Historical Tripos, Part I Paper 17 European History 1715-1890

Historical Tripos, Part I
Paper 17 European History 1715-1890
1. The old regime versus modernisation
2. Europe and Its Seas
3. Revolutions
4. Geo-Politics and the primacy of foreign policy
5. Crime and punishment
6. Proto-industrialisation and the industrial revolution
7. Religion and society in eighteenth-century Europe
8. The Enlightenment
9. Consumption and Material Culture in Old-Regime France
10. Women and Gender in the eighteenth century
11. Cultures of Knowledge
12. Enlightened absolutism
13. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe
14. Regionalism and the rise of the national economy
15. Russia and the West in the eighteenth century
16. The breakdown of the old regime in France
17. French Revolutionary Politics 1789-99
18. The Global Impact of the French Revolution
19. Napoleonic Empire
20. Romanticism
21. The Vienna Settlement and Metternich's Europe
22. The peasant world in nineteenth-century Europe
23. Nationalism and political culture in Southern Europe
24. Realism
25. Women and gender in nineteenth-century Europe
26. The revolutions of 1848-9
27. Europe after 1848
28. The French Second Empire
29. Italian and German Unification
30. Mass media and the transformation of the public sphere
31. Church and State in nineteenth-century Europe
32. Russia and the West in the nineteenth century

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Europe changed more radically than in
any earlier period. That is revealed by the frequent use of the word "revolution" to
describe some of its major events - The French Revolution, the Revolutions of 1848, the
romantic revolution and the industrial revolution. The roots of another great revolution -
the Russian Revolution of 1917 - stretch back deep into the nineteenth century. Other
changes such as the ‘disenchantment of the world’ by the Enlightenment, the
transformation of the role and position of women, the urbanisation of European society,
the rise and fall of Napoleon or the unification of Italy and Germany, were of comparable
scale and importance. Virtually all the movements which formed the modern world -
secularism, liberalism, Marxism, democracy, romanticism, conservatism, modernism,
anarchism, terrorism (to mention just a few) were creations of the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries. No proper understanding of the world in which we live can be
achieved without knowledge and understanding of these dramatic times. Always one of
the most successful and popular papers in the Tripos, Paper 17 has been restructured to
provide students with a course of lectures which:
• is coherent in conception
• is comprehensive but concise in coverage
• combines both chronological and conceptual approaches
• is closely related to the examination paper
• is integrated with College supervision
The following reading list covers the main topics of Paper 17 on which questions may be set
in the exam. It is not meant to be comprehensive, even in English-language material. On the
other hand, you are not expected to read every item on the list! Supervisors will often propose
their own emphases and alternative readings, and lecturers may hand out more specialized
reading lists at their lectures.
Works which will help you to get a sense of the period and may be read in preparation include:
T.C.W. Blanning (ed.), The Short Oxford History of Europe: The eighteenth century (2000)
and The nineteenth century (2000)
T.C.W. Blanning (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern Europe (1997)
T.C.W. Blanning. The Pursuit of Glory: Europe 1648-1815 (London, 2007)
William Doyle, The Old European Order, 2 nd ed. (1992)
Jonathan Sperber, Revolutionary Europe 1780-1850 (London, 2000)
Norman Stone, Europe transformed 1878-1919, 2 nd ed. (Oxford, 1999)
Please tell your lecturers or your supervisor any suggestions you want to make.
Chris Clark, Convenor of Part I Paper 17
cmc11@cam.ac.uk
September 2010
2

1 The old regime versus modernisation
William Doyle, The Ancien Régime (London, 1986)
T.C.W. Blanning, The culture of power and the power of culture. Old regime Europe 1660-
1789 (Oxford, 2002)
Quentin Skinner, ‘The state’, in Terence Ball, James Farr and Russell L. Hanson (eds.),
Political innovation and conceptual change (Cambridge, 1989)
C.E. Black, The dynamics of modernisation. A study in comparative history (New York,
1966)
Ernest Gellner, Nations and nationalism (Oxford, 1983)
Benedict Anderson, Imagined communities. Reflections on the origins and spread of
nationalism, revised edition (London, and New York, 1991)
Adrian Hastings, The construction of nationhood. Ethnicity, religion and nationalism
(Cambridge, 1997)
T.C.W. Blanning, The Pursuit of Glory: Europe, 1648-1815 (London, 2007)
C.B.A. Behrens, ‘Government and society’, in E. Rich and C. Wilson (eds.), The Cambridge
Economic History of Europe, vol. V (1977).
Olwen Hufton, Europe: Privilege and Protest 1730-1789 (1980), Chapters 1-2
H.M. Scott (ed.), The European nobilities in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries 2 vols
(1995)
Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions 1848-1852 (1994), Chapters 1-2.
EJ. Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution, esp. Chapter 8
E.J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital, esp. Chapter 10
Arno J. Mayer, The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War (1981), esp.
Chapter 2
David Blackbourn and Geoff Eley, The Peculiarities of German History (1984)
Richard J. Evans, Rethinking German History (1987), Chapter 3
Jerome Blum, The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe (1978).
Richard J. Evans and W.R. Lee (eds.), The German Peasantry (1986)
Robert Moeller (ed), Peasants and Lords in Modern German History (1987)
Hans Rosenberg. ‘The Pseudodemocratisation of the Junker Class’, in Georg Iggers (ed.), The
Social History of Politics (1985)
Hans Rogger, Russia in the Age of Modernisation and Revolution
W.S. Vucinjch (ed.), The Peasant in 19th-century Russia (1968)
Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen (1977)
Roger Price, A Social History of Nineteenth-Century France (1987) Chapter 5
Roger Magraw, France 1815-1914. The Bourgeois Century, Chapter 9
Lucy Riall, The Italian Risorgimento: State, society and national unification (1994),
Chapter 3
Adrian Shubert, A Social History of Modern Spain (1990), Chapter 2
2 Eighteenth-Century Europe and Its Seas
Jan Glete, ‘Europe and the Sea’, in ed. Peter H. Wilson A companion to eighteenth-century
Europe (Oxford, 2008)
Jan Glete, Navies and Nations: Warships, Navies, and State Building in Europe and America,
1500-1860, 2 vols. (1993)
Francois Luc, The sea in European history (2001)
Martin W Lewis and Karen Wigen, The myth of continents (1997), Intro and Chap 1.
J. G. A. Pocock, ‘What do we mean by Europe?’, The Wilson Quarterly, 21 (1997)
W. H. Parker, ‘Europe: How Far?’, The Geographical Journal, 126 (1960)
3

