Rapid assessment of drinking-water quality in the - WHO/UNICEF ...

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Acronyms and abbreviations CEHA Centre for Environmental Health Activities (WHO/EMRO) DFID Department for International Development of the Government of the United Kingdom EMRO WHO Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office JMP WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation RADWQ Rapid Assessment of Drinking-Water Quality UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund USAID United States Agency for International Development WHO World Health Organization WSS No. Water Supply Scheme Number x
Executive summary In 2004 and 2005 the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan participated with five other countries in a World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s Fund (WHO/UNICEF) pilot project to test a method for the rapid assessment of the quality of drinking-water. The purpose of the Rapid Assessment of Drinking-Water Quality (RADWQ) project was to develop a tool that would support the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) in strengthening its monitoring efforts of the global access to safe drinking-water. The RADWQ methodology is based on the UNICEF Multiple Indicators Cluster Surveys and uses a cluster sampling approach to select individual drinking-water sources across an entire country. The selected sources are then tested for relevant parameters, the number and types of which depend on the scope of the survey and on the health hazards found locally. The output of RADWQ surveys is the quality of the drinking-water at each improved source tested. Using the RADWQ methodology, field teams visited more than 1600 sample sites in 67 clusters over a period of five months. Water was analysed with portable field kits and in local laboratories for the following parameters: thermotolerant coliforms, pH, turbidity, faecal streptococci, appearance, conductivity, free/total chlorine, arsenic, nitrate, fluoride, and iron. Additional samples were taken from households at 10% of the sites visited, to analyse the deterioration of water quality from network to consumer’s tap. The results of the RADWQ pilot project in Jordan confirm the validity of routine national monitoring data, which show that drinking-water quality is generally high in the distribution network. Compliance with WHO guideline values and national standards for bacteria is 99.9%, and overall compliance is 97.8% (this figure includes data for chemical contaminants). The overall compliance rate increases to 99.9% if the Jordanian maximum permitted limits are used as the references, instead of the allowed limits 1 . In some areas, the results for nitrates, conductivity and iron indicate there is cause for concern. Although household samples show that some contamination occurs between the network pipes and household taps, the chlorination level usually ensures the safety of water at the time of consumption. The overall results of the RADWQ pilot project show that rapid assessments provide a useful tool to successfully carry out both routine and global monitoring of the quality of drinking-water sources, but in the form in which it was implemented it is expensive. There may be scope to increase its efficiency by enhancing the underlying statistical approaches. The RADWQ methodology is well-suited to specific studies, such as assessments of emerging risks or selected chemicals, or as an auditing tool to validate existing surveillance data. 1 The Jordanian national standards for drinking-water quality allow the maximum permitted limit to be used as the standard when the allowed limit is exceeded and an alternative water supply is not available. xi
Page 1: RAPID ASSESSMENT OF DRINKING- WATER
Page 4 and 5: WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publicat
Page 6 and 7: Annex 9 Record sheet for a RADWQ sa
Page 8 and 9: Foreword Among the infectious disea
Page 12 and 13: 1. Introduction 1.1 The WHO/UNICEF
Page 14 and 15: Health Survey, the Multiple Indicat
Page 16 and 17: Table 1.2 Structure of the Jordania
Page 18 and 19: 2 Methods 2.1 General design of RAD
Page 20 and 21: Figure 2.1 Steps in RADWQ surveys E
Page 22 and 23: Table 2.2 RADWQ survey design for J
Page 24 and 25: The total number of water samples a
Page 26 and 27: Data recording In the field, data w
Page 28 and 29: Table 3.2 Bacterial counts for Jord
Page 30 and 31: 3.3 Aesthetic parameters The three
Page 32 and 33: 3.4 Overall compliance The RADWQ su
Page 34 and 35: Table 3.12 Responses to sanitary ri
Page 36 and 37: Table 3.14 Pearson’s r analysis o
Page 38 and 39: 3.9 Quality control procedures Fiel
Page 40 and 41: 4.3 The RADWQ project in Jordan Met
Page 42 and 43: References Howard G, Ince M, Smith
Page 44 and 45: Annex 2 RADWQ project team in Jorda
Page 46 and 47: Annex 4 Microbiological guidelines
Page 48 and 49: A. Criteria: 1- E. Coli counts shal
Page 50 and 51: what have been mentioned in the sec
Page 52 and 53: Pesticides Aldrin Benzene DDT Dield
Page 54 and 55: 37 Alzarqa Shakeer 38 Alzarqa East
Page 56 and 57: Annex 7 RADWQ survey budget for Jor
Page 58 and 59: RADWQ field workplan - week 3 (28/1
Page 60 and 61:
RADWQ field workplan - week 7 (26/1
Page 62 and 63:
RADWQ field workplan - week 11 (23/
Page 64 and 65:
RADWQ field workplan - week 15 (20/
Page 66 and 67:
Annex 9 Governorate 2 Cluster No. S
Page 68 and 69:
Annex 10 Bacteriological parameters
Page 70 and 71:
industrial pollution, most fluoride
Page 72:
World Health Organization Avenue Ap
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