrorist organizati<strong>on</strong>, associati<strong>on</strong> or groups<br />
of pers<strong>on</strong>s or of any pers<strong>on</strong> charged with<br />
or suspected of the crime of terrorism or<br />
c<strong>on</strong>spiracy to commit terrorism may be<br />
granted by the Court of Appeals (CA). The<br />
law enforcement official shall first obtain<br />
an authorizati<strong>on</strong> from the Anti-Terrorism<br />
Council to file the written applicati<strong>on</strong> before<br />
the CA.<br />
The authorizati<strong>on</strong> granted by the CA shall be<br />
effective <strong>on</strong>ly for the length of time specified<br />
in the written order, which shall not exceed<br />
a period of thirty (30) days from the date of<br />
receipt of the written order by the applicant. It<br />
may be extended or renewed for another n<strong>on</strong>extendible<br />
period, which shall not exceed<br />
thirty (30) days from the expirati<strong>on</strong> of the<br />
original when the court is satisfied that such<br />
extensi<strong>on</strong> or renewal is in the public’s interest.<br />
The applicant and the witnesses he may<br />
produce must establish under oath or<br />
affirmati<strong>on</strong> the following:<br />
1. That there is probable cause to believe<br />
based <strong>on</strong> pers<strong>on</strong>al knowledge of facts<br />
or circumstances that the said crime<br />
of terrorism or c<strong>on</strong>spiracy to commit<br />
terrorism has been committed, or is being<br />
committed, or is about to be committed;<br />
2. That there is probable cause to believe<br />
based <strong>on</strong> pers<strong>on</strong>al knowledge of facts or<br />
circumstances that evidence, which is<br />
essential to the c<strong>on</strong>victi<strong>on</strong> of any charged<br />
or suspected pers<strong>on</strong> for, or to the soluti<strong>on</strong><br />
or preventi<strong>on</strong> of any such crimes, will be<br />
obtained; and,<br />
3. That there is no other effective means<br />
readily available for acquiring such<br />
evidence.<br />
No Torture or Coerci<strong>on</strong> in<br />
Investigati<strong>on</strong> and Interrogati<strong>on</strong><br />
No threat, intimidati<strong>on</strong>, or coerci<strong>on</strong>, and no<br />
act which will inflict any form of physical pain<br />
or torment, or mental, moral, or psychological<br />
pressure, <strong>on</strong> the detained pers<strong>on</strong>, which shall<br />
vitiate his free will, shall be employed in his<br />
investigati<strong>on</strong> and interrogati<strong>on</strong> for the crime<br />
of terrorism or the crime of c<strong>on</strong>spiracy to<br />
commit terrorism; otherwise, the evidence<br />
obtained from said detained pers<strong>on</strong> resulting<br />
from such threat, intimidati<strong>on</strong>, or coerci<strong>on</strong>, or<br />
from such inflicted physical pain or torment, or<br />
mental, moral, or psychological pressure, shall<br />
be, in its entirety, absolutely not admissible<br />
and unusable as evidence in any judicial,<br />
quasi-judicial, legislative, or administrative<br />
investigati<strong>on</strong>, inquiry, proceeding, or hearing.<br />
(Sec. 24, RA 9372 or The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> Security<br />
Act of 2007)<br />
34
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Based</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Physical Torture is a form of treatment or<br />
punishment inflicted by a pers<strong>on</strong> in authority<br />
or agent of a pers<strong>on</strong> in authority up<strong>on</strong> another<br />
in his/her custody that causes severe pain,<br />
exhausti<strong>on</strong>, disability or dysfuncti<strong>on</strong> of <strong>on</strong>e or<br />
more parts of the body, such as:<br />
- Systematic beating, head banging,<br />
punching, kicking, striking with<br />
trunche<strong>on</strong> or rifle butt or other similar<br />
objects, and jumping <strong>on</strong> the stomach;<br />
- Food deprivati<strong>on</strong> or forcible feeding<br />
with spoiled food, animal or human<br />
excreta and other stuff or substances not<br />
normally eaten;<br />
- Cigarette burning; burning by<br />
electrically heated rods, hot oil, acid; by<br />
the rubbing of pepper or other chemical<br />
substances <strong>on</strong> mucous membranes, or<br />
acids or spices directly <strong>on</strong> the wound;<br />
- Electric shock;<br />
- Pulling out of fingernails;<br />
- The submersi<strong>on</strong> of the head in water or<br />
water polluted with excrement, urine,<br />
vomit and or blood until the brink of<br />
suffocati<strong>on</strong>;<br />
- Being tied or forced to assume fixed and<br />
stressful bodily positi<strong>on</strong>;<br />
- Rape and sexual abuse, including the<br />