Paul Butel, The Atlantic (1999), chaps. 4,5,6.
David Kirby, Northern Europe in the Early Modern Period – The Baltic World 1592-1772
(1990)
David Kirby, The Baltic World 1772 – 1993 – Europe’s Northern Periphery in an Age of
Change (1995)
D. Omrod, The Rise of Commercial Empires: England and the Netherlands in the Age of
Mercantilism, 1650-1770 (Cambridge, 2003).
Richard Drayton, ‘The globalisation of France: Provincial cities and French expansion c.
1500-1800’, History of European Ideas, vol. 34 (2008).
Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson and James Robinson, ‘The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade,
Institutional Change, and Economic Growth, The American Economic Review, 95 (2005)
N. Saul, Russia and the Mediterranean, 1797-1807 (Chicago, 1970)
David Abulafia, The Mediterranean in history (London, 2003)
Kirby, and Hinkkanen, The Baltic and the North Seas (London 2000)
F. Tabak, The Waning of the Mediterranean 1550-1860 (2008)
Carla Rahn Phillips, ‘Europe and the Atlantic’, in Jack P. Greene and Philip D. Morgan (eds)
Atlantic History A Critical Appraisal (OUP, 2009)
3 Revolutions
Jonathan Sperber, Revolutionary Europe, 1780-1850. Harlow: Longman, 2000
Roy Porter and Mikuláş Teich, eds., Revolution in History. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1986
Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848-1851. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1994
Dieter Dowe, et al., eds., Europe in 1848: Revolution and Reform. New York: Berghahn
Books, 2001
Peter Browning, Revolutions and Nationalities: Europe, 1825-90. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2000
E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution 1789-1848. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962
Albert Boime, Art in an Age of Counter-Revolution, 1815-1848. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2004, especially the chapters on the July Revolution
Elizabeth C. Childs, “The Body Impolitic: Press Censorship and the Caricature of Honoré
Daumier”, in Dean de la Motte and Jeannene M. Przyblyski, eds., Making the News:
Modernity and the Mass Press in Nineteenth-Century France. Amherst: University of
Massachusetts Press, 1999, 43- 81
François Furet and Mona Ozouf, eds., The Transformation of Political Culture 1789-1848.
Oxford: Pergamon, 1989, 489-503
Paul Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics 1763-1848. Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1994
4 Geopolitics and the primacy of foreign policy
i. Primacy of foreign policy theory
Leopold von Ranke, ‘A dialogue on politics’, in Theodor von Laue, ed., Leopold von Ranke,
the formative years (1950)
Brendan Simms, The impact of Napoleon (1997), pp. 2-17
idem, ‘The return of the primacy of foreign policy’, German History, 21 (2003), pp. 275-291
Otto Hintze, The historical essays of Otto Hintze ed. Felix Gilbert (1975), intro, chs. 4 and 5
4

ii. Geopolitics theory
Otto Hintze, The historical essays of Otto Hintze ed. Felix Gilbert (1975), intro, chs. 4 and 5
Gearoid O’Tuathaigh, Simon Dalby and Paul Routledge, eds., The geopolitics reader (1998)
iii. Applications
Brendan Simms, The struggle for mastery in Germany, 1779-1859 (1998)
Michael Hochedlinger, ‘Whose afraid of the French Revolution? Austrian foreign policy and
the European crisis, 1787-1797’, German History, 21 (2003), pp. 293-318
Matthias Schulz, ‘A balancing act: domestic pressures and international systemic constraints
in the foreign policies of the great powers, 1848-1851’, German History, 21 (2003), pp. 319-
46
iv. Critiques
James J. Sheehan, ‘The primacy of domestic politics: Eckart Kehr’s essays on modern
German history’, Central European History, 1 (1968), pp. 166-74
Derek Beales and T.C.W. Blanning, ‘Prince Kaunitz and the primacy of domestic policy’,
International History Review, 2 (1980), pp. 618-24.
Thomas Ertman, Birth of the Leviathan (1997), introduction
The study of European history in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was traditionally
dominated by debates about foreign policy and the impact that it had on the evolution both of
the idea of ‘Great powers’ and the internal configuration of states themselves. As classically
stated by Ranke, the primacy of foreign policy has been the subject of intense debate in
intervening years. Criticised by left-leaning scholars, such as Eckart Kehr and Hans-Ulrich
Wehler, it has undergone a mini-revival in recent years. Understanding the general principles
from sections i and ii is an important precursor to assessing the validity of application as
illustrated in section iii and the criticisms levelled at these ideas found in section iv.
5 Crime and punishment
Philippe Ariès, The hour of our death (1981)
Philippe Ariès, Western attitudes toward death (1974) Laura Engelstein, The Keys to
Happiness: sex and the search for modernity in fin-de-siècle Russia (1992)
Richard Evans, Rituals of retribution: capital punishment in Germany, 1600-1987 (1996)
Arlette Farge, Fragile lives: violence, power and solidarity in eighteenth-century Paris
(1993)
Stephen Frank, Crime, cultural conflict, and justice in rural Russia, 1856-1914 (1999)
Thomas Kselman, Death and the afterlife in modern France (1993)
Adele Lindenmeyr, Poverty is not a vice: charity, society, and the state in imperial Russia
(1996)
John Merriman, The margins of city life: explorations on the French urban frontier, 1815-
1851 (1991)
Georges Minois, History of suicide: voluntary death in Western culture (1999)
Susan Morrissey, ‘Suicide and civilization in late imperial Russia’, in: Jahrbücher für
Geschichte Osteuropas 43 (1995) pp201-217
Susan K. Morrissey, Suicide and the Body Politic in Imperial Russia (Cambridge, 2006)
Joan Neuberger, Hooliganism: crime, culture, and power in St. Petersburg, 1900-1914
(1993)
William Pencak, ‘Foucault Stoned: Reconsidering insanity, and history’ in: Rethinking
History 1 (1997) pp34-55
Marc Raeff, The well-ordered police state: social and institutional change through law in the
Germanies and Russia, 1600-1800 (1983)
5

David Ransel, Mothers of misery: child abandonment in Russia (1988)
6 Proto-industrialisation
i. General reading
Ogilvie, S. and Cerman, M. (eds.), European Proto-industrialisation (1996)
Mager, W., ‘Proto-industrialization and proto-industry: the uses and drawbacks of two
concepts’, Continuity and Change, 8 (1993), pp.181-216Clarkson, L.A., Protoindustrialization:
the first phase of industrialization? (1985)
Coleman, D.C., ‘Proto-industrialization: a concept too many’, Economic History Review, 36,
3 (1983), pp. 435-48
Gullickson, G.L., ‘Agriculture and Cottage Industry: Redefining the Causes of Proto-
Industrialization’, The Journal of Economic History, 43, 4 (1983), pp.831-50
Kriedte, P., Medick, H., and Schlumbohm, J. (eds.), Industrialization before Industrialization:
rural industry in the genesis of Capitalism (1982)
Mendels, F., ‘Proto-industrialization, the first phase of the industrialization process’, Journal
of Economic History, 32, 1 (1972), pp.241-61
Houston, R. and Snell, K.D.M., ‘Proto-industrialization? Cottage Industry, Social Change and
Industrial Revolution’, Historical Journal, 27, 2 (1984)
ii. Case studies
Lewis, G., ‘Proto-Industrialization in France’, The Economic History Review, 47, 1 (1994),
pp.150-64
Cerman, M., ‘Proto-industrialization in an urban environment: Vienna, 1750-1857’,
Continuity and Change, 8 (1993), pp.281-320
Cento Bull, A., ‘Proto-Industrialization, Small-Scale Capital Accumulation and Diffused
Entrepreneurship. The case of the Brianza in Lombardy (1860-1950), Social History, 14, 2
(1989), pp.177-200
Isacson, M. and Magnusson, L., Proto-industrialization in Scandinavia (1987)
Melton, E., ‘Proto-Industrialization, Serf Agriculture and Agrarian Social Structure: Two
Estates in Nineteenth-Century Russia’, Past & Present, 115 (1987), pp.69-106
Rudolph, R.L., Agricultural Structure and Proto-Industrialization in Russia: Economic
Development with Unfree Labor’, The Journal of Economic History, 45, 1 (1985), pp.47-69
6

