Addressing the Challenge of Global Ageing—Funding Issues
Addressing the Challenge of Global Ageing—Funding Issues
Addressing the Challenge of Global Ageing—Funding Issues
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<strong>Addressing</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Challenge</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Global</strong> Ageing—Funding <strong>Issues</strong> and Insurance Solutions<br />
for <strong>the</strong> lack <strong>of</strong> LTC insurance purchasing is that individuals are inadequately informed<br />
about <strong>the</strong> products available and that <strong>the</strong>y ignore low-frequency, high-severity events<br />
that have not occurred recently. Ano<strong>the</strong>r explanation for <strong>the</strong> limited development <strong>of</strong> LTC<br />
insurance markets includes <strong>the</strong> phenomenon <strong>of</strong> adverse selection, i.e. <strong>the</strong> fact <strong>the</strong>re is an<br />
over-representation <strong>of</strong> high risks in <strong>the</strong> insured population.<br />
To address <strong>the</strong> relatively low development <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> market for LTC insurance, Courbage<br />
discusses a number <strong>of</strong> proposals such as combining LTC insurance and life insurance,<br />
reverse mortgages or private savings. “The insurance mechanism seems well adapted to<br />
apply to this risk,” Courbage suggests.<br />
Greg Becker, Product Development Actuary at Reinsurance Group <strong>of</strong> America (RGA),<br />
<strong>of</strong>fers an in-depth analysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> opportunities and limitations associated with <strong>the</strong><br />
insurance industry’s role in addressing longevity funding issues, with an emphasis on<br />
<strong>the</strong> U.K. Becker argues that <strong>the</strong> need for longevity protection has risen as retirement<br />
ages in public and private pension arrangements have not kept pace with increased life<br />
expectancy. While <strong>the</strong>re is no doubt that <strong>the</strong> need for longevity derisking solutions is<br />
large, estimates vary, according to Becker. He presents a recent estimate <strong>of</strong> pension<br />
assets which provides a guide to <strong>the</strong> size <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> longevity market: <strong>the</strong>re was more than<br />
US$27.5tn invested in pension fund assets at <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> 2011.<br />
An individual’s projected retirement income can be seen as a proxy for an individual’s<br />
longevity risk, as captured by <strong>the</strong> pension replacement ratio (PPR). The difference<br />
between countries is enormous, with <strong>the</strong> PPR ranging from slightly more than 40 per<br />
cent in Australia to about 90 per cent <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> final salary in Italy. Equally different are<br />
<strong>the</strong> specific contributions by <strong>the</strong> three main pillars <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> retirement system. Becker<br />
elaborates on <strong>the</strong> reasons for this heterogenous picture and provides a concise overview<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> various insurance products that have been designed to mitigate longevity risk, both<br />
from an employer’s and an individual’s point <strong>of</strong> view. He believes that reinsurers have a<br />
particular competitive edge in providing such solutions due to <strong>the</strong>ir global perspective,<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir superior diversification and <strong>the</strong>ir existing liability portfolio which <strong>of</strong>fers a certain<br />
degree <strong>of</strong> mortality risk as a natural <strong>of</strong>fset. “Thanks to <strong>the</strong>ir multi-national exposure, and<br />
since different countries and markets are exposed to different mortality and longevity<br />
drivers—whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>y be social, economic or catastrophic in nature—increasing one’s<br />
geographic diversity lowers <strong>the</strong> volatility <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> portfolio in aggregate,” <strong>the</strong> author points<br />
out.<br />
However, Becker stresses that “(…) <strong>the</strong> need for solutions exceeds capacity, and some nontraditional<br />
and alternative approaches need to be considered.” He specifically elaborates<br />
on capital market-based solutions such as a traded longevity index as pioneered by <strong>the</strong><br />
The Life and Longevity Markets Association, a U.K.-based body. Investors (like hedge<br />
funds) might be enticed by <strong>the</strong> additional diversification <strong>of</strong>fered by this new asset class.<br />
Krzyszt<strong>of</strong> M. Ostaszewski explains in his second contribution why all four pillars <strong>of</strong> oldage<br />
protection need to work in concert to enable a holistic and sustainable set <strong>of</strong> solutions.<br />
The author focuses on <strong>the</strong> four pillars as a key component <strong>of</strong> modern economies’ financial<br />
infrastructure and <strong>the</strong> need to ensure positive “real economy” implications—in light <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> lessons from <strong>the</strong> recent financial crisis, which saw large parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> financial system<br />
develop into a major liability and drag on real economies.<br />
Referring to <strong>the</strong> design <strong>of</strong> public and private retirement systems, Ostaszewski proposes<br />
that “<strong>the</strong> problems <strong>of</strong> Greece in early 2012 are not unlike <strong>the</strong> problems that even <strong>the</strong>