inserti<strong>on</strong> of foreign objects into the sex<br />
organ or rectum, or electrical torture of<br />
the genitals;<br />
- Mutilati<strong>on</strong> or amputati<strong>on</strong> of the<br />
essential parts of the body such as the<br />
genitalia, ear, t<strong>on</strong>gue, etc.;<br />
- Dental torture or the forced extracti<strong>on</strong><br />
of the teeth;<br />
- Harmful exposure to the elements such<br />
as sunlight and extreme cold;<br />
- The use of plastic bag and other<br />
materials placed over the head to the<br />
point of asphyxiati<strong>on</strong>;<br />
- The use of psychoactive drugs to change<br />
the percepti<strong>on</strong>, memory alertness or<br />
will of a pers<strong>on</strong> (The administrati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
drugs to induce c<strong>on</strong>fessi<strong>on</strong> and/or reduce<br />
mental competency; or the use of drugs to<br />
induce extreme pain or certain symptoms<br />
of a disease); and,<br />
- Other analogous acts of physical torture.<br />
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Guidebook<br />
Mental/Psychological Torture refers to acts<br />
committed by a pers<strong>on</strong> in authority or agent of<br />
a pers<strong>on</strong> in authority which are calculated to<br />
affect or c<strong>on</strong>fuse the mind and/or undermine<br />
a pers<strong>on</strong>’s dignity and morale, such as:<br />
- Blindfolding;<br />
- Denial of sleep/rest;<br />
- Threatening a pers<strong>on</strong>(s) or his/her<br />
relative(s) with bodily harm, executi<strong>on</strong><br />
or other wr<strong>on</strong>gful acts;<br />
- C<strong>on</strong>finement in solitary cells or secret<br />
detenti<strong>on</strong> places;<br />
witnessed by the pers<strong>on</strong>’s family, relatives<br />
or any third party;<br />
- Shame inflicti<strong>on</strong> such as stripping the<br />
pers<strong>on</strong> naked, parading him/her in public<br />
places, shaving the victim’s head or putting<br />
marks <strong>on</strong> his/her body against his/her<br />
will;<br />
- Deliberately prohibiting the victim to<br />
communicate with any member of his/<br />
her family; and,<br />
- Other analogous acts of mental/<br />
psychological torture.<br />
- Prol<strong>on</strong>ged interrogati<strong>on</strong>;<br />
- Preparing a pris<strong>on</strong>er for a “show trial”,<br />
public display or public humiliati<strong>on</strong> of a<br />
detainee or pris<strong>on</strong>er;<br />
- Causing unscheduled transfer of a<br />
pers<strong>on</strong> deprived of liberty from <strong>on</strong>e<br />
place to another, creating the belief that<br />
he/she shall be summarily executed;<br />
- Maltreating a member/s of a pers<strong>on</strong>’s<br />
family;<br />
- Causing the torture sessi<strong>on</strong>s to be<br />
36
3.4 Guidelines in Handling of Pers<strong>on</strong> Arrested<br />
and Under Custodial Investigati<strong>on</strong><br />
AFP Policy <strong>on</strong> the Presentati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
Arrested Pers<strong>on</strong> to Media<br />
Presentati<strong>on</strong> of arrested suspect/pers<strong>on</strong> to the<br />
media is against the c<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong>al rights of<br />
the individual as well as a violati<strong>on</strong> of his right<br />
as a pers<strong>on</strong>. He shall be presumed innocent<br />
until proven guilty. (GHQ Letter-Directive<br />
Discouraging presentati<strong>on</strong> of suspects to the<br />
media , issued <strong>on</strong> August 14, 2009)<br />
AFP Policy <strong>on</strong> CHR Visitorial<br />
Powers<br />
Sec 18 (4), Article XIII, 1987 Philippine<br />
C<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong> states that the <str<strong>on</strong>g>Commissi<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> (CHR) shall exercise visitorial<br />
powers over jails, pris<strong>on</strong>s, or detenti<strong>on</strong>. In<br />
recogniti<strong>on</strong> of this power, the AFP issued<br />
the Policy <strong>on</strong> Spot Visits of CHR in Military<br />
Detenti<strong>on</strong> Centers <strong>on</strong> December 28, 2008:<br />
1. All security officers with custodial<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>sibility over any detainee or pris<strong>on</strong>er<br />
shall extend maximum cooperati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
courtesy to members of the CHR in their<br />
exercise of their c<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong>al rights;<br />
2. The authority and power to visit over<br />
jails, pris<strong>on</strong>s, or detenti<strong>on</strong> facilities inside<br />
military camps, bases or installati<strong>on</strong>s shall<br />
<strong>on</strong>ly be accorded to the organic members<br />
