Rapid assessment of drinking-water quality in the - WHO/UNICEF ...

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3.4 Overall compliance The RADWQ survey results were consistent with those of the Jordanian national surveillance system, and confirmed that drinking-water quality was generally high in the distribution network. Overall compliance with WHO guideline values and national standards was 97.8% (including chemicals relevant to health), but this increased to 99.9% if the Jordanian maximum permitted limits were used as references (Table 3.9). Table 3.9 Broad area Overall compliance of Jordanian utility piped water supplies with WHO guideline values and national standards a Overall compliance n Compliance with WHO GVs (%) Compliance with allowed national standards (%) Compliance with maximum national standards (%) Amman 611 94.4 94.4 100.0 Albalqa 146 100.0 100.0 100.0 Alzarqa 244 99.6 99.6 100.0 Madaba 25 100.0 100.0 100.0 Irbed 270 100.0 100.0 100.0 Almafraq 73 98.6 98.6 98.6 Jarash 73 100.0 100.0 100.0 Ajloun 49 93.9 93.9 100.0 Alkarak 73 100.0 100.0 100.0 Altafiela 25 100.0 100.0 100.0 Ma’an 25 100.0 100.0 100.0 Aqaba 25 100.0 100.0 100.0 National 1 639 97.8 97.8 99.9 a Compliance was calculated for thermotolerant coliforms, arsenic, fluoride and nitrate. n = total number of samples assessed. WHO GVs = WHO guideline values. 3.5 Sanitary risk factors The sanitary risk inspections (Tables 3.10–3.12) showed that the most common risk factors for the water supplies included: Sewer lines close to the water distribution network. This is frequently unavoidable, especially in urban settings. A failure to maintain household storage tanks. Water storage tanks are common in all waterscarce countries, including Jordan, where intermittent water supplies have increased the need for storage. Poor maintenance of the tanks increases the risk that water will become contaminated, which in turn would jeopardize the health of individuals using the household water supply. Old pipes in the water distribution network. Many pipes in the network are rusted and leak, and need to be replaced to reduce losses and breakdowns in the supply system, as well as to prevent iron contamination of the piped water (Table 3.7). 21
Table 3.10 Responses to sanitary risk questions for the piped water treatment process in Jordan Sanitary risk inspection question Frequency of affirmative response (%) 1. Are cracks evident in the pre-filters 0 2. Are there leaks in the mixing bag 0 3. Is the mixing tank insanitary 0 4. Are hydraulic surges evident at the intake 0 5. Is any sedimentation tank insanitary 0 6. Is the distribution of the air and water supply uneven in any sand 0 bed 7. Are there mud balls or cracks in any of the filters, or is the filter 0 performance not good 8. Are cross-connections evident between the backwashed and treated 0 water 9. Is there evidence that insufficient doses of coagulant (e.g. alum) 0 have been used 10. Is the minimum free residual chlorine concentration (0.2 mg/l) not 0 being achieved, or is the retention tank missing Total number of samples = 6 Table 3.11 Responses to sanitary risk questions for the piped water distribution system in Jordan Sanitary risk inspection question Frequency of affirmative response (%) 1. Do any taps or pipes leak at the sample site 12.4 2. Does water collect around the sample site 12.3 3. Is the area around the tap insanitary 4.0 4. Is there a sewer or latrine within 30 m of any tap 95.2 5. Has there been a service disruption in the last 10 days 43.4 6. Is the water-supply main exposed in the sampling area 0.6 7. Have users reported any breaks in the pipes within the last week 17.6 8. Is the supply tank cracked or leaking 0.4 9. Are the vents and covers on the water tank damaged or open 0.4 10. Is the inspection cover, or the concrete around the cover, damaged 0.0 or corroded Total number of samples = 1 632 22
Page 1: RAPID ASSESSMENT OF DRINKING- WATER
Page 4 and 5: WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publicat
Page 6 and 7: Annex 9 Record sheet for a RADWQ sa
Page 8 and 9: Foreword Among the infectious disea
Page 10 and 11: Acronyms and abbreviations CEHA Cen
Page 12 and 13: 1. Introduction 1.1 The WHO/UNICEF
Page 14 and 15: Health Survey, the Multiple Indicat
Page 16 and 17: Table 1.2 Structure of the Jordania
Page 18 and 19: 2 Methods 2.1 General design of RAD
Page 20 and 21: Figure 2.1 Steps in RADWQ surveys E
Page 22 and 23: Table 2.2 RADWQ survey design for J
Page 24 and 25: The total number of water samples a
Page 26 and 27: Data recording In the field, data w
Page 28 and 29: Table 3.2 Bacterial counts for Jord
Page 30 and 31: 3.3 Aesthetic parameters The three
Page 34 and 35: Table 3.12 Responses to sanitary ri
Page 36 and 37: Table 3.14 Pearson’s r analysis o
Page 38 and 39: 3.9 Quality control procedures Fiel
Page 40 and 41: 4.3 The RADWQ project in Jordan Met
Page 42 and 43: References Howard G, Ince M, Smith
Page 44 and 45: Annex 2 RADWQ project team in Jorda
Page 46 and 47: Annex 4 Microbiological guidelines
Page 48 and 49: A. Criteria: 1- E. Coli counts shal
Page 50 and 51: what have been mentioned in the sec
Page 52 and 53: Pesticides Aldrin Benzene DDT Dield
Page 54 and 55: 37 Alzarqa Shakeer 38 Alzarqa East
Page 56 and 57: Annex 7 RADWQ survey budget for Jor
Page 58 and 59: RADWQ field workplan - week 3 (28/1
Page 60 and 61: RADWQ field workplan - week 7 (26/1
Page 62 and 63: RADWQ field workplan - week 11 (23/
Page 64 and 65: RADWQ field workplan - week 15 (20/
Page 66 and 67: Annex 9 Governorate 2 Cluster No. S
Page 68 and 69: Annex 10 Bacteriological parameters
Page 70 and 71: industrial pollution, most fluoride
Page 72: World Health Organization Avenue Ap

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