"WINNER II Channel Models", ver 1.1, Sept

WINNER II D1.1.2 V1.1
Table 4-3 Far scatterer radii and attenuations for B2 and C3.
Scenario FS min FS max FS loss
B2 150 m 500 m 4 dB/µs
C3 300 m 1500 m 2 dB/µs
Step 2:
For C3 create 20 delays as described for C2 model in section 4.2. step 5. For the shortest 18 delays create
a typical urban C2 channel profile (powers and angles) as in section 4.2.
Similarly, create 16 delays for B1 NLOS, and for the shortest 14 delays create a typical B1 NLOS
channel profile as in section 4.2.
The last two delays in B2 and C3 are assigned for far scatterer clusters.
Step 3:
Create typical urban channel powers P ’ for FS clusters substituting equation (4.5) of section 4.2 step 6
−Ζn
' 10
with = 10 , where Ζ n ~ N(0, ζ ) is the per cluster shadowing term in [dB].
P n
Step 4:
Next create excess delays due to far scatterer clusters as
Attenuate FS clusters as FS loss, given in Table 4-3.
Step 5:
d
BS −> FS −> MS
− d
LOS
τ
excess
=
(4.22)
c
Select directions of departure and arrival for each FS cluster according to far scatterer locations. i.e.
corresponding to a single reflection from far scatterer.
It is worth noticing that depending on the location of the mobile user within the cell the FS clusters may
appear also at shorter delays than the maximum C2 or B1 NLOS cluster. In such cases the far scatterers
do not necessarily result to increased angular or delay dispersion. Also the actual channel statistics of the
bad urban users depend somewhat on the cell size.
4.3 Path loss models
Path loss models for the various WINNER scenarios have been developed based on results of
measurements carried out within WINNER, as well as results from the open literature. These path loss
models are typically of the form of (4.23), where d is the distance between the transmitter and the receiver
in [m], f c is the system frequency in [GHz], the fitting parameter A includes the path-loss exponent,
parameter B is the intercept, parameter C describes the path loss frequency dependence, and X is an
optional, environment-specific term (e.g., wall attenuation in the A1 NLOS scenario).
⎛
PL = Alog ( d[ m ])
+ B + C log10
⎜
⎝
f
c
[ GHz]
5.0
⎞
⎟ + X
⎠
10
(4.23)
The models can be applied in the frequency range from 2 – 6 GHz and for different antenna heights. The
path-loss models have been summarized in Table 4-4, which either defines the variables of (4.23), or
explicitly provides a full path loss formula. The free-space path loss, PL free , that is referred to in the table
can be written as
PL
free
= 20log10(
d)
+ 46.4 + 20log10(
fc
5.0)
(4.24)
The distribution of the shadow fading is log-normal, and the standard deviation for each scenario is given
in the table.
Frequency dependencies of WINNER path-loss models
The path loss models shown in Table 4-4 are based on measured data obtained mainly at 2 and 5 GHz.
These models have been extended to arbitrary frequencies in the range from 2 – 6 GHz with the aid of the
path loss frequency dependencies defined below. Following various results from the open literature, as
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