of the CHR and limited to such area where<br />
the pris<strong>on</strong>er or detainee is kept, pris<strong>on</strong>ed<br />
or detained;<br />
3. Should the CHR exercise its visitorial<br />
powers bey<strong>on</strong>d visitati<strong>on</strong> hours,<br />
reas<strong>on</strong>able prior notice shall be made to<br />
the Commanding Officer of the detenti<strong>on</strong><br />
facility for proper coordinati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
preparati<strong>on</strong> to ensure security of visitors.<br />
4. Immediate members of the pris<strong>on</strong>er or<br />
detainee’s family shall still be governed by<br />
the existing procedures and regulati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
with regard to visitati<strong>on</strong> rights, even if<br />
they are accompanied by members of<br />
the CHR.<br />
37
3.5 Guidelines <strong>on</strong> the Use of Firearms<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> pers<strong>on</strong>nel, during their operati<strong>on</strong>s, may encounter situati<strong>on</strong>s wherein the use of<br />
force or firearms is inevitable. The following guidelines shall be c<strong>on</strong>sidered: (Chapter I, 1-4,<br />
AFPM 2-011, July 23, 2007)<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> pers<strong>on</strong>nel shall not engage in armed c<strong>on</strong>fr<strong>on</strong>tati<strong>on</strong> while c<strong>on</strong>ducting<br />
intelligence operati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
The use of firearm or weap<strong>on</strong> shall <strong>on</strong>ly be a last resort, after all peaceful means have been<br />
exhausted and in a manner commensurate to the situati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g> pers<strong>on</strong>nel shall not use warning shots during support to law enforcement<br />
operati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
The use of firearms for self-defense must be due to the actual threat of a hostile act or a<br />
clear and present hostile intent.<br />
Prime c<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong> shall be the preservati<strong>on</strong> of life and avoidance of collateral damage to<br />
properties/objects.<br />
The designated leader of the engaged unit shall see to it that panic firing shall not occur. He<br />
shall supervise and direct his subordinate to fire their firearms <strong>on</strong>ly when necessary.<br />
38
3.6 Guidelines <strong>on</strong> Children<br />
Involved in Armed C<strong>on</strong>flict<br />
Rules and Regulati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> Children<br />
Involved in Armed C<strong>on</strong>flict (CIAC)<br />
“Children” refers to pers<strong>on</strong> below eighteen (18)<br />
years of age or those over but are unable to fully<br />
take care of themselves or protect themselves<br />
from abuse, neglect, cruelty, exploitati<strong>on</strong> or<br />
discriminati<strong>on</strong> because of a physical or mental<br />
disability or c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>.”<br />
- Secti<strong>on</strong> 3, RA 7610<br />
RA 7610 declared that Children shall be<br />
c<strong>on</strong>sidered as Z<strong>on</strong>es of Peace. They shall enjoy<br />
the protecti<strong>on</strong> of the State against dangers<br />
arising from an armed c<strong>on</strong>flict. It is further<br />
declared that it shall be the resp<strong>on</strong>sibility of<br />
the State and all other sectors c<strong>on</strong>cerned to<br />
resolve armed c<strong>on</strong>flicts in order to promote<br />
the goal of children as Z<strong>on</strong>es of Peace. (Sec<br />
22, Art X, RA 7610)<br />
AFP Policy <strong>on</strong> CIAC<br />
The AFP strictly abide and respect the<br />
following:<br />
1. Children shall not be the object of attack<br />
and shall be entitled to special respect. They<br />
shall be protected from any form of threat,<br />
assault, torture or other cruel, inhumane or<br />
degrading treatment;<br />
2. Children shall not be recruited to become<br />
members of the Armed Forces of the<br />
Philippines, of its civilian units or other armed<br />
groups, nor be allowed to take part in the<br />
fighting, or used as guides, couriers, or spies;<br />
3. Delivery of basic social services such as<br />
educati<strong>on</strong>, primary health and emergency<br />
relief services shall be kept unhampered;<br />
4. The safety and protecti<strong>on</strong> of those who<br />
provide services including those involved in<br />
fact-finding missi<strong>on</strong>s from both government<br />
and n<strong>on</strong>-government instituti<strong>on</strong> shall be<br />
ensured. They shall not be the subject of undue<br />
harassment in the performance of their work.<br />
Parents or relatives of children separated from<br />
