Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, Vol. 4, 2001, Special Number ...

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Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, Vol. 4, 2001, Special Number Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference on the Occasion of the 55 th Anniversary of the Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra Actual weed infestation in the spring during the years of observation was very high and varied from 25.5 to 78.8 weeds per m 2 and was from 1.1 to 2.5 times higher in ecological than in integrated system. In integrated system the herbicides Granstar 75 WG and Agritox 50 SL was used, with good to excellent efficacy on weed flora. Number of weeds and their weight before the harvest of winter wheat were in integrated system lower by 4.2 – 22.6 times in comparison with ecological system. The dominant weed species in ecological system were perennials: Medicago sativa, Cirsium arvense, Cardaria draba and annual weed species: Tripleurospermum perforatum. Concurrence ability of winter wheat stand and applied mechanical measures lower the number of weeds at later stages of winter wheat development and growth. Table 2: Actual weed infestation of winter wheat stand (average for 1998 – 2000) Year Farmin g system s No. of weeds in spring No.m - 2 % Most frequent weeds in spring No. of weeds before harvest per m 2 % Dry matter weight of weeds g.m -2 % Most frequent weeds in summer 1998 1999 2000 98- 00 A 25.23 100. 0 B 63.23 250. 6 XAB 44.39 - A 71.12 100. 0 B 78.80 110. 8 XAB 74.96 - A 33.19 100. 0 B 46.75 140. 9 XAB 39.97 - XA 43.18 100. 0 XB 62.93 145. 7 TRIPE, CARDR, CAPBP, CIRAR TRIPE, CARDR, CAPBP, CIRAR TRIPE, CARDR, CAPBP, CIRAR CIRAR, TRIPE, MEDSA, CHEAL CIRAR, TRIPE, MEDSA, CHEAL CIRAR, TRIPE, MEDSA, CHEAL MEDSA, TRIPE, CIRAR, CAPBP MEDSA, CIRAR, TRIPE, STEME MEDSA, CIRAR, TRIPE, STEME TRIPE, MEDSA, CIRAR, CARDR MEDSA, CIRAR, TRIPE, CARDR 0.25 100.0 0.29 100.0 1.91 764.0 6.54 2255. 2 1.08 - 3.42 - 1.75 100.0 8.49 100.0 12.8 731.4 84.30 992.9 7.26 - 46.40 - 5.75 100.0 20.40 100.0 28.50 495.7 81.63 400.2 17.13 - 51.02 - 2.58 100.0 9.73 100.0 14.40 558.1 57.49 590.9 CONAR, LATTU, - , - CIRAR, TRIPE, STEME, - CIRAR, TRIPE, CONAR, LATTU CONAR, CIRAR, - , - CONAR, CIRAR, TRIPE, - CONAR, CIRAR, TRIPE, - CONAR, CIRAR, MEDSA, TRIPE CIRAR, MEDSA, TRIPE, SONAR CIRAR, CONAR, MEDSA, TRIPE CONAR, CIRAR LATTU, MEDSA CIRAR, CONAR, MEDSA, TRIPE MEDSA, TRIPE, CIRAR, CONAR, xAB 53.06 - 8.49 - 33.61 - CIRAR, CARDR MEDSA, TRIPE Legend: A – integrated system, B – ecological system, xAB – average AB, TRIPE - Tripleurospermum perforatum, CARDR – Cardaria draba, CAPBP – Capsella bursa-pastoris, CIRAR – Cirsium arvense, CONAR – Convolvulus arvensis, LATTU – Lathyrus tuberosus, STEME – Stellaria media, CHEAL – Chenopodium album, MEDSA – Medicago sativa. References LACKO-BARTOŠOVÁ, M. – MINÁR, M. – TÝR, Š. – BORECKÝ, V. 2000. Zmeny potenciálnej zaburinenosti pôdy v integrovanom a ekologickom systéme hospodárenia na ornej pôde. In: Poľnohospodárstvo, 1, 46, 2000, p. 44-52. ISSN 0551-3677. TÝR, Š. 1997. Vplyv sústav hospodárenia na zaburinenosť porastov pestovaných plodín. DDP. Nitra: SPU, AF, 1997, 186 p. 21
Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, Vol. 4, 2001, Special Number Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference on the Occasion of the 55 th Anniversary of the Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra TÝR, Š. 1999. Influence of arable farming systems on actual weed infestation of selected crop. In: Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica; mimoriadne číslo: Trendy v agropotravinárstve, 2, 1999, p 153. ISSN 1335-258X. TÝR, Š. – LACKO-BARTOŠOVÁ, M. 1998. Weed infestation of spring barley in integrated and ecological arable farming systems. In: 5 th Congress ESA, volume 1, 1998, p. 129. ISBN 80-7137-500-4. TÝR, Š. – POSPIŠIL, R. 1999. Pestovanie hustosiatych obilnín bez používania herbicídov. In: Poľnohospodárstvo, 2, 45, 1999, p. 108-119. ISSN 0551-3677. The authors thank the grant agency VEGA no. 1/6124/99 for supporting of this project. THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT SOIL CULTIVATION INTENSITY ON SOIL HUMIDITY DYNAMICS IN MAIZE STAND Summary Jozef SMATANA, Pavol OTEPKA Department of Agricultural systems, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic The soil humidity by different cropping systems and different soil cultivation have been evaluated at the Experimental Base Dolná Malanta near Nitra on brown clay – loamy soil during 1995-1997. The influence of cultivation – mouldboard ploughing plus surface cultivation of ploughed field (B1) and combined cultivator only (B3) on soil humidity dynamics has been ascertained. The maize was growing at four course crop rotation after winter wheat as a pre-crop plant. Samples were taken five times during vegetation period to the depth of 0.6 m with six levels at 0.1 m range. No significant differences between two soil cultivation in any depth level have been noted. Key words: soil humidity, soil cultivation, minimisation, maize. Introduction Soil cultivation is one of the basic points in crops cultivation. Actual soil humidity is changing quite quickly in shallow layer of soil by soil cultivation. Water in the soil has many very important functions, mainly for soil fertility, because soil water with nutrients together are one of the main conditions for cultivating crops. Therefore adjustment of water regime is one of most important aims of soil cultivation. Favourable content of water in the soil has positive impact for soil cultivation (quality of cultivation, lower energy consumption etc.). Mechanical effect of soil cultivation regulates the thermodynamic conditions in arable layer of soil and permeability of the soil for water. This depend of granularity, structure of mineral soil composition and sorption complex, as well. Soil permeability is significantly increased by soil fauna, vertical crevices in the dry heavy soil, etc. Mechanical loosen of the soil increases soil permeability at all. Soaking of water to the soil is decreased by soil compaction and consolidation. Materials and methods Experiments were established on Research Station of Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra, Dolná Malanta, on clay-loamy brown soil, which are created on loess parent rock. Research Station is situated in warm climate region, 173 m above sea level, with average annual air’s temperature 9.6°C, average annual precipitation 580 mm. Content of humus in arable layer (0.0-0.35 m) is 2.33 %. Rate of humid acid to fulvid acid is 1.31; exchange acidity (in KCl) is 5.49; volume weight reduced is 1.32 g.cm -3 ; porosity 49 %, maximal capillary water’s capacity 34 %; minimal air’s capacity 15 % and cationic sorption capacity is 165.4 mmol chemical equivalent for 1 kg of soil (Hanes et al., 1991). The soil humidity was observed in different farming systems and different basic soil cultivation in maize stand during 1995, 1996 and 1997. Winter wheat was a pre-crop for maize, spring barley and common pea were cultivated after maize. Variations of soil cultivation were: ploughing to the depth of 0.3 m with following of surface arrangement of ploughed field (B1) and loosening of soil with combinatory (B3). Whole block was fertilising by balance method for average yield’s level of 8 t.ha -1 . Soil humidity was determined five-times during vegetative period of maize to the depth of 0.60 m at six layers, regularly with 0.1 m intervals of depth in three replications. Dates of sampling was determined by the most important of agrotechnical operations and growing stages of crop, as well. Evaluation of founded data were done by analysis of variance with helping of appropriate tables. Results and discussion 22
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