iii. Proto-industrialization and demographic changes
Marfany, J., ‘Choices and constraints: marriage and inheritance in eighteenth- and earlynineteenth-century
Catalonia’, Continuity and Change, 21, 1 (2006), pp.73-106
Kriedte, P., Medick, H., and Schlumbohm, J., ‘Proto-industrialization revisited: demography,
social structure, and modern domestic industry’, Continuity and Change, 8 (1993), pp.217-52
Hendrickx, F. M., ‘From weavers to workers: demographic implications of an economic
transformation in Twente (the Netherlands) in the nineteenth century’, Continuity and
Change, 8 (1993), pp.321-55.Gutmann, M., ‘Proto-industrialization and marriage ages in
eastern Belgium’, Annales de Démographie Historique (1987), pp. 143-72
Rudolph, R.L., ‘Family structure and proto-industrialization in Russia’, The Journal of
Economic History, 40, 1 (1980), pp.111-18
Braun, R., ‘Proto-industrialization and demographic changes in the Canton Zurich’, in
Charles Tilly (ed.), Historical Studies of changing fertility (1978)
Medick, H., ‘The Proto-Industrial Family Economy: The Structural Function of Household
and Family during the Transition from Peasant Society to Industrial Capitalism’, Social
History, 1, 3 (1976), pp.291-315
Mendels, F., ‘Industrialization and population pressure in eighteenth-century Flanders’
(dissertation abstract), Journal of Economic history, 31 (1971), pp.269-71
Proto-industrialisation, a concept that refers to the growth of regional rural industries
producing for external markets in the 17 th and 18 th centuries, has generated several theories
discussing its connections with industrialisation, demographic change, and the transition to
capitalism. Section i. explores such theories and their critics. The debate should be
complemented by empirical evidence provided by a wide range of studies for several
European regions (section ii). Finally, section iii focuses on the specific links between protoindustrialization
and demographic change.
7 Religion and society in eighteenth-century Europe
W.R. Ward, Christianity under the ancien régime, 1648-1789 (Cambridge, 1999)
R. Po-Chia Hsia, The world of Catholic renewal 1540-1 770 (Cambridge, 1998)
W.R. Ward, The Protestant Evangelical Awakening (1985)
J. McManners, Church and Society in 18th-Century France (1998)
J. McManners, Death and Enlightenment (1985)
R. Gawthrop, Pietism and the Making of 18th-Century Prussia (1993)
H. McLeod, Religion and the People of Western Europe (1981)
T.C.W. Blanning, ‘The Role of Religion in Counter-Revolution 1789-1815’ in D.E.D. Beales
and G. Best (eds.), History, Society and the Churches (1985)
H. McLeod, Piety and Poverty. Working-Class Religion in Berlin (1996)
H. McLeod (ed.), European Religion in the Age of the Great Cities (1995)
J. McManners, Church and State in France 1870-1914 (1972)
Nigel Aston (ed.), Religious Change in Europe 1650-1914 (1997)
Nigel Aston, Christianity and Revolutionary Europe, c.1750-1830 (2002)
Nigel Aston, Art and Religion in Eighteenth-Century Europe (London, 2009)
Owen Chadwick, The Secularisation of the European Mind (reissue: 1990)
H. McLeod, Secularisation in Western Europe, 1848-1914 (2000)
Michael Schaich (ed.), Monarchy and Religion: The Transformation of Royal Culture in
Eighteenth-Century Europe (Oxford, 2007)
Michael Burleigh, Earthly Powers: religion and politics in Europe from the French
revolution to the Great War (London, 2006)
Michael J. Sauter, Visions of the Enlightenment : the Edict on Religion of 1788 and the
politics of the public sphere in eighteenth-century Prussia (Leiden, 2009)
7

Christopher Clark and Wolfram Kaiser, Culture Wars. Catholic-Secular Conflict in
Nineteenth-Century Europe (Cambridge, 2003)
Owen Chadwick, A History of the Popes 1830-1914 (Oxford, 1998)
8 The Enlightenment
Dorinda Outram, The Enlightenment, 2 nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2005.
Robert Darnton, George Washington’s False Teeth: An Unconventional Guide to the
Eighteenth Century. New York: W. W. Norton, 2003
Michel Foucault, “What is Enlightenment?”, in Paul Rabinow, ed., The Foucault Reader: An
Introduction to Foucault’s Thought, London: Penguin, 1991, pp. 32-50
Roy Porter and Mikuláş Teich, eds., The Enlightenment in National Context, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1981
Richard Butterwick et al., eds., Peripheries of the Enlightenment. Oxford: Voltaire
Foundation, 2008
Charles Withers, Placing the Enlightenment, Chicago and London: University of Chicago
Press, 2007, especially introduction
L. W. B. Brockliss, Calvet’s Web: Enlightenment and the Republic of Letters in Eighteenth-
Century France. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Introduction
Jonathan Israel, Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650-1750.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001
Margaret C. Jacob, Living the Enlightenment: Freemasonry and Politics in Eighteenth-
Century Europe. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Margaret C. Jacob, The Enlightenment: A Brief History with Documents. Boston: Bedford /
St. Martin’s, 2001.
John Yolton et al., ed., The Blackwell Companion to the Enlightenment, Oxford: Blackwell,
1991
Paul Hyland, ed., The Enlightenment: a sourcebook and reader. London and New York:
Routledge, 2003. Extracts from primary sources.
9 Consumption and Material Culture in Old-Regime France
Hellman, Mimi, ‘Furniture, sociability, and the work of leisure in
eighteenth-century France,’ Eighteenth-century Studies 32 (1999): 415-45.
Berg, Maxine, and Elizabeth Eger, ed. Luxury in the Eighteenth Century:
Debates, Desires and Delectable Goods. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003,
especially introduction
Roche, Daniel. A History of Everyday Things: The Birth of Consumption in
France, 1600-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000
Pardailhe-Galabrun, Annick. The Birth of Intimacy: Privacy and Domestic Life in
Early Modern Paris. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991
Fairchilds, Cissie. “The Production and Marketing of Populuxe Goods in
Eighteenth-Century Paris”. In John Brewer and Roy Porter, ed., Consumption and
the World of Goods. London and New York: Routledge, 1992, pp. 228-248
Ribeiro, Aileen. The Art of Dress: Fashion in England and France, 1750 to 1820.
New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995
Spang, Rebecca Lee. The Invention of the Restaurant: Paris and Modern
Gastronomic Culture. Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press,
2000
8

Pennell, Sara. “Consumption and Consumerism in Early Modern England”.
Historical Journal 42.2 (1999): 549-564
Breen, T.H. “’Baubles of Britain’: The American and Consumer Revolutions of the
Eighteenth Century”. Past and Present 119 (1988): 73-104
10 Women and gender in the eighteenth century
i. General reading and primary sources
Seidman Trouille, M., Sexual Politics in the Enlightenment: Women Writers Read Rousseau
(1997)
Hufton, O., The Prospect Before Her: a history of women in Western Europe,
1500-1800 (1995)
Fraisse, G. (ed.), A History of Women in the West. Vol IV, Emerging Feminism from
Revolution to World War (1995)
Wiesner, M., Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe (1993)
Zemon Davis, N. (ed.), A History of Women in the West. Vol III, Renaissance and The
Enlightenment Paradoxes (1993)
Smith, B., Changing Lives: Women in European History since 1700 (1989)
Bridenthal, R., Koonz, S. and Stuard, S.M. (eds.), Becoming Visible. Women in European
History (1987)
Bell, S., and Offen, K. (eds.), Women, the Family & Freedom: the debate in documents,
(1983), vol.1 - 1750-1880.
Rousseau, J.J., Émile, or On Education [original in French, first ed. 1762]
ii. The Enlightenment and the French Revolution
LaVopa, A., ‘Women, gender, and the Enlightenment: a historical turn’, The Journal of
Modern History, 80, 2 (2008)
Taylor, B., and Knott, S. (eds.), Women, gender and Enlightenment (2005)
Bolufer, M. and Morant, I., ‘On women's reason, education and love. Women and Men of the
Enlightenment in Spain and France’, Gender and History, 10, 2 (1998), pp. 183-216
Zemon Davies, N., and Farge, A., (eds.) Renaissance and Enlightenment Paradoxes, (1992)
Hufton, O., Women and the Limits of Citizenship in the French Revolution, (1992)
Goodman, D., ‘The Enlightenment Salons: the convergence of female and philosophic
ambitions’, Eighteenth-Century Studies, 22 (1989), 329-50.
Landes, J., Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution (1989)
Godineau, D., The Women of Paris and their French Revolution (1998, original in French
published in 1988)
Rosenfield, L.C., ‘The Rights of Women in the French Revolution’, Studies in Eighteenth
Century Culture, 17 (1987), pp.117-38.
Tomaselli, S., ‘The Enlightenment debate on women’, History Workshop Journal, 20,1
(1985), pp.101-24.
Levy, D. et al (eds.), Women in Revolutionary Paris, 1789-1795 (1979)
Abray, J., ‘Feminism in the French Revolution’, American Historical Review, 80,1 (1975),
pp.43-62
iii. Society, work and the family
Simonton, D., A History of European Women’s Work 1700 to the Present (1998)
Hull, I.V., Sexuality, State, and Civil Society in Germany, 1700-1815 (1996)
Honeyman, K., and Goodman, J., ‘Women’s work, gender conflict and labour markets
in Europe, 1500-1900’, Economic History Review, 44, 4 (1991), pp.608-28
Conner, S.P. ‘Politics, Prostitution, and the Pox in Revolutionary Paris, 1789-1799’, Journal
of Social history, 22, 4 (1989), pp.714-34
9

Gullickson, Gay, Spinners and Weavers of Auffay: Rural industry and the Sexual Division of
Labour in a French Village, 1750-1850 (1986)
Hufton, O., ‘Women without men: widows and spinsters in Britain and France in the
C18th’, Journal of Family History, 9, 4 (1984), pp.355-76
In the eighteenth century, changes in the nature of political thought and education radically
changed the lives of men, but did they also change the lives of women? Section i. explores the
role of women in eighteenth-century Europe; the increasing interest in elaborating the
differences between the sexes; and the ways in which women’s opportunities were at some times
expanded and at others constrained. Section ii. considers the impact of two important
developments –the Enlightenment and the French Revolution- on the rights and duties of
women: did they change women’s status? How did the new philosophical discourse change
women’s behaviour? Did the new political order offer opportunities for women’s involvement in
the public sphere and politics? Section iii. looks at women as workers in the decades prior to
industrialisation, and should serve as a key comparative background to the more dramatic
changes witnessed during the nineteenth century.
11 Cultures of Knowledge
John Sweetman, The Enlightenment and the Age of Revolution 1700-1850. London:
Longman, 1998
James van Horn Melton, The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2001
Robert Goldstein, Political Censorship of the Arts and the Press in Nineteenth-century
Europe. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1989
Peter J. Bowler and Iwan Rhys Morus, Making Modern Science: A Historical Survey,
Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2005
Richard Yeo, Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001
Andrew Cunningham and Nicholas Jardine, eds., Romanticism and the Sciences. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1990
William F. Bynum, History of Medicine: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008
N. Jardine, J. A. Secord and E. C. Spary, eds., Cultures of Natural History, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1996
Madeleine Pinault, The Painter as Naturalist from Dürer to Redouté, Paris: Flammarion,
1991
R.C. Olby et al., eds., A Companion to the History of Modern Science. London: Routledge
1990
12 Enlightened absolutism
H.M. Scott (ed.), Enlightened absolutism: reform and reformers in later eighteenth-century
Europe (Basingstoke, 1990).
Christopher Clark, Iron Kingdom. The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947 (London,
2006)
Peter Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire 1495-1806 Basingstoke, 1999)
Peter Wilson, From Reich to Revolution: German history 1558-1806 (Basingstoke, 2004)
T.C.W. Blanning, Joseph II (London, 1994).
T.C.W. Blanning, Reform and revolution in Mainz, 1743-1803 (Cambridge, 1974).
10

Derek Beales, Joseph II, Vol. I: In the shadow of Maria Theresa, 1741-1780 (Cambridge,
1987).
C.B.A. Behrens, 'Society, government and the Enlightenment : the experiences of
eighteenth-century France and Prussia' (London, 1985).
C.W. Ingrao, The Habsburg monarchy, 1618-1815, 2 nd edn (Cambridge, 2000).
Marc Raeff, The Well-Ordered Police State. Social and Institutional Change through Law in
the Germanies and Russia, 1600-1800 (New York and London, 1983).
James J. Sheehan, German history 1770-1866 (Oxford, 1989), Part I.
Isabel de Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (New Haven and London
1981).
Richard Herr, The Eighteenth Century Revolution in Spain (Princeton, 1958)
Kenneth Maxwell, Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1995)
Franco Venturi, Utopia and reform in the Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1971).
Franco Venturi, Italy and the Enlightenment: studies in a cosmopolitan century, tr. S. Corsi
(London, 1972).
A. Lentin (ed.), Enlightened absolutism (1760-1790) : a documentary sourcebook
(Newcastle, 1985).
F. Meinecke, Machiavellism: the doctrine of raison d'état and its place in modern history, tr.
D. Scott (New Haven, 1957). (See essay on Frederick the Great.)
13 The struggle for mastery in Europe, 1715-1792
i. General overviews (entire period)
Derek McKay and H.M. Scott, The rise of the great powers, 1648-1815 (1983)
H.M. Scott, The birth of a great power system (2005), chs 1-8
Andrew C. Thompson ‘Diplomacy and the great powers’ in Peter Wilson, ed., A companion
to C18 Europe (2008)
T.C.W. Blanning, The culture of power and the power of culture (2002)
Chris Clark, Iron Kingdom (2006)
D. Showalter, The wars of Frederick the Great (1996)
Theodor Schieder, Frederick the Great (2000)
Peter Wilson, German armies (1998)
Peter Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire (1999)
Michael Hochedlinger, Austria’s wars of emergence (2003)
Christopher Duffy, Russia’s military way to the west (1981)
International History Review, 16 (1994)
ii. Earlier eighteenth century
M.S. Anderson, The war of the Austrian succession (1995)
Walther Mediger, ‘Great Britain, Hanover and the rise of Prussia’, in R.M. Hatton and M.S.
Hatton, eds., Studies in diplomatic history (1970)
Franz A.J. Szabo, The Seven years war in Europe, 1756-1763 (2008)
Matt Schumann and Karl Schweizer, The Seven years war: a transatlantic history (2008)
iii. Later eighteenth century
Paul Schroeder, The transformation of European politics, 1763-1848 (1994)
T.C.W. Blanning, The origins of the French revolutionary wars (1986)
T.C.W. Blanning, The French revolutionary wars (1996)
T.C.W. Blanning, Joseph II (1994)
The course of international relations in the eighteenth century can often seem complicated
11

