The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women's ... - Mail

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TABLE 4 State Laws and the Age at First Marriage for College Women (U.S. Natives Born 1935–57) Dependent Variable: 1pMarried before Age 23 756 College Graduates Some College or More (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Mean of dependent variable .41 .41 .41 .41 .41 .41 .41 .53 .53 Nonrestrictive birth control .0196 .0162 .0207 .00986 .0227 law at age 18* (.00737) (.00762) (.00920) (.00791) (.00917) [.0109] [.0105] [.00941] [.0107] [.00995] Pill access by age 17 † .0262 (.0115) [.0163] Pill access by ages 18–20 ‡ .00894 (.00822) [.00922] Legalized abortion at age 18 § .0236 (.00992) [.0103] .0114 (.00956) [.0103] .0324 (.0131) [.0143] .0126 (.00821) [.00920] .0124 (.00600) [.0100] .00974 (.00777) [.00727] .0240 (.00872) [.00143] .0132 (.00593) [.00676] .00904 (.00761) [.00705]
757 Average abortion rate at ages .0653 18–21 k (.0164) [.0146] .00523 (.0267) [.0260] .00280 (.0267) [.0258] Race dummies yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes State of birth dummies yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes Year of birth dummies yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes State-specific linear trends no no yes no yes no yes no no Observations 60,714 60,714 60,714 60,714 60,714 60,714 60,714 130,335 130,335 2 R .0458 .0458 .0469 .0459 .0469 .0459 .0469 .0434 .0434 Source.—1980 Census of Population, IPUMS, 1 percent sample (Ruggles and Sobek 1997). Note.—Huber-White robust standard errors allowing for clustering of errors within state of birth/year of birth cells are in parentheses. More conservative Huber-White robust standard errors allowing for clustering by state of birth to account for possible serial dependence in errors across cohorts within states are presented in brackets. The race dummies are for African Americans and others. College graduates are those with 16 or more years of completed schooling; some college or more means 13 or more years of completed schooling. * The nonrestrictive birth control dummy variable equals one for individuals born in a state that, at the time the individual was 18 years old, had a nonrestrictive law allowing minors (16 years and older) to receive birth control services and devices without parental consent. See table 2. † Equal to one for individuals born in a state that, at the time the individual was 17 years old, had a law allowing minors 17 years and younger access to birth control without parental consent. ‡ Equal to one for individuals born in a state for which the earliest age to receive birth control without parental consent, for their birth cohort, was 18–20 years. § The legalized abortion dummy equals one if abortion was legal in the individual’s state of birth by the time the individual was 18 years old. In five states (Alaska, Calif., Hawaii, N.Y., and Wash.) abortion was legally available starting in 1970 (thus affecting cohorts born after 1951). In the other states, abortion was made legally available after Roe v. Wade in 1973 (affecting cohorts born after 1954). On abortion laws, see Levine et al. (1996, table 1). k The average abortion rate (abortions/live births) in the individual’s state of birth when the individual was 18–21 years. Source: Donohue and Levitt (2001), with the abortion information from annual survey data conducted by the Alan Guttmacher Institute. The abortion rate is assumed to be zero in each state prior to legalization.
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