Punjabi Vak Adhyan Uttar Chomsky Paripekh ... - Panjabi Alochana

gzikph tke nfXn?B L T[so-u"w;eh gfog/y
vkH p{Nk f;zx pokV,
ohvo gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh
foiBb ;?INo, pfmzvk.
1H G{fwek
Gkt/I 20thI ;dh ftu nkX[fBe GkFkftfrnkB B/ B?;ofre GkFktK d/
nfXn?B-nfXnkgB d/ y/so ftZu Gog{o y'i ehsh j? go fco th gzikftnK sZe fJj rZb
pV/ ftnzrwJh nzdk} ftu ejh iKdh ojh j? fe tkeftfrnkB, GkFkftfrnkB dh nfijh
Fkyk j? fi; pko/ jo/e GkFk ftfrnkBh fJj efj e/, ezw ;ko fdzdk j? fe fJ; dk
nfXn?B-ftFb/FD e'Jh j'o ;kEh eo/rk.1 go 20thI ;dh d/ fgSb/ nZX ftu tkeftfrnkB
(Syntax) dk y/so nDr"fbnk BjhI fojk pbfe ;w[Zuk GkFkftfrnkB jh tke ftfrnkB
d/ s"o s/ ftef;s j' frnk. fJ; ekb-yzv d"okB tke ftFb/FD d/ ftfGzB wkvbK dh y'i
ehsh rJh. fJBQK ftu'I nwoheh GkFk ftfrnkBhnK dh fBeNKr ftFb/FD ftXh
(Immediate Constitutents Analysis) ~ w[ZYbk ;EkB jkf;b j?.ukob; cokJh}
ns/ pb{wchbv tor/ GkFk ftfrnkBhnK B/ tke ~ fBeN-nzrK ftu tzv e/, ftFb/FD eoB
dk ;[Mk fdZsk. pknd ftu e/Hn?bHgkJhe, BkJhvk ns/ t?b} tor/ GkFk ftfrnkBhnK B/
fJ; pko/ rfjokJh ftu ik e/, ftuko eoB T[gozs tke-nfXn?B dk wkvb T[;kfonk. B"w
u"w;eh B/ tkezF T[;koh ftnkeoB (Phrase Structure Grammar) d/ o{g ftu
fJ; ftXh dk j'o ft;sko ehsk. fJ; s'I jh nZr/ o[gKsoh f;oiBkswe ftnkeoB ftef;s
j'fJnk. j?bhv/ dk f;;Nwh ftnkeoB ns/ e/Hn?bHgkJhe dk pzXeh ftnkeoB
(Tagmemic) th fJ;/ Xkok d/ j'o ftef;s wkvb jB. fJBQK ftu'I u"w;eh dk o[gKsoh
f;oiBkswe wkvb ;G s'I tZX gqGktFkbh fojk ns/ brksko ftek;;hb th fojk. nZi
fJj nkgD/ gzit/I ftek; gVkn ftu'I r[}o fojk j?. u"w;eh d/ GkFk nfXn?B wkvb d/
ftek; dk ekoB, fJe sK T[; dh T[;ko{ nkb'uBk dk j'Dk j? ns/ d{ik y[d u"w;eh dk
rfjB nfXn?B j?. nkb'uBk s'I gqGkfts j' e/, fiE/ fJe gk;/ u"w;eh nkgD/ f;XKsK ftu
gfotosB ns/ gfotoXB eodk fojk, T[E/ d{i/ gk;/ T[; dhnK ;hwktK ekoB e[M j'o tke
nfXn?B wkvb th ;kjwD/ nkJ/. w[Zy s"o s/ fszB f;XKs iK wkvb pV/ uofus oj/ jB L
f;oiBkswe noE ftfrnkB (Generative Semantics) ekoe ftnkeoB (Case
Grammar) ns/ ;pzXeh ftnkeoB (Relational Grammar).fJBQK fszBK GkFk
wkvbK dk w{b ;q's u"w;eh dk o[gKsoh f;oiBkswe ftnkeoB jh j?. u"w;eh d[nkok
nDfvm ehs/ rJ/ sZEK ~ b? e/, fJBQK wkvbK dk ftek; j'fJnk. ;kv/ fJ; y'i-gZso dk
T[d/F ;pzXeh ftnkeoB dh f;XKfse ;{M okjhI gzikph GkFk d/ fwFfos tkeK dk nfXn?BftFb/FD
g/F eoBk j?.
2H
fgS'eV
fit/I fe n;hI T[go fejk j? fe ;pzXeh ftnkeoB T[so-u"w;eh GkFk nfXn?B wkvb
j? i' fe ftnkeofBe ;pzXK (eosk,w[Zy eow,r"D eow) #s/ nkXkfos fJe ;op-GkFe
ftnkeofBe nzso-dfoFNh g/F eodk j?. fJ; dk T[EkB f;oiBkswe noE ftfrnkB ns/
ekoe ftnkeoB d/ ;wftZE jh u"w;eh d/ o[gKsoh f;oiBkswe ftnkeoB dh gqshfefonk d/
cb;o{g j'fJnk. fJ; wkvb ~ g/F eoB tkb/ gqw[Zy GkFk fuzseK-gobw[Zso ns/ g';Nb
(1974) ehBB ns/ ekwoh (1972), i'jB;B (1979) ns/ pkto; (1981) nkfd dh XkoBk j?