and uncertain. Most works adopt an essentially narrative approach to the various wars and
changing alliance systems. The framework of events can be easily garnered from these.
However, the more interesting questions turn around the sources of conflict and the changing
nature of the international system. How stable was the eighteenth-century international
system? Did balance of power ideas limit or promote conflict between the powers? What
impact did the rise of Russian and Prussia have on the existing powers? Paul Schroeder is
sceptical about balance of power ideas but his views should be contrasted with the essays in
the special issue of International History Review, 16 (1994), produced to mark the
publication of The transformation of European politics. The lecture concentrates less on
events and more on understanding the international system of the period.
14 Regionalism and the rise of the national economy
i. General reading and primary sources
Sylla, R., and Toniolo, G., Patterns of European Industrialization: The Nineteenth Century
(1993)
Pollard, S., Peaceful Conquest. The industrialization of Europe, 1760-1970 (1981)
Mathias, P. and Pollard, S. (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of Europe. Vol VIII: The
industrial economies: the development of economic and social policies (1989) [selected
chapters]
Gerschenkron, A., Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (1962)
Kuznets, S., ‘The State as a Unit in the Study of Economic Growth’, Journal of Economic
History, 11 (1951)
List, F., The National System of Political Economy (published in German in 1841)
ii. Regions
Bairoch, P. and Lévy-Leboyer (eds), Regional and International Disparities in Economic
Development Since the Industrial Revolution (1981)
Tipton, F.B., Regional variations in the economic development of Germany during the
nineteenth century (1976)
Eckaus, R.S., ‘The north-south differential in Italian economic development’, Journal of
Economic History, 21 (1961)
Clough, S.B., and Livi, C., ‘Economic growth in Italy. An analysis of the uneven
development of North and South’, Journal of Economic History, 16 (1956)
iii. The national economy
Pierenkempler, T., and Tilly, R.H., The German Economy during the Nineteenth Century
(2004)
Eddie, S., ‘Economic policy and economic development in Austria-Hungary, 1867-1913’, in
The Cambridge Economic history of Europe (1989), vol. VIII, pp.814-86.
Sánchez-Albornoz, C., The economic modernization of Spain, 1830-1930 (1987)
Gattrell, P.W., The Tsarist Economy, 1850-1917 (1986)
Lee, W.R., ‘Economic Development and the State in nineteenth-century Germany’,
Economic History Review, 41, 3 (1988), pp.346-67.
Kahan, A., ‘Nineteenth century European experience with policies of economic nationalism’,
in Johnson, H.G. (ed.), Economic Nationalism in Old and New States (1967)
Freudenberger, H., ‘State intervention as an obstacle to economic growth in the Habsburg
Monarchy’, Journal of economic History, 27 (1967), pp.493-509.
Industrialisation in the nineteenth century can be seen as a regional phenomenon: poles of
development coexisted with poles of backwardness in nearly every European country. And
yet the nineteenth century also witnessed the rise of the national economy as a central
12

political economy concern, coupled with increasing state intervention to manage and improve
economic conditions. This session explores these two lines of development. Section ii.
focuses on regionalism and duality within countries, and section iii. explores different forms
of state intervention and their consequences for economic growth.
15 Russia and the West in the eighteenth century
John T. Alexander: Catherine the Great. Life and Legend (Oxford 1989)
Isaiah Berlin: Russian Thinkers (New York 1978)
Julie Buckler: Mapping St.Petersburg: Imperial Text and Cityshape (Princeton 2005)
James Cracraft: The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture (Chicago, London 1988)
James Cracraft: The Petrine Revolution in Russian Culture (Cambridge/Mass. 2004)
Lindsey Hughes: Russia in the Age of Peter the Great (New Haven, London 1998)
Hans Lemberg: Die nationale Gedankenwelt der Dekabristen (Köln, Graz 1963)
Iurii Lotman: The Semiotics of Russian Cultural History (Ithaca 1985)
Isabel de Madariaga: Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (London 1981)
Martin Malia: Alexander Herzen and the Birth of Russian Socialism (Cambridge/Mass. 1961)
Anatole G. Mazour: The First Russian Revolution, 1825. The Decembrist Movement. 2. ed.
(Stanford 1961)
Catriona Kelly and David Shepherd (eds.) Constructing Russian Culture in the Age of
Revolution: 1881-1940 (Oxford 1998)
Marc Raeff: The Decembrist Movement (Englewood Cliffs 1966)
Marc Raeff: Origins of the Russian Intelligentsia. The Eighteenth-Century Nobility (New
York 1966)
Nicholas V. Riasanovsky: Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825-1855 (Berkeley
et al.1959)
Hans Rogger: National Consciousness in Eighteenth-Century Russia (Cambridge/Mass.
1960)
Theofanis Stavrou (ed.): Art and Culture in Nineteenth-Century Russia (Bloomington 1983)
Franco Venturi: Roots of Revolution (London 1961)
Andrzej Walicki: A History of Russian Thought. From the Enlightenment to Marxism
(Stanford 1979)
Andrzej Walicki: The Slavophile Controversy. History of a Conservative Utopia in
Nineteenth-Century Russian Thought (Oxford 1975)
Richard Wortman: Scenarios of Power. Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, 2 vols.
(Princeton 1995/2000)
16 The breakdown of the old regime in France
William Beik, A Social and Cultural History of Early Modern France. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2009
Keith Michael Baker, Inventing the French Revolution: Essays on French Political Culture in
the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990
Colin Jones, The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon. London: Penguin, 2003,
Chapters 5-8
Daniel Roche, France in the Enlightenment. Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard
University Press, 1998
Roger Chartier, The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution. Durham and London: Duke
University Press, 1991
French Caricature and the French Revolution, 1789-1799. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1988
13

Henry C. Clark, Compass of society: commerce and absolutism in old-regime France. 2007.
560:6.c.200.26 NF4
John F. Bosher, French Finances 1770-1795: From Business to Bureaucracy. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1970
Guy Chaussinand-Nogaret, The French Nobility in the Eighteenth Century: From Feudalism
to Enlightenment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985
John Shovlin, The Political Economy of Virtue: Luxury, Patriotism, and the Origins of the
French Revolution. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2006
Sarah Maza, The Myth of the French Bourgeoisie: An Essay on the Social Imaginary 1750-
1850. Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 2003
17 French Revolutionary politics
William Doyle, The French Revolution: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2001
Peter McPhee, Living the French Revolution, 1789-99. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan,
2006
Jack R. Censer and Lynn Hunt, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French
Revolution. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001
Paul R. Hanson, Contesting the French Revolution. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009
Alan Forrest and Peter Jones, eds., Reshaping France: Town, Country and Region During the
French Revolution. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1991
Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. London: Penguin, 1996
Noel Parker, Portrayals of Revolution: Images, Debates and Patterns of Thought on the
French Revolution. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990
Emmet Kennedy, A Cultural History of the French Revolution. New Haven and London:
Yale University Press, 1989
Colin Jones, ed., The Longman Companion to the French Revolution. London: Longman,
1999
Philip G. Dwyer and Peter McPhee, eds., The French Revolution and Napoleon: A
Sourcebook. 2002
18 The Global Impact of the French Revolution
Robert Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution (2 vols) (1964)
Hobsbawn, The Age of Revolutions (1973)
Paul W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848 (1994), Part I.
David Armitage and Sanjay Subrahmanyam (eds) The Age of Revolutions in Global Context,
c. 1760 – 1840 (2010)
Wim Klooster, Revolutions in the Atlantic World – A comparative History (2009)
Albertone and De Francesco (eds), Rethinking the Atlantic World – Europe and America in
the Age of Democratic Revolutions (2009), chaps. 11, 12, 13, 14.
Bailey Stone, Reinterpreting the French Revolution A global-historical perspective (2002)
T.C.W. Blanning, The French Revolutionary Wars, 1782-1802 (London, 1996)
Henrik Horstbøll and Uffe Østergård, ‘Reform and Revolution – The French Revolution and
the Case of Denmark’, Scandinavian Journal of History (1990), pp. 155-179.
Jonathan Sperber, Revolutionary Europe, 1780-1850 (2000), chaps 3 and 9.
Joseph Klaits and Michael H. Haltzel (eds), The Global Ramifications of the French
Revolution (CUP, 1994)
Marcel Dorigny (ed), The Abolitions of Slavery from L. F. Sonthonax to Victor Schoelcher,
1793, 1794, 1848 (UNESCO, 2003), Part III.
14