their family due to armed c<strong>on</strong>flict shall be<br />
treated as well;<br />
5. Public infrastructure such as schools,<br />
hospitals and rural health units shall not<br />
be utilized for military purposes such as<br />
command posts, barracks, detachments, and<br />
supply depots;<br />
39
Guidebook<br />
6. All appropriate steps shall be taken to<br />
facilitate the reuni<strong>on</strong> of families temporarily<br />
separated due to armed c<strong>on</strong>flict; and,<br />
7. Captured “CIAC” shall be referred to the<br />
nearest DSWD office pursuant to existing<br />
laws, rules and regulati<strong>on</strong>s. (AFP Letter<br />
Directive Number 34 <strong>on</strong> Policy <strong>on</strong> Children<br />
in Armed C<strong>on</strong>flict dated Nov 24, 2009)<br />
AFP Guidelines <strong>on</strong> Handling and<br />
Treatment of CIAC<br />
The AFP treats rescued and surrendered<br />
children as victims rather than as offenders,<br />
irrespective of their being a member of an<br />
armed group. In the event that a child involved<br />
in armed c<strong>on</strong>flict was taken into custody, AFP<br />
units are directed to adhere to the following<br />
guidelines: (AFP Guidelines <strong>on</strong> Handling and<br />
Treatment of Children Involved in Armed<br />
C<strong>on</strong>flict dated May 11, 2000)<br />
1. The informati<strong>on</strong> to the effect must be<br />
immediately sent to General Headquarters,<br />
AFP passing through Command Channel<br />
and to DSWD Field Offices within 24 hours.<br />
Informati<strong>on</strong> to be given to the recipient agency<br />
shall include, am<strong>on</strong>g others, the following:<br />
a. Name, age, address;<br />
b. Parents/nearest kin;<br />
c. Physical and mental c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>;<br />
d. Tribal or ethno-liguistical affiliati<strong>on</strong>, where<br />
practicable; and,<br />
e. Other circumstances relative to the rescue<br />
or surrender of the child.<br />
2. The AFP unit effecting the surrender or<br />
rescue should also perform the following:<br />
a. Inform the Child of his/her rights;<br />
b. Provide medical treatment as necessary;<br />
c. C<strong>on</strong>duct Crisis Interventi<strong>on</strong> Stress<br />
Debriefing (CISD) as necessary;<br />
d. Protect the child from further exploitati<strong>on</strong><br />
and trauma;<br />
e. Provide subsistence and other basic needs to<br />
the child; and,<br />
f. Maintain a data bank <strong>on</strong> children involved<br />
in armed c<strong>on</strong>flict.<br />
3. The Child should be turned over either<br />
to the Department of Social Welfare and<br />
Development (DSWD) Field Offices or<br />
the Local Chief Executive of the City or<br />
Municipality covering the area within 24<br />
hours up<strong>on</strong> receipt of the child, under<br />
normal c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. When the situati<strong>on</strong> does<br />
not warrant the turnover of the child to the<br />
abovecited agencies/pers<strong>on</strong> in cases such<br />
as need for medical treatment, c<strong>on</strong>duct of<br />
pursuit operati<strong>on</strong>s, security c<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong>s,<br />
bad weather or very remote distance to<br />
the nearest receiving agency, the AFP unit<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tinues to take custody of the child. The<br />
child, however, must be turned over to any of<br />
the aforementi<strong>on</strong>ed agencies/pers<strong>on</strong> within<br />
72 hours from the time the child is taken into<br />
custody.<br />
4. Units shall protect the child from exposure<br />
to the media, except when justified by<br />
compelling nati<strong>on</strong>al interest as determined<br />
by the SND or CSAFP. This exposure to<br />
the media shall, however, be c<strong>on</strong>ducted not<br />
more than <strong>on</strong>ce and in c<strong>on</strong>sultati<strong>on</strong> with the<br />
DSWD Secretary.<br />
40
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Anti-Terrorism Task Force. What We Need to Know<br />
About the “<str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> Security Act 2007.” October<br />
2008.<br />
Armed Forces of the Philippines. Soldier’s Handbook<br />
<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> and Internati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian<br />
Law. GPV Printing Ventures Co., 2010.<br />
Armed Forces of the Philippines. The Law of Armed<br />
C<strong>on</strong>flict-Essential for Commanders. AFP <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> Office.<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Commissi<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>. A primer <strong>on</strong> Enforced<br />