fe tke ouBk ftu ftnkeofBe ;zpzX e/Idoh G{fwek fBGkTI[d/ jB. fJ; wkvb ftu fJBQK

ftnkeofBe ;zpzXK ~ p[fBnkdh ns/ ngfoGkfFs (Undefined Primitives) wzB e/,
fBwB'es nB[;ko ;pzXeh eqw (Relational Hierachy) g/F ehsk frnk j? L
1) It is reported that one American linguist of the 1950'&
remarkedthat syntax was that part of Linguistics that everyone
hoped the other fellow would do it, (Palmer, 1990:121)
eosk < w[Zy eow < r"D eow < ftekoh eow (i"jB;B L 1979)
1 < 2 < 3 term relations (gobw[Zso L 1980)
fJBQK ftnkeofBe ;zpzXK ~ nkXko pDk e/, ;pzXeh ftnkeoB ftu e[M
;opGkFe B/w g/F ehs/ rJ/ jB.w{b o{g ftu fJj B/w uko gqeko d/ jB (1) ngjko
B/w (Usurpation) 2H ftekoh B/w (Mutation) 3H gd-fsnkr B/w (Abdication)
4H b'g B/w (Elimination).fJBQK B/wK d/ nzsors 16 f;XKs nkT[Id/ jB, fiBQK ftu'I
fszB gqw[Zy jB L (1) ;zpzX T[sokfXeko (Relational Succession Law) (2) ;pzX
BkF (Relational Annihilation Law) (3) g[Bo ;sZoheoB (Re-Ranking
Law).
;pzXeh ftnkeoB d/ ;z;Ekge ftdtkBK dk efjDk j? fe gozgokJh ftnkeoB
ftu ftnkeofBe ;zpzXK dk ftF/F wjZst ;h go pDsoh GkFk ftfrnkB ftu fJBQK ~
noEK Bkb i'V e/ B[e;dko fejk frnk.u"w;eh (1965,72,75) d/ o[gKsoh f;oiBkswe
ftnkeoB ftZu th ftnkeofBe ;pzX tke dh noEgoe ftnkfynk d/ ;jkfJe ;B.go
;pzXeh ftnkeoB fJBQK jh ;zpzXK ~ nkXko pDk e/,GkFk d/ tkeK dk ftFb/FD eoB tb
o[fus j?. fJT[I gozgokJh ftnkeoB ns/ ;pzXeh ftnkeoB ftnkeofBe ;zpzXK ~ wjZssk
d/D d/ B[es/ s'I sK ;wkB jB go ftnkeofBe ;zpzXK d/ nkXko @s/ o[gKsoh B/w pDkT[D
dh rZb e/tb ;pzXeh ftnkeoB ftu jh ehsh rJh j?. o[gKso j'D s'I pknd tkeK d/
ftnkeofBe ;zpzXK ftu fe; gqeko dk gfotosB j[zdk j?,fJ; dk ftt/uB nkX[fBe GkFk
ftfrnkB ftu ;pzXeh ftnkeoB s'I gfjbK BjhI j'fJnk. o[gKso s'I ftnkeofBe ;zpzXK ftu
j'D tkb/ gfotosB ~ fXnkB ftu oZyd/ j'J/ ;pzXeh ftnkeoB ftfGzB gqeko d/ tkeKneosohtkuh,
gq/oBkoEe s/ iV[Zs (Composite) nkfd dk ftFb/FD fJe BthI fdqFNh s'I
eodk j?. fJ;/ fdqFNh s'I jEb/ y'i-gZso ftZu gzikph GkFk d/ fwFos tkeK ftu ;zpzX
;{ue T[gtkeK (Relative Clause) dh ;zpzXB gqfefonk ~ T[ikro ehsk frnk j?.
3H
;zebgh ftdk-fpzd{
GkFktK ftub/ ;zpzX ;{ue T[gtkeK (Relative Clause) dh ;zpzXB
gqfefonk dk nfXn?B eoB bJh, ;pzXeh ftnkeoB ftu ;pzXtkuheoB B/w
(Relativization) dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh j?. fJ; B/w dk ;zebgh ftdk-fpzd{ ehBB
ns/ ekwoh (T[jh) dk nfXn?B j?. fJBQK ftdtkBK B/ nkgDk fJj nfXn?B 'Noun
Phrase Accessibilty and Universal Grammar' d/ f;ob/y nXhB bZrgr 50
GkFktK #s/ goy e/ g/F ehsk. nkgD/ fJ; nfXn?B ftZu T[BQK B/ ;[bZGsk eqw
(Accessibility Hierarchy) Bkwh ;op-GkFe f;XKs dh gfoebgBk g/F ehsh. fJj
f;XKfse gfoebgBk w{b o{g ftu ;pzXtkuh T[gtke ouBk ftXhnK (Relative Clause

Formation Strategies) d/ ftt/uB ftu g/F ehsh rJh. fJ; f;XKfse gfoebgBk
ftu'I jh ;pzXtkuheoB B/w dk ftek; j'fJnk j?. ehBB ns/ ekwoh (T[jh) B/ ftfGzB
GkFktK d/ fwFos tkeK ftub/ w[Zy T[gtkeK ns/ ;pzXtkuh T[gtkeK dh go;go ;zpzXB
gqfefonk ~ jh ;pzXtkuheoB dh ;zfrnk gqdkB ehsh. pknd ftZu fJ; B/w ~ gobw[Zso
ns/ g';Nb (1974), ikB;B (1979), pkto; (1981), gobw[Zso (1983) ns/ pb/e (1990)
B/ nkgD/-nkgD/ nfXn?BK ftu gofynk. fJT[I fJj ;pzXeh ftnkeoB d/ f;XKfse u"yN/ dk
fjZ;k pD frnk. ikB;B (T[jh) ns/ gobw[Zso (T[jh) B/ ;[bZGsk eqw ~ ;ob o{g ftu
;zpzXeh eqw (Relational Hierarchy) dk Bkw d/ e/ g/F ehsk. fjzdh GkFk ftfrnkB
d/ y/so ftu fJ; B/w ~ nkXko pDk e/, eJh nfXn?B g/F j' u[Ze/ jB. gqwkD ti'I ;k~
ekuo{ (1973 ns/ 78A), v'Bkb;B (1971), ;{pkokU (1974) ns/ r[gsk (1986) d/ nfXn?B
jkf;b jB. gzikph GkFk ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftu pokV (1999) dk y'i-ekoi gfjbk :sB
j?. fJ; s'I fpBQK j'o e'Jh nfXn?B jkf;b BjhI j?. fJ; sZE dk nfj;k; ;k~ gzikph d/
u'Dt/I ns/ gqw[Zy ftnkeoB b/yeK dhnK ftnkeoBK ns/ j'o T[u-gZXo d/ y'i-ekoi s/ Mks
wkfonk ;fjtB jh j' iKdk j?.
4H
;pzXtkuheoB L gfoGkFk ns/ gqfeosh
;ob noEK ftu ;pzXtkuheoB fwFos tkeK ftub/ w[Zy T[gtkeK ns/ nXhB
T[gtkeK d/ e/Idoh ftnkeofBe ;zpzXK dh ftF/F ftXh okjhI go;go i[VB gqfeonk j?. fJ;
nzsotkeh ;zpzXB gqfeonk d"okB fwFos tkeK ftub/ nXhB T[gtke w[Zy T[gtke d/ fe;/
BKt tkezF ~ ftF/Fs eod/ jB. ftF/Fe T[gtke dh Gkt pDso ftZu fJe nfijk BKt
tkezF j[zdk j?, fi; dk ftF/fFs BKt tkezF Bkb ;fj;zpzX j[zdk j?. fw;kb ti'I gzikph
GkFk dhnK e[M tke pDsoK b?Id/ jK L
[1] 1H d[BhnK ftu jo nkdwh ;[yh j?.
2H d[BhnK ftu jo nkdwh fijVk nwho j?, ;[yh j?.
[2] 1H d[BhnK ftu e[M nkdwh ;[yh jB.
2H d[BhnK ftu e[M nkdwh, fijV/ nwho jB, ;[yh jB.
[1] ns/ [2] Bzpo dhnK T[dkjoBK d/ gfjb/ tke ;XkoB jB ns/ d{i/ tke
fwFfos jB. fJBQK ftu d'-d' T[gtke jB. fijVk ns/ fijV/ :[es nXhB T[gtke, w[Zy
T[gtke d/ nkdwh eosk BKt dk ftF/FheoB eod/ jB.gfjb/ tkeK ftubk nkdwh nkw
BKt j? ns/ d{i/ tkeK ftubk nkdwh yk; BKt ti'I g/F j'fJnk j?. fJ; ~ nkw s'I yk;
fijVk :[es T[gtke B/ pDkfJnk j?. ;ob noEK ftu fJj nkw s'I yk; pDB dh ;zpzXB
gqfefonk jh ;zpzXtkuheoB j?. fJ; ~ j/mbh nko/y [3] okjhI do;kfJnk frnk j? L

fJ; nko/y ftZu (T) uZeo nkw nkdwh dh gqshfBXsk eodk j? ns/ (n)
uZeo T[BQK nkdwhnK dh gqshfBXsk eodk j?, fijV/ nwho jB. GkFktK ftZu fJ; soQK dh
gqrNkU ftXh nkw toskok j?, Gkt ;pzXtkuheoB fJe ;opGkFe gogzu j?.
fJT[I ;gZFN j' iKdk j? fe ;pzXtkuheoB B/w dk ;zpzX fwFfos tkeK ftub/
w[Zy T[gtkeK ns/ ;pzXtkuh nXhB T[gtkeK dh ;zpzXB gqfefonk Bkb j?.
n?Ivo/ti (1975 L3) B/ ;zpzXtkuh T[gtke ~ ;pzXtkuheoB dh fdqFNh s'I fJ; soQK gfoGkFs
ehsk j? L
[4] @i/ e'Jh nXhB T[gtke fe;/ BKt tkezF ~ ftF/f;s eodk j? ns/ fJ; dh Gkt
pDso ftZu fJe nfijk BKt tkezF j[zdk j?, fi; dk jtkbk ftF/fFs BKt tkezF Bkb
;KMk j[zdk j? sK T[j T[gtke ;pzXtkuh T[gtke j't/rk.##1
fJ;/ soQK ehBB ns/ ekwoh (1977 L63-64) fbyd/ jB L
[5] @@e'Jh tkekswe eow ;pzXtkuh T[gtke j't/rk i/ fJj fe;/ gqrNkT[ i[ZN ~ d'
gVktK ftu ftF/Fs eodk j? L gfjbk fJe tZvk i[ZN ftF/f;s ehsk iKdk j?, i'
;pzXtkuheoB dk x/ok j[zdk j? ns/ fco fJ; ~ fJe T[; T[gi[ZN sZe ;hfws ehsk iKdk
j?, fi; T[g i[ZN ;pzXh ;hws eoB tkbk tke jeheh j[zdk j?. pkjoh pDso ftu
;pzXtkuheoB d/ x/o/ dk gqrNktk w[Zy BKt tkezF d[nkok ehsk iKdk j?, fijVk GkFk
ftF/F d/ ;zdoG ftu pkjoh-tke tKr th bZr ;edk j?.##2
(1) If a Subordinate clause modifies (a crucilly undefined term)
an NP and does so by virtue of the fact that it contains in
deep structure an NP coreferential to the modi fied NP,
then the clause is a relative clause.
(2) We consider any syntactic object to be an RC if it specifies a
set of objects (Perhapes a one-member set) in two steps : a
larger set is specified called the domain of relativization,
and then restricted to some subset of which a certain sentence,
the restricting sentence is true. The domain of relativization
is expressed in surface structure by the head NP and the
restricting sentence by the restricting clause, which may
look more or less like a surface sentence depending upon the
language.
n?Ivo/ti ns/ ehBB-ekwoh dhnK fJBQK gfoGkFktK ftu'I ;pzXtkuh T[gtke
dhnK jh BjhI pbfe fwFfos tkeK dhnK ;zouBKth ftF/FsktK T[ikro j[zdhnK jB. fJ;

f;XKfse ;/X ftu jh j[D n;hI gzikph GkFk ftub/ tkeK dhnK ;zouBkthI ftF/FsktK dk
ikfJik b?Id/ jK.
(5) ;zouBkth ftF/FsktK
gozgokJh ftnkeoB ftu T[; tke pDso ~ fwFfos tke wzfBnk frnk j?,
fi; dh nzdo{Bh pDso ftu fJe w[Zy T[gtke ns/ fJe iK fJe s'I tZX nXhB T[gtke
ftuod/ jB.Gkt/I ;ko/ fwFfos tkeK ftu jh fe;/ Bk fe;/ gZXo dh ;zpzXB gqfefonk
ftdwkB j[zdh j?, go ;pzXeh ftnkeoB ftu ;pzXtkuheoB dh gqfefonk dk ;zpzX f;oc
T[BQK fwFfos tkeK Bkb j?, fiBQK ftu ;pzXtkuh T[gtkeK dh tos'I j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh
n;hI gqk;zfre fwFfos tkeK dhnK ;zouBkth ftF/FsktK ~ jh T[ikro eoKr/.gzikph GkFk
dh tke i[rs ftZu ;zpzXtkuh T[gtkeK Bkb nkw s"o s/ i', fiBQK ns/ fijVk nkfd :'ieK
tkb/ ;pzXtkuh gVBktK dh tos'I eod/ j'J/ nXhB T[gtke i'V e/, fwFfos tke pDkfJnk
iKdk j?. fw;kb ti'I [6] Bzpo ftZu gzikph GkFk d/ tke fdZs/ rJ/ jB L
[6] 1) fiBQK pZfunK ~ fgT[-dkd/ dh d"bs fwb iKdh j?, T[j XB dh edo BjhI
eod/.
2) UF' B/ i' soe fdZsk, T[; B/ ;G ~ j?okB eo fdZsk.
3) e[Vh B/ w[zv/ ~ feskp fdZsh, i' pkjo yVQk ;h.
4) fijV/ pZu/ fwjBs eoBr/, T[j gk; j' ikDr/.
[6] Bzpo d/ ;ko/ tke fwFos tzBrh d/ jB. fJBQK ftu'I j/mK [7] Bzpo ftZu fdZshnK
rJhnK pDsoK w[Zy T[gtke jB ns/ [8] Bzpo dhnK pDsoK nXhB T[gtke jB. nXhB
T[gtke /i/ fbgKe Bkb F[o{ j'D tkb/ ;zpzXtkuh sZsK fiBQK, i' ns/ fijV/ Bkb :[es jB.
w[Zy T[gtke
[7] 1) T[j (pZu/) XB dh edo BjhI eod/.
2) soe B/ ;G ~ j?okB eo fdZsk.
3) e[Vh B/ w[zv/ ~ feskp fdZsh.
4) (pZu/) T[j gk; j' ikDr/.
nXhB T[gtke
[8] 1) fiBQK pZfunK ~ fgT[-dkd/ dh d"bs fwb iKdh j?.
2) UF' B/ i' soe fdZsk.
3) i' pkjo yVk ;h.
4) fijV/ pZu/ fwjBs eoBr/.
;pzXeh ftnkeoB ftZu fJ; GKs d/ nXhB T[gtkeK ~ ;zpzXtkuh T[gtke fejk frnk j?.
fJBQK ftZu ftF/fFs BKt tkezF dh ;fEsh ~ nko/y [9] okjhI T[bhfenk frnk j? L
[9]

[6] Bzpo dhnK tke tzBrhnK s'I ;gZFN j[zdk j? fe fi; BKt tkezF Bkb ;pzXtkuh
T[gtke i'fVnk frnk j?. T[; Bkb /i/ fbgKe Bkb F[o{ j'D tkb/ ;pzXtkuh gVBKt dh
tos'I bk}wh o{g ftZu j'Jh j?. fJj i-:[es ;pzXtkuh gVBKt gzikph tke i[rs ftZu nkw
s"o s/ ;pzXtkuhfeqs BKt tkezF s'I gfjbK jh ftuodk j?. fJj sZE T[go'es [6] Bzpo d/
tke (1), (2) ns/ (4) s'I gqsZy j?. tke Bzpo (3) ftZu ;pzXtkuhfeqs BKt tkezF Gkt
pDso (Deep Structure) ftZu ftuo fojk j?. fJ; d/ Bkb jh fJ; rZb d/ gqwkD
th fwb rJ/ jB fe gzikph ftZu fiE/ i-:[es ;pzXtkuh gVBKt dh tos'I j'Dh j?, T[E/
Bkb jh T[j gVBKt dh tos'I th ehsh rJh j?. w;bB [6] Bzpo d/ tke (1), (2) ns/
(4) ftZu T[j ns/ T[; B/ gVBKt dh tos'I j'Jh j?. [6-3] tke dh pkjoh pDso ftZu
Gkt/I T[j dh tos'I BjhI ehsh rJh go Gkt pDso ftZu fJj tos'I ;gZFN j?. fJE/ fJj
sZE th f}eo:'r j? fe gzikph tke pDso ftZu T[gtkeK dh soshp iK eqw th fBFfus
BjhI j?.Gkt tke-eqw ftZu T[gtkeK dk ;EkB pdbdk ofjzdk j? iK fJyfsnkoh j?. fw;kb
ti'I [10] Bzpo d/ tke t/yh ik ;ed/ jB L
[10] 1) UF' B/ i' soe fdZsk,T[; B/ j?okB eo fdZsk.
2) T[; soe B/ ;G ~ j?okB eo fdZsk,i' UF' B/ fdZsk.
3) i' soe UF' B/ fdZsk, T[; B/ ;G ~ j?okB eo fdZsk.
gzikph GkFk ftZu fJ; GKs d/ tkeK ftZu /i'/ Bkb /T[j/ s'I fJbktk /;'/ dh tos'I
th ehsh iKdh j? go nfijh tos'I f;oc o{Vhrs tkeK ftZu jh ehsh iKdh j?. fw;kb ti'I
gqwkD g/F jB L-
[11] 1) i' eo/rk, ;' Go/rk.
2) i' T[gfiT[, ;' fpB;[ j?.
3) i' nkfJnk, ;' uZb;h.
4) i' s{z eo/Irk, ;' w?I eoKrk.
[10] Bzpo d/ tkeK ftZu i' Bkb T[j dh tos'I io{oh s"o s/ j'Jh j? iK ehsh rJh
j? go gzikph GkFk ftZu nfijh tos'I fJyafsnkoh th j?, Gkt /T[j/ dh gqsZy tos'I s'I fpBQK
th tke w[ezwb j[zdk j? fit/I L-
[12] 1) i' nkfJnk ;h, (T[j) ubk frnk.
2) (T[j) fejVk Gkostk;h j?, fi;B/ wjkswk rKXh dk Bkw Bk ;[fDnk j't/.
3) i' b'e ftjb/ ofjzd/ jB, (T[j) ihtB ftZu ;cb BjhI j' ;ed/.

4) i' f;nk;h B/sk nkgDh je{ws d"okB b'eK ~ fwbd/ sZe BjhI, t'NK d"okB
(T[j) b'eK dhnK sbhnK uZN oj/ j[zd/ jB.
[12] Bzpo d/ tkeK ftZu T[j dh tos'I fJyafsnkoh j?. Gkt fJBQK tkeK ftZu T[j dh tos'I
j' th ;edh j? ns/ BjhI th. ;gZFN j? fe gzikph GkFk ftZu nfijh tos'I fes/ fJ]fsnkoh
j?, fes/ io{oh ns/ eJh tko sK fpbe[Zb jh BjhI ehsh iKdh.
6H
;pzXtkuh T[gtke dk ;EkB
gzikph tke i[rs ftZu ;pzXtkuh T[gtke, w[Zy T[gtke s'I gfjbK, w[Zy T[gtke
d/ wZX ftZu ns/ w[Zy T[gtke s'I fgS'I th ftuo ;ed/ jB. fJ; bJh fJBQK dk ;EkB
fwFfos tke d/ nkfd, wZX ns/ nzs nkfd fes/ th j' ;edk j?, go d{ih s/ shih ;fEsh
gzikph dh ;[Gkfte tos'I BjhI j?.n;b ftZu w{b o{g ftZu sK gzikph GkFk ;ob tke i[rs
dh XkoBh j?. fwFfos tke pDsoK sK nzro/ih GkFk d/ gqGkt dhnK bykfJe jB.
wZXekb dh gzikph tkose ns/ w[ZYb/ gzikph tkose b/yeK dhnK feosK fJ; dk gqwkD
jB. nZr/ [13], [14] ns/ [15] ftZu jo GKs dhnK tke-tzBrhnK g/F jB L
(6-1) w[Zy T[gtke s'I gfjbK
[13] 1) i' gkoNh w[ekpb/ dh ;oeko dhnK cVQK wkodh ;h, ;kohnK ;hNK s/ jko
rJh.
2) fijV/ ftF/ n"y/ jB, T[jh bkGdkfJe jB.
3) fi; ;wki ftZu gkDh dh E[VQ j't/,T[E/ pkeh E[VQK nkw w[jko/ g?dk j' iKdhnK jB.
4) fiBQK b'eK nzdo ukBD j[zdk j?, T[j r[BkjK Go/ gzvkb ftZu th
nkFe
dh nZy tKr uwed/ jB.
(6H2) w[Zy T[gtke d/ wZX ftZu
[14] 1) ;G s'I tZvh feskp, i' d[BhnK ftZu fbyh rJh, wjKGkos j?.
2) nkw tfjw, i' b'eK ftZu gquZfbs jB, Y/o g[okD/ jB.
3) rhs fijV/ fizd gKd/ jB, fBoh s[epzdh BjhI j[zd/.
4) T[j b'e fizBQK ~ ezw dh nkds BjhI j[zdh, ;wk gk e/ rohp j' iKd/
jB.
(6H3) w[Zy T[gtke s'I fgS'I
[15] 1) gZe/ d[FwD pD jh T[j ;ed/ jB, i' fe;/ ;w/I gZe/ d';s oj/ j'D.
2) ;[zdosk T[j j?, fi; dh F"eD th f;js eo/.
3) fgnko fJe nfijk o[}rko j?, fi; ftZu e'Jh S[ZNh BjhI fwbdh.
4) wjkB ;zrhs T[j j?, fijVk g[okDk j't/ go BtK bZr/.
fJBQK tke-tzBrhnK s'I fJj sZE th ;gZFN j[zdk j? fe fi; BKt tkezF Bkb
th ;pzXtkuh T[gtke i'fVnk iKdk j? iK fi; BKt tkezF ~ ;pzXtkuhfeqs ehsk iKdk j?,
T[; BKt tkezF dh ftF/Fsk dZ;D bJh jh ehsk iKdk j?.w;bB [13] Bzpo dhnK
T[dkjoBk ftZu eqwtko gkoNh, ftF/, ;wki ns/ b'eK nkfd BktK dhnK ftF/FsktK ~ jh
;pzXtkuh T[gtkeK ftZu fpnkB ehsk frnk j?. fJ;/ eoe/ gozgokJh ftnkeoB ftZu fJBQK ~
ftF/FD T[gtke dh ;zfrnk gqdkB ehsh rJh j?. fJ;/ soQK gzikph ftZu fefonk ftF/FD
T[gtke dh tos'I th ehsh iKdh j? L-
[16] 1) GftZy ftZu c;bK T[;/ soQK T[rDrhnK, fit/I fe;/ pZu/ ~ ;'eVk fgnk
j[zdk j?.

2) nodk; nkw eoe/ T[d'I jh ehsh iKdh j?, id'I n;hI w[FebK ftZu
fxo/
j[zd/ jK.
3) id'I ;kvh fe;/ Bkb pDh j't/ sK n;hI pj[s e[M podkFs eo b?Id/
jK.
4) fiT[I-fiT[I BthI sfj}hp tX ojh j?, y[Fh d/ g[okD/ Yzr pdb oj/
jB.
7H ;pzXtkuh gVBKt dk b'gB
j[D sZe n;hI nfijhnK pDsoK t/yhnK jB, fiBQK ftZu /i'/ ;pzXtkuh gVBKt
dh tos'I ehsh rJh j?. go gzikph GkFk ftZu fJ; dk b'gB th eo fdZsk iKdk j?. gqwkD
;o{g j/mK [17] Bzpo d/ tke g/F jB L
[17] 1) i' bVeh o[;h j'Jh ;h, xo ubh rJh.
0 o[;h (j'Jh) bVeh xo ubh rJh.
2) i' BkNe uofus j?, nZi y/fvnk ikt/rk.
0 nZi uofus BkNe y/fvnk ikt/rk.
3) i' eftsk ;[oihs gkso dh ;h, (T[j) c;N nkJh.
0 ;[oihs gkso dh eftsk c;N nkJh.
4) ;Zuk fwZso T[j j?, i' w[Feb t/b/ ;jkfJsk eo/.
0 w[Feb t/b/ ;jkfJsk eoB tkbk fwZso jh ;Zuk j?.
[17] dhnK tke-tzBrhnK ftZu /i'/ ;pzXtkuh gVBKt dh tos'I ehsh rJh j?.
(0)tkeK ftZu /i'/ dk b'gB eo fdZsk frnk go w[Zy T[gtke d/ BKt tkezF dh ftF/Fsk
gfjbK tKr jh poeoko j?.n;b ftZu (0) tke jh gzikph GkFk d/ ;[Gkfte tke jB.
8H ;pzXgoe ftt/uB (Relational Study)
;pzXgoe ftt/uB dk f;XKfse nkXko ;pzXeh ftnkeoB (Relational
Grammar) j?. ;pzXeh ftnkeoB dk f;XKfse u"yNk ftnkeofBe ;zpzXK ~ nkXko pDk
e/, T[;kfonk frnk j?. fJ; GkFk nfXn?B wkvb ftZu ftnkeofBe ;zpzXK ~ wjZstg{oB
wzfBnk frnk j?. fJ; fdqFNh nB[;ko GkFk dh tke ouBk ftZu ftnkeofBe ;zpzX nfjw
G{fwek fBGkT[Id/ jB. fit/I fe n;hI gfjbK th dZ; u[Ze/ jK fe fJ; wkvb ftZu
ftnkeofBe ;zpzXK ~ nDgfoGkfFs gqEw wzBe/, ;pzXeh eqw g/F ehsk frnk j? ns/ GkFktK
ftub/ ;zpzX ;{ue T[gtkeK dh ;zpzXB gqfefonk dk nfXn?B eoB bJh, ;pzXtkuheoB B/w
dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh j?. fJT[I fJ; B/w dk ;zpzX fwFfos tkeK ftub/ w[Zy T[gtkeK ns/
;pzXtkuh nXhB T[gtkeK dh ;zpzXB gqfefonk Bkb j? noEks fJ; B/w sfjs fJj d/fynk
iKdk j? fe ;pzXeh eqw (Relational Hierarchy) d/ fejV/-fejV/ ftnkeofBe ;zpzX
tkb/ BKt tkezF ;pzXtkuhfeqs j[zd/ jB. d{i/ FpdK ftZu fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe
;pzXeh eqw d/ fejV/-fejV/ ;sZo sZe ;pzXtkuheoB B/w bkr{ j[zdk j?. fJ; sZE dh goy
eoB bJh n;hI ;G s'I gfjbK e/Idoh ftnkeofBe ;zpzXK s/ nkXkfos e[M tke b?Id/ jK.
fJE/ fJj sZE th f}eo:'r j? fe ;pzXeh ftnkeoB ftZu ftnkeofBe ;zpzXK ~ d' w[Zy
torK ftZu tzfvnk frnk j?. F[ZX (Pure) ftnkeofBe ;zpzX s/ nF[ZX ftnkeofBe ;zpzX.
F[ZX ftnkeofBe ;zpzX eosk, w[Zy eow ns/ r"D eow ~ wzfBnk frnk j?. fJBQK ftZu'I
eosk ns/ w[Zy eow ~ e/Idoh ;zpzX (Nuclear) ;Ekfgs ehsk frnk j?. nF[ZX
ftnkeofBe ;zpzXK d/ nzsors noEw{be ftnkeofBe ;zpzX eoB, nfXeoB ns/
p/Bhc?efNt nkfd nkT[Id/ jB. fJBQK ~ ne/Idoh iK ftekoh ;zpzX wzfBnk frnk j?.

(8H1) e/Idoh ftnkeofBe ;zpzX
[18] 1) i' w[zvk p'b fojk j?, w/ok Gok j?. (eosk)
2) i' feskp nfXnkge B/ w?~ fdZsh, pj[s T[;ko{ j?. (w[Zy eow)
3) fi; nca;o ~ b'eK B/ g?;/ fdZs/, i/b nzdo j?. (r"D eow)
[18] Bzpo dhnK tke-tzBrhnK ftZu gfjb/ tke ftZu eosk BKt w[zvk d{i/ ftZu w[Zy
eow BKt feskp ns/ shi/ tke ftZu r"D eow nca;o ~ ;pzXtkuhfeqs ehsk frnk j?.
fJT[I ;gZFN j? fe gzikph ftZu e/Idoh ftnkeofBe ;zpzXK dk ;pzXtkuheoB j' ;edk j?.