Laurent Dubois and John. D. Garrigus, Slave Revolution in the Caribbean 1789-1804 (2006),
particularly Part I.
T.C.W. Blanning, Reform and revolution in Mainz 1743-1803 (Cambridge, 1974) Part 3
‘Germany and the French Revolution’
T.C.W. Blanning, The French Revolution in Germany. Occupation and resistance in the
Rhineland 1792-1802 (Oxford, 1983) Conclusion ‘Occupation and resistance in Europe in the
1790s’
M. Meriggi, ‘Italy’, in O. Dann and J. Dinwiddy (eds), Nationalism in the Age of the French
Revolution (1988), 199-212.
Nigel Aston, Christianity and Revolutionary Europe, c. 1750-1830 (2002)
19 The Napoleonic Empire
Geoffrey Ellis, The Napoleonic Empire, 2 nd edition. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2003
Alexander Grab, Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe. Houndmills, Basingstoke:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2003
Philip G. Dwyer, ed., Napoleon and Europe. Harlow: Longman, 2001
Howard G. Brown and Judith A. Miller, eds., Taking Liberties: Problems of a New Order
from the FR to Napoleon. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002
Martyn Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution. Basingstoke:
Macmillan, 1994
Alan Forrest and Peter H. Wilson, eds., The Bee and the Eagle: Napoleonic France and the
End of the Holy Roman Empire, 1806. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008
Charles Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars. An international history, 1803-1815. London: Penguin,
2007
Donald Sutherland, The French Revolution and Empire: The Quest for a Civic Order.
Oxford: Blackwell, 2003
Rafe Blaufarb, Napoleon: Symbol for an Age. A Brief History with Documents. Boston: St.
Martins, 2008
15

20 Romanticism
There are endless possibilities to explore the topic of Romanticism, focusing on the
theoretical surveys about the movement, its manifestations in literature, politics, social and
economic thought, art and music, to name a few. The readings suggested here offer a broad
spectrum of texts on various aspects of Romanticism in different European nation-states. The
German and French cases are better known in the Anglophone world, but cases such as the
Spanish, Italian, Greek and Russian should also be approached by students endeavouring to
expand their knowledge of the topic. It is also essential to understand Romanticism that the
student browses through the readings for the topics of the Congress of Vienna and
Restoration and 1848 Revolutions.
Theoretical Approaches
T.C.W. Blanning, ‘The commercialisation and sacralisation of culture’, in T.C.W. Blanning
(ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern Europe
D.G. Charlton (ed.), The French romantics (1984). 2 volumes. Vol 1 (especially both articles
by Charlton); Vol 2 (especially articles by Johnson, Vaughan and MacDonald).
H. Honour, Romanticism (1981), especially Introduction and chapters 1, 2, 5 and 6.
D. A. Keiser, Romanticism, aesthetics and nationalism (CUP, 1999), Introduction, Chapter 1.
A. Lovejoy, “The meaning of romanticism for the historian of ideas,” Journal of the History
of Ideas 2, no. 3 (June 1941), 257-78. JSTOR
A. Menhennet, The Romantic Movement (1981).
T. Nipperdey, ‘In search of identity: romantic nationalism’, in J.C. Eade (ed.), Romantic
nationalism in Europe (1983), pp. 1-15.
On Literature, Art and Music
G. Abraham (ed), Romanticism (1830-1890) (OUP, 1990) [on music], especially chapters 1
(by Abraham) and 3 (by Charlton).
N. Athanassoglou-Kallmyer, “Romanticism: Breaking the Canon”, Art Journal, Vol. 52, No.
2, Romanticism (Summer, 1993), pp. 18-21. JSTOR.
F. Barricelli, ‘Il Concicliatore and Music: a Case of Romantic Oversight’, in L. Peer (ed),
Romanticism across the disciplines (OUP, 1998), pp. 41-53.
A. Ringer (ed.), The early romantic era. Between revolutions: 1789 and 1848 (London,
1990) [on music].
G. Tomlinson, “Italian Romanticism and Italian Opera: An Essay in Their Affinities”, 19th-
Century Music, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Summer, 1986), pp. 43-60. JSTOR.
On Social and Political Romanticisms
F. C. Beiser (ed.), The Early Political Writings of the German Romantics, (Cambridge, 1996),
especially Novalis’s Pollen and Christianity or Europe, and Schlegel’s Athenaeum
Fragments.
I. Gross, The Scar of Revolution. Custine, Tocqueville, and the Romantic Imagination
(Berkeley, 1991).
D. O. Evans, Social Romanticism in France, 1830-1848 (Oxford, 1951).
J. C. Isbell, Birth of European romanticism : truth and propaganda in Staël's 'De
l'Allemagne', 1810-1813 (1995).
739:42.c.95.120 North Wing, Floor 3
E. N. Schamber, Artist as politician: the relationship between the art and the politics of the
French romantics (1984).
W. Veit, ‘Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Romantic Nationalism’, in J. C. Eade (ed), Romantic
nationalism in Europe (1983), pp. 151-64.
16

On Science and Nature
M. Dettelbach, “Alexander von Humboldt between Enlightenment and Romanticism”,
Northeastern Naturalist, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 9-20. JSTOR.
T. Fulford, Romanticism and Science, 1773-1833 (Rutledge, 2002). Introduction.
D. Mosley, ‘Wandering as topic and trope in early 19th century German Culture’, L. Peer
(ed), Romanticism across the disciplines (OUP, 1998), pp. 57-66.
On Specific National Contexts
S. Bann, ‘Romanticism in France’, in R. Porter and M. Teich (eds.), Romanticism in National
Context (1988), pp. 240-59.
R. Beaton, ‘Romanticism in Greece’, in R. Porter and M. Teich (eds.), Romanticism in
National Context (1988), pp. 92-109.
D. Von Engelhardt, ‘Romanticism in Germany’, in R. Porter and M. Teich (eds.),
Romanticism in National Context (1988), pp. 109-133.
S. Kirkpatrick, ‘Romanticism in Spain’, in R. Porter and M. Teich (eds.), Romanticism in
National Context (1988), pp. 260-83.
C. C. Orr, ‘Romanticism in Switzerland’, in R. Porter and M. Teich (eds.), Romanticism in
National Context (1988), pp. 134-71.
N. Saul, The Cambridge companion to German Romanticism (2009), especially articles by
Seyhan, Schmidt, McCarthy, Bowie (2 articles) and De Mazza.
K. Vondung, ‘German Nationalism and the Concept of “Bildung”’, in J. C. Eade (ed),
Romantic nationalism in Europe (1983), pp. 135-150.
D. Tziovas, ‘The novel and the crown: O Leandros and the politics of Romanticism’, in R.
Beaton and D. Ricks (ed), The making of modern Greece: Nationalism, Romanticism, & the
uses of the past (1797-1896) (Ashgate, 2009), pp. 211-224.
History and the Past
I. DiVanna, Reconstructing the Middle Ages. Gaston Paris and the Development of
Nineteenth-century Medievalism (2008), especially chapters 1 and 2.
M. Harder, “Ex-Conventionnels versus historians of the French Revolution”, in T. Blanning
et al (eds). Historicising the French Revolution (2008), pp. 284-307.
P. Herbst, ‘Myth as the expression of collective consciousness in Romantic nationalism’, in J.
C. Eade (ed), Romantic nationalism in Europe (1983), pp. 17-32.
B. Keller, The Middle Ages Reconsidered. Attitudes in France from the 18th c through the
Romantic Movement (New York, 1994), especially pp. 85-163.
A. Mitzman, “Michelet and Social Romanticism: Religion, Revolution, Nature”, Journal of
the History of Ideas, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Oct., 1996), pp. 659-82. JSTOR.
21 The Vienna Settlement and Metternich's Europe
F.R. Bridge and R. Bullen, The Great Powers and the European States System 1815-1914
(1981)
P.W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics [chaps 12-17] (1994)
M. Broers, Europe After Napoleon (1996)
R.D. Billinger, Metternich and the German Question (1991)
B.P. Simms, The Struggle for Mastery in Germany (1998)
A. Jardin, Restoration and Reaction 1815-1848 (1983)
Robert Alexander, Re-writing the French Revolutionary Tradition: Liberal Opposition and
the Fall of the Bourbon Monarchy (2003)
22 The peasant world in nineteenth-century Europe
17