Disappearance. 2008.<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Commissi<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g>. Ensuring the Right to<br />
Electoral Participati<strong>on</strong> – Giving Access to<br />
Vulnerable Sectors in 2010. Internati<strong>on</strong>al Foundati<strong>on</strong><br />
for Electoral Systems. Pearl Hall, SEAMEO Innotech,<br />
Comm<strong>on</strong>wealth Ave., Diliman, Quez<strong>on</strong> City,<br />
September 2008.<br />
GPH-M<strong>on</strong>itoring Committee. Primer <strong>on</strong> the<br />
Comprehensive Agreement <strong>on</strong> Respect for <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> and Internati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian Law and the<br />
Joint M<strong>on</strong>itoring Committee. Office of the Presidential<br />
Adviser <strong>on</strong> the Peace Process. 2007.<br />
Internati<strong>on</strong>al Committee of the Red Cross. The<br />
Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross and Crescent<br />
Movement. Pamphlet. 2009.<br />
Internati<strong>on</strong>al Committee of the Red Cross. Ang ICRC<br />
sa Pilipinas. Pamphlet. 2009.<br />
Mamauag, Jose Manuel S. Internati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian<br />
Law. Seminar-Workshop <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> and<br />
Internati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g>itarian Law for Security Sector,<br />
2010.<br />
Philippine Army. Philippine Army Soldier’s Handbook<br />
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Law. 1999.<br />
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<str<strong>on</strong>g>Operati<strong>on</strong>s</str<strong>on</strong>g> Manual. PNP <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> Affairs<br />
Office, 2010.<br />
Recio, Redento B. and Lao, Resurrecci<strong>on</strong> T. Sa Ibayo ng<br />
Impormalidad, Pag-aangkin ng Dignidad. ALL WAYS<br />
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2007.<br />
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Guidelines.<br />
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Involvement of Children in Armed C<strong>on</strong>flict; Opti<strong>on</strong>al<br />
Protocol <strong>on</strong> the Sale of Children, Child Prostituti<strong>on</strong><br />
and Child Pornography.<br />
GHQ, AFP Guidelines <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g> and<br />
Improvement of Discipline, 02 January 1989.<br />
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Children Involved in Armed C<strong>on</strong>flict, 11 May 2011.
PROJECT MANAGEMENT TEAM (PMT)<br />
MGEN FRANCISCO N CRUZ JR AFP<br />
Deputy Chief of Staff for <str<strong>on</strong>g>Intelligence</str<strong>on</strong>g>, J2<br />
LTC JESSIE A BANASTAO (MI) PAF<br />
MAJ PHILLIPP G ALVAREZ JR (MI) PA<br />
CPT LEX MICHELLE M DAPANAS JAGS<br />
CA Napole<strong>on</strong> Gabriel A Abustan<br />
CE John Vincent V Cardenas<br />
RESEARCH GROUP<br />
CA Maria Aurora A Soberano<br />
CA D<strong>on</strong>na Joyce C Fuertes<br />
CA Cindy O Lopez<br />
CA Nicanor V Lanuzo<br />
CA Anna Liza P Ochoco<br />
CA Diana Lou L Boado<br />
CA Jackie Frances E Guevarra<br />
CA Kristina De Guzman<br />
SUPPORT GROUP<br />
CA Mike Guerrero<br />
SSg Ricardo C Lasmarias PAF<br />
PO3 Alberto D Mabingnay PN<br />
Sgt Joel N Perdido PAF
“ I grew up in an era where human right<br />
My father, together with many others, wa<br />
Our family and their families were victim<br />
We know more than any<strong>on</strong>e that the brilli<br />
will <strong>on</strong>ly bring us further into the dark.”<br />
here human rights were often violated.<br />
ogether with many others, was a victim.<br />
mily and their families were victims too.<br />
n any<strong>on</strong>e that the brilliant disregard of<br />
will <strong>on</strong>ly bring us further into the dark.”<br />
“ I grew up in an era where human rights were often violated.<br />
My father, together with many others, was a victim.<br />
“ I grew up in an era where human right<br />
Our family and their families were victims too.<br />
We know more than any<strong>on</strong>e that the brilliant disregard of liberties<br />
My father, together with many others, w<br />
will <strong>on</strong>ly bring us further into the dark.”<br />
Our family and their families were victim<br />
President Benigno S. Aquino III<br />
62nd Anniversary of the Universal Declarati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Human</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Rights</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
We know more than any<strong>on</strong>e that Malacañan the Palace brill<br />
10 December 2010<br />
will <strong>on</strong>ly bring us further into the dark.”<br />
President Benigno S. Aquino III<br />
62nd Anniversary of the Universal Declarati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong>