1POPULAR CINEMA

Third Reich, see Klaus Vondung, Völkisch-nationale und nationalsozialistische Literaturtheorie
(Munich: List, 1973).
49. S-k., “Heraus aus der Enge! ‘Volkstümlich’ ist nicht ‘kleinbürgerlich,’” Film-
Kurier, 30 November 1935. Also see st., “Grundlagen des volkhaften Films,” Film-
Kurier, 22 October 1934.
50. Anon., “Die deutsche Kunst hat Weg und Ziel,” Lichtbildbühne, 19 July 1937.
10. A QUESTION OF REPRESENTATION:
WORKING WOMEN AND WARTIME CINEMA
1. Elisabeth Cowie, untitled contribution, Camera Obscura 20/21 (1989): 129.
2. See Heide Schlüpmann, “Trugbilder weiblicher Autonomie im nationalsozialistischen
Film,” in Frauen und Faschismus in Europa. Der faschistische Körper,
ed. Leonore Siegele-Wenschkewitz and Gerda Schuchlik, pp. 211–228 (Pfaffenweiler:
Centaurus, 1990), and the earlier “Faschistische Trugbilder weiblicher Autonomie,”
Frauen und Film 44/45 (1988): 44– 66. For studies on specific themes
such as the representation of motherhood and the contribution of female stars, see
Dora Traudisch, Mutterschaft mit Zuckerguß? Frauenfeindliche Propaganda im NS-
Spielfilm, and Ute Bechdolf, Wunsch-Bilder? Frauen im nationalsozialistischen Unterhaltungsfilm.
Male-female relations are also discussed in Gabriele Lange, Das
Kino als moralische Anstalt. Soziale Leitbilder und die Darstellung gesellschaftlicher
Realität im Spielfilm des Dritten Reiches, pp. 114–152. For a recent contribution that
includes a chapter on home front films, see Jo Fox, Filming Women in the Third
Reich, especially pp. 119–150.
3. Antonia Lant, Blackout: Reinventing Women for Wartime British Cinema
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991), pp. 75–76. Citation modified.
Her conclusion about the German wartime emphasis on women’s role as mothers
(i.e., widespread resistance to the nationalization of women) is less convincing:
“Germany was so ideologically overinvested in the image of woman as mother of the
Aryan race that it could not resort to the military conscription of women, even when
its survival was at stake. Further study would presumably show that Germany was
unable to tolerate the kind of contradictory and fluid definitions of femininity in circulation
in Britain” (p. 86).
4. For studies on women in National Socialism, see Jill Stephenson, Women in
Nazi Society (New York: Harper & Row, 1975) and The Nazi Organization of Women
(London: Croom Helm, 1981). On female sexuality and the question of motherhood,
see Renate Bridenthal, Atina Grossmann, and Marion Kaplan, eds., When Biology
Became Destiny: Women in Weimar and Nazi Germany (New York: Monthly Review
Press, 1984) and Claudia Kootz, Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family and
Nazi Politics (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986). On femininity and representation,
also see Elaine Martin, ed., Gender, Patriarchy and Fascism in the Third Reich: The
Response of Women Writers (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1993). For more
258 Notes to pages 187–193