i. General reading and primary sources
Rudolph, R.L. (ed.), The European Peasant Family and Society: Historical Studies (1995)
Rosener, W., The peasantry of Europe (Blackwell, 1994)
Moulin, Annie, Peasantry and Society in France since 1789 (1991), caps 1-3
Price, Roger, A Social History of Nineteenth Century France (1987), cap. 5
Moeller, R.G., Peasants and Lords in Modern Germany (1986)
Evans, R.J., and Lee, W.R. (eds.), The German Peasantry. Conflict and Community in Rural
Society from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries (1986)
Blackbourn, David, ‘Peasants and Politics in Germany, 1871-1914’, European History
Quarterly 14 (1984)
Vucinich, W. ed., The Peasant in Nineteenth-Century Russia (1968)
Chaianov, A.V., The Theory of the Peasant Economy (1966)
Schultz, T.W., Transforming Traditional Agriculture (1964)
ii. Land Reform
Simpson, J., Spanish Agriculture: The Long Siesta, 1765-1965 (2003), part II.
Markoff, J., The Abolition of Feudalism: Peasants, Lords and Legislators in the French
Revolution (1996)
Blum, J., The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe (1978)
Blum, J., ‘The condition of the European Peasantry on the Eve of Emancipation’, Journal of
Modern History, 46 (1974), pp.395-424.
Weber, E., Peasants into Frenchmen. The Modernization of Rural France (1977).
The great majority of European inhabitants in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were
peasants, and yet the rural world does not often feature in the accounts of political and
cultural transformations that these centuries witnessed. This session will explore living
conditions in the rural world and the rules that governed rural communities. Rural working
patterns and household structures were dictated by land tenure laws, which eventually also
had a broader impact by dictating the pattern of agricultural specialization and growth. It is
therefore not surprising that the abolition of serfdom and the many land reforms passed in
this period had a profound impact on peasant life and work, as well as on the rural economy,
and this is explored in section ii.
23 Nationalism and political culture in southern Europe
Some general reading
J.A. Davis (ed), Italy in the nineteenth century (Oxford, 2000), chs.1-3, 8.
C. Esdaile, Spain in the Liberal Age: From Constitution to Civil War, 1808-1939 (2000).
R. Herr, The Eighteenth-century Revolution in Spain (1958), conclusion.
S. Woolf, A history of Italy 1700-1860: The social constraints of political change (1979),
Pt 4.
Some primary sources:
Denis Mack Smith, The making of Italy, 1796-1866 (1988), chs.1-4.
Alessandro Manzoni, I promessi sposi [The Betrothed] (1827/1842).
José Zorrilla, Don Juan Tenorio (1844).
Italy
A.M. Banti, ‘Public Opinion and Associations in Nineteenth-Century Italy’, in N. Bermeo and
P. Nord (eds), Civil society before democracy: Lessons from Nineteenth-century Europe (2000),
43-60 (see also article by Lyttleton).
18

A. Boime, The Art of the Macchia and the Risorgimento: Representing Culture and nationalism
in nineteenth-century Italy (1993), ch.2.
D.L. Caglioti, ‘Voluntary societies and urban elites in 19 th century Italy’,
(http://www.history.ac.uk/eseminars/sem10.html) or her chapter in G. Morton, B.de Vries and
R.J. Morris (eds), Civil Society, Associations and Urban Places: Class, Nation and Culture in
Nineteenth-Century Europe (2006).
J.A. Davis, ‘The Napoleonic Era in Southern Italy: An Ambiguous Legacy?’, Proceedings of the
British Academy 80 (1993), 133-48.
J.A. Davis, Naples and Napoleon: Southern Italy and the European Revolutions, 1780-1860
(2006).
M. Isabella, ‘Italy, 1760-1815’, in H. Barker and S. Burrows (ed), Press, politics and the
public sphere in Europe and North America, 1760-1820 (2002), 201-223.
D. Laven and L. Riall (eds), Napoleon's legacy: problems of government in Restoration Europe
(2000), chs.3, 5, and 14 (chapters by Meriggi, Broers, and Davis).
A. Lyttleton, ‘The middle classes in liberal Italy’, in J. Davis and P. Ginsborg (eds), Society
and politics in the age of the Risorgimento (1991), 63-105.
A. Lyttleton, ‘The National Question in Italy’, in M. Teich and R. Porter (eds), The National
Question in Historical Context (1993).
M. Meriggi, ‘Italy’, in O. Dann and J. Dinwiddy (eds), Nationalism in the Age of the French
Revolution (1988), 199-212.
J. Steinberg, ‘The historian and the Questione della Lingua’, in P. Burke and R. Porter (eds),
The social history of language (1987), 198-209.
S. Woolf, ‘Nation, nations, and power in Italy, c.1700-1915’, in L. Scales and O. Zimmer
(eds), Power and the nation in European history (2005), 295-314.
Spain
Isabel Burdiel, ‘Myths of Failure, Myths of Success: New Perspectives on Nineteenthcentury
Spanish Liberalism’, Journal of Modern History 70:4 (1998), 892-912.
R. Carr, Spain, 1808-1975 (2 nd ed., 1986), chs.1-8.
J. Cruz, ‘Building Liberal Identities in Nineteenth-century Madrid: The role of middle class
material culture’, The Americas 60:3 (2004), 391-400 (or
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/the_americas/v060/60.3cruz.pdf).
J.Cruz,‘Notability and revolution; social origins of the political elite in liberal Spain, 1800 to
1853’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 36:1 (1994), 97-121.
(or http://www.jstor.org/view/00104175/ap010141/01a00050/0)
J. Cruz, Gentlemen, Bourgeois, and Revolutionaries: Political Change and Cultural
Persistence among the Spanish Dominant Groups, 1750-1850 (1996).
C. Esdaile, ‘Enlightened absolutism versus Theocracy in the Spanish Restoration, 1814-50’, in Lucy
Riall and David Laven (eds), Napoleon's legacy: problems of government in Restoration Europe
(2000), 65-82.
S. Kirkpatrick, ‘Spanish romanticism’, in R. Porter and M. Teich (eds), Romanticism in National
Context (1988), 260-83.
D. Ringrose, Spain, Europe, and the ‘Spanish Miracle’, 1700-1900 (1996).
The revolutionary period after 1789 through to the revolutions of 1848 are rarely connected
by historians of Italy and Spain but it is precisely in this period that the foundations of a
national political culture lay – with the emergence of a modern political language and modern
civil associations. This topic gives students the opportunity to look in closer detail at the
histories of the Italian and Iberian peninsulas in the nineteenth century before the nation-state
and compare them with the rest of Europe. It charts the legacy of the French revolution in
Italy and Spain into the nineteenth century when many of the political possibilities of the late
eighteenth century were discussed, developed, and even played out in the new spaces and
19