(8H2) ne/Idoh ftnkeofBe ;zpzX
[19] 1) fi; nZstkdh d[nkok wzsoh wkfonk frnk, j[D i/b ftZu j?.
(x Fq/Dh BKt
tkezF)1
2) i' Ffjo spkj eo fdZsk frnk ;h, j[D d[pkok tZ; frnk.
(ftT[sgzB eosk)
3) fi; ;w/I u'o nkfJnk, w?I x{e ;[Zsk fgnk ;h. (;wK)
4) fi; ;EkB s/ pZuk frnk, pj[s vokT[Dk ;h. (;EkB)
(1) x-Fq/Dh dk ;ze/s tkX{ ;zpzXK bJh tofsnk frnk j?.;zpzXeh ftnkeoB ftZu fJ; bJh
(Chomeur) F'fwT[o Fpd th tofsnk frnk j?.fJj coK;h;h Fpd j?,fi;dk noE
p/o[}rko j?.n;hI fJ; ~ fBoekoih ;zpzX dk Bkw fdZsk j?.fBoekoih ;zpzXK dk fefonk
Bkb ftnkeofBe w/b BjhI j[zdk.
[19] Bzpo dhnK tke-tzBrhnK ftZu gfjb/ tke ftZu x-Fq/Dh Gkt fBoekoih F/qDh
dk BKt tkezF nZstkdh d{i/ tke ftZu ftT[sgzB eosk Ffjo, shi/ tke ftZu ;wK, ns/ u"E/
tke ftzu ;EkB ~ ;pzXtkuhfeqs ehsk frnk j?. fJ; dk noE fJj j'fJnk fe gzikph
ftZu ne/Idoh ftnkeofBe ;zpzXK dk th ;pzXtkuheoB j' ;edk j?.
fJBQK gqwkDK d/ nkXko s/ fejk ik ;edk j? fe gzikph GkFk dh tke i[rs ftZu
;zpzXeh-eqw d/ ;ko/ ftnkeofBe ;zpzX jh ;pzXtkuhfeqs j' ;ed/ jB.
(8H3) ;pzXtkuh T[gtke ns/ ;pzXtkuhfeqs BKt tkezF dh ;fEsh
T[go [18] ns/ [19] Bzpo ftZu i' tke g/F ehs/ rJ/ jB T[BQK ftZu'I [18]
Bzpo d/ shi/ tke ~ SZv e/, pkeh ;kfonK ftZu ;pzXtkuh T[gtke g{o/ tke ftZu eosk dk
ekoi eodk noEks ;pzXtkuhfeqs BKt tkezF w[Zy tke dk eosk j? ns/ ;pzXtkuh T[gtke
T[; BKt tkezF dh ftF/Fsk dZ;dk j?. fJE/ BKt tkezF ns/ ;pzXtkuh T[gtke fwb e/, g{o/
tke ftZu eosk dk ;EkB jkf;b eod/ jB. fJ; ;fEsh ~ j/mK nko/y Bzpo [20] okjhI
nko/fys ehsk frnk j? L

[20]
;pzXeh ftnkeoB ftZu nfij/ ;pzXtkuh T[gtkeK ~ eosk ;pzXtkuh T[gtke
fejk frnk j?. eosk ;pzXtkuh T[gtkeK ftZu ;pzXtkuheoB B/w neosk (Non
Subject) ;zpzXK Bkb eosk ;zpzX ftT[sgzB eodk j?. fit/I [18] d/ d{i/ tke nfXnkge
B/ w?~ feskp fdZsh dk w[Zy eow ns/ shi/ tke ftZu b'eK B/ nca;o ~ g?;/ fdZs/ dk r"D
eow eosk ;pzXtkuh T[gtke ftZu eosk dk ;EkB jkf;b eodk j?. fiBQK tkeK ftZu
(fit/I 18-1 ftZu) ;pzXtkuhfeqs BKt tkezF eosk j?, T[BQK ftZu ;pzXtkuheoB B/w bkr{ j'D
Bkb fJj gqfefonk (neosk-eosk) bkr{ BjhI j[zdh. [19] dk gfjbk ns/ d{ik tke t/yhJ/
sK gsk brdk j? fe neosohtkuh B/w gfjb/ BKt tkezF ~ iK sK X-Fq/Dh dk eo fdzdk
j?. tke [19-1 ftZu] iK BtK eosk ftT[sgzB eodk j?.[-tke 19-2 ftZu] ns/ fco X-Fq/Dh
dk BKt tkezF iK ftT[sgzB eosk, BKt tkezF T[s/ ;pzXtkuheoB B/w bkr{ j[zdk j? ns/
fco d't/I
(X-Fq/Dh d/ BKt tkezF, ftT[sgzB eosk) g{o/ tke ftZu eosk dk ;EkB jkf;b eod/ jB.
T[go'es 8H3 d/ ftFb/FD ftZu n;hI i' tke t/y/ jB, T[BQK ftZu ;pzXtkuhfeqs
BKt tkezF, g{o/ iK ;w[Zu/ tke ftZu eosk dk ekoi eodk j? ns/ neosk BKt tkezF th
eosk dk ;EkB jkf;b eodk j?. go gzikph GkFk ftZu e[M tkeK ftZu ;pzXtkuhfeqs BKt
tkezF ;w[Zu/ tke ftZu eosk s'I fJbktk j'o ftnkeofBe ;zpzX th jkf;b eo b?Idk j?.
gqwkD ;o{g j/mK [21] Bzpo ftZu tke g/F jB L
[21] 1) w?I T[; xVh dh tos'I eo fojk jK, i' s{z w/o/ bJh fbnkfJnk ;h.
2) e[Vh B/ w[zv/ ~ T[j feskp fdZsh, i' nfXnkge B/ T[; ~ fdZsh ;h.
3) w[zv/ B/ e[Vh ~ fuZmh fdZsh, i' nzdo b[eh yVQh ;h.
[21-1] tke ftZu ;pzXtkuhfeqs BKt tkezF,T[gtke ftZu eow ti'I ftuo fojk j? ns/
;w[Zu/ tke ftZu th T[j eow j?. [21-2 ns/ 3] ftZu ;pzXtkuhfeqs BKt tkezF T[gtke
ftZu eqwtko w[Zy eow ns/ r"D eow ti'I ftuodk j?.
9H ;ko
;ko o{g ftZu fejk ik ;edk j? fe ftFt dhnK j'oBK GkFktK tKr gzikph
GkFk ftZu jh tke i[rs ftZu th ;pzXtkuheoB B/w ekoiFhb j?. go gzikph GkFk ftZu
fJ; B/w d/ ;o{g dhnK nkgDhnK ftbZyDsktK th jB. gfjbh ftbZyDsk sK fJj j? fe
gzikph ftZu ;pzXtkuhfeqs BKt tkezF Bkb i' ;pzXtkuh gVBKt :[es ;zpzXtkuh T[gtke dh
tos'I ehsh iKdh j?.fJ; d/ Bkb jh T[j gVBKt dh tos'I io{oh iK fJyafsnkoh o{g ftZu
j[zdh j?. i/ fes/ io{oh tos'I tkb/ tkeK dh pkjoh pDso ftZu T[j gVBKt dh tos'I Bk
ehsh rJh j't/ sK fJ; gVBKt dh j'Id Gkt pDso ftZu poeoko ofjzdh j?. fJ;/ soQK i'
w[es pDsoK gzikph d/ ;[Gkte ;o{g dhnK bykfJe jB. i' :[es pDso sK nzro/}h
gqGkt dk f;ZNk jB. gzikph tke i[rs ftZu i' ns/ T[j dk ;EkB th ;fEo BjhI j? Gkt
tke-eqw ftZu fJBQK dk ;EkB pdbdk ofjzdk j?. fJ;/ eoe/ gzikph GkFk dh tke pDso
ftZu ;pzXtkuh T[gtkeK dk ;EkB th fB;fus BjhI j?. fJj g{o/ tke d/ nkfd, wZX ns/
nzs, fszBK ;EkBK s/ jh ftuo ;ed/ jB. fJ; s'I fJbktk gzikph GkFk d/ e[M o{Vhrs
tkeK ftu ;' sZs dh tos'I th ehsh iKdh j?.
fiE'I sZe ;pzXeh-eqw ftZu'I ftfGzB ftnkeofBe ;zpzXK d/ ;pzXtkuheoB j'D dk
;[nkb j?, T[; gZy'I th gzikph GkFk ftbZyDsk dh XkoBh j? feT[Ife gzikph tke pDso d/

;ko/ ftnkeofBe ;zpzXK dk jh ;pzXtkuheoB j' ;edk j? ns/ fJ; ;pzXB-gqfefonk ftu
;pzXtkuheoB B/w gzikph d/ neosk ftnkeofBe ;zpzXK ~ eosk ftZu ns/ eosk, w[Zy eow
nkfd ftnkeofBe ;zpzXK ~ eosk s'I fJbktk j'o (r"D) ftnkeofBe ;zpzXK ftZu pdb
fdzdk j?.
10H T[so-u"w;eh gfog/y
;w[Zu/ s'o s/ fejk ik ;edk j? fe u"w;eh s'I pknd, ;pzXeh ftnkeoB,
tke nfXn?B eoB bJh fJe BthI nzso-fdqFNh ns/ gj[zu ftXh g/F eodk j?. fJ; GkFk
nfXn?B wkvb ~ o[gKsoh f;oiBkswe ftnkeoB dk g{oe wkvb wzBDk jh :'r j? feT[Ife
fJj, u"w;eh d[nkok nDfvZm ehs/ rJ/ tke-sZEK ~ jh nkgD/ nfXn?B dk nkXko pDkT[Idk
j?. go fJE/ fJj rZb efjDh th nB[fus BjhI ikgdh fe fJ; GkFk nfXn?B wkvb dk
GftZy th u"w;eh-ftnkeoB d/ w[ekpb/ s/ jh fBoGo eodk j?. u"w;eh-ftnkeoB nkgD/
F[o{ s'I b? e/ j[D sZe ;ztkd dh ;fEsh ftZu'I r[}fonk j?. f;ZN/ ti'I fJ; B/ pj[s ;ko/
g?o'eko th g?dk ehs/ jB ns/ w[ekpbsB tZX gqGkth ns/ wep{b th j'fJnk j?. fJ; gZy'I
;pzXeh ftnkeoB dh ;fEsh s;ZbhpyaF BjhI j?. Gkt/ 150 d/ bZrgr GkFk ftfrnkBhnK B/
fJ; GkFk-f;XKs pko/ fbfynk j? ns/ fJ; dh ;wZroh gqwZ[y y'i-gZfsqektK ftZu Sg u[Zeh j?
go fco th u"w;eh d/ Bt/I f;XKs (ihHphH f;XKs) ftZu ftdtkBK dh fdbu;gh tZX ojh
j?. fJ; bJh ;pzXeh ftnkeoB ~ th j'o ftef;s eoB dh b'V j? sK fe fJj w[ekpb/
d/ w[Zy wkvbK d/ jkD dk j' ;e/. fco th fejk ik ;edk j? fe tke nfXn?B dk T[sou"w;eh
gfog/y fe;/ GkFk d/ tkeK dk ftDFb/FD rfjokJh ftZu ik e/, eoB d/ ;woZE
j?.
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