places of am emergent national public sphere. While the new themes and forms of national
political culture were developed in the first half of the century, this topic also demonstrates
how local, religious, and civic identities persisted and competed with ideas and
representations of the ‘nation’ to the end of the century.
24 Realism
i. General introductions and background
L. Nochlin, Realism (1971)
L. Nochlin (ed.), Realism and Tradition in Art: Sources and Documents (1966)
C. Rosen, H. Zerner, Romanticism and Realism: The Mythology of Nineteenth-
Century Art (1984)
J. Matlock ‘Censoring the Realist Gaze’ in C. Prendergast, M. Gohen (eds.),
Spectacles of Realism (1995), pp.28-65.
R. Rosenblum and H.W. Janson, Art of the Nineteenth Century: Painting and
Sculpture (1984)
S.F. Eisenmann (ed.), Nineteenth century art: a critical history (1994)
A. Boime, Art in an Age of Civil Struggle, 1848-71 (2007)
J.W. Burrow, The Crisis of Reason: European Thought 1848-1914 (2002)
ii. Literature and spectacle
E. Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature (1956)
S. Bann, The Clothing of Clio: A Study of the Representation of History in Nineteenth-
Century Britain and France (1984)
K. Flint, The Victorians and the Visual Imagination (2000)
C. Gallagher, The Industrial Reformation of English Fiction: Social Discourse and
Narrative from 1832 to 1867 (1985)
F.W.J. Hemmings, Culture and Society in France, 1848-1898: Dissidents and
Philistines (1971)
G. Lukaćs, Studies in European Realism (1950)
T. Kontje (ed.) A Companion to German Realism, 1848-1900 (2002)
C. Prendergast, The Order of Mimesis: Balzac, Stendhal, Nerval, Flaubert (1986)
M. Samuels, The Spectacular Past: Popular History and the Novel in Nineteenth-
Century France (2002)
K. Tillotson, Novels of the Eighteen-Forties (1954)
M. Vicinus, The Industrial Muse: A Study of Nineteenth-Century Working Class
Literature (1974)
D. Walder (ed.), The Realist Novel (1996)
I. Williams, The Realist Novel in England: A Study of its Development (1974)
iii. Visual arts
M. Agulhon, Marianne into Battle: Republican Imagery and Symbolism in France 1789-
1880(1981)
A. Boime, The Academy and French Painting in the Nineteenth Century (1971)
M.F. Braive, The Era of the Photograph; A Social History (1966)
T.J. Clark, The Painting of Modern Life: Paris in the Art of Manet and his Followers
(1985)
T.J. Clark, The Image of the People: Gustave Courbet and the 1848 Revolution (1973)
T.J. Clark, The Absolute Bourgeois: Artists and Politics in France 1848-51 (1973)
L. Des Cars, The Pre-Raphaelites: Romance and Realism (2000)
M. Fried, Menzel’s Realism: Art and Embodiment in Nineteenth-Century Berlin
(2002)
20

F.D. Klingender, Art and the Industrial Revolution (1966)
P. Mainardi Art and Politics of the Second Empire: The Universal Exhibitions of 1855
and 1867 (1987)
P. Paret, ‘The German Revolution of 1848 and Rethel’s Dance of Death’, R.I. Rotberg and
T.K. Raab (eds), Art and History: Images and their Meaning (1986), 233-56.
P. ten-Doesschate Chu, G. Weisberg (eds.), The Popularisation of Images; Visual
Culture under the July Monarchy (1994)
J. Wechsler, A Human Comedy: Physiognomy and Caricature in Nineteenth-Century
Paris (1982)
A turn towards Realism in European culture can be detected across a wide range of different
art forms by the mid-nineteenth century. It has also been studied in a variety of different
ways: as a rhetorical tool; as an outgrowth of Romanticism; as an expression of new
technologies of representation; and as a passionate response to urban change and the plight of
the poor. The history of Realism is closely entwined with the hopes and disappointments of
1848, as well as with the crisis afflicting traditional artistic institutions. Section 1 gives lists
the most useful general works to help situate the subject, and clarify how the movement was
understood by its champions and its detractors. Section two examines Realism in literature,
theatre and public life while section three gives readings for painting and visual culture.
25 Women and gender in nineteenth century Europe
i. General reading and primary sources
Clark, L.L., Women and Achievement in Nineteenth-Century Europe (2008)
Fuchs, R.G. and Thompson, E., Women in Nineteenth-century Europe (2004)
Fraisse, G. (ed.), A History of Women in the West. Vol IV, Emerging Feminism from
Revolution to World War (1995)
Duby, G., and Perrot, M. (eds.), A History of Women in the West, (1994), vol 4.
Smith, B.G., Changing Lives: Women in European History since 1700 (1989)
Bridenthal, R., Koonz, S. and Stuard, S.M. (eds.), Becoming Visible. Women in European
History (1987)
Bell, S., and Offen, K. (eds.), Women, the Family & Freedom: the debate in documents,
(1983); vol.1 - 1750-1880 and vol.2 - 1880-1950
Schneir, M., (ed.), Feminism: the essential historical writings, (1972)
ii. Society, work and the family
Beachy, R., Craig, B. and Owens, A., Women, business and finance in nineteenth-century
Europe: rethinking separate spheres (2006)
Troyanski, D.G., ‘‘I was Wife and Mother’: French Widows Present Themselves to the
ministry of Justice in the Early Nineteenth Century’, Journal of Family History, 25, 2 (2000),
pp.202-10.
Simonton, D., A History of European Women’s Work 1700 to the Present (1998)
Janssens, A., ‘The Rise and Decline of the Male Breadwinner Family? An Overview of the
Debate’, International Review of Social History, 42 (1997), Supplement, pp.1-23
DeGroat, J.A., ‘The public nature of women’s work: definitions and debates during the
Revolution of 1848’, French Historical Studies, 20,1 (1997), pp.31-47
Engle, B.A., Between the Fields and the City: Women, Work, and Family in Russia, 1861-
1914 (1996)
Canning, K., Languages of Labor and Gender: Female Factory Work in Germany, 1850-
1914 (1996)
21

Boxser, M.J., ‘Protective Legislation and Home Industry: The Marginalization of Women
Workers in Late Nineteenth-Early Twentieth-Century France’, Journal of Social History, 20,
1 (1986), pp.45-65.
Hausen, K., ‘Technical progress and women’s labour in the C19th’, in G. Iggers (ed), The
Social History of Politics (1985)
Hausen, K., ‘Family and Role-division: The Polarisation of Sexual Stereotypes in the
Nineteenth Century –an Aspect of the Dissociation of Work and Family Life’, in R. Evans
and W.R. Lee (eds.), The German Family: Essays on the Social History of the Family in
Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century Germany (1981)
Dasey, R., ‘Women’s Work and the Family: Women Garment Workers in Berlin and
Hamburg Before the First World War’, in R. Evans and W.R. Lee (eds.), The German
Family: Essays on the Social History of the Family in Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century
Germany (1981)
Smith, B., Ladies of the Leisure Class: the bourgeoisies of Northern France in the nineteenth
century, (1981)
McBride. T, ‘The modernisation of women’s work’, Journal of Modern History, 49, 2 (1977)
Shorter, E., ‘Women’s work: what difference did capitalism make?’, Theory and Society, 3, 4
(1976), pp.513-27
Scott, J.W., and Tilly, L., ‘Women’s Work and the Family in Nineteenth-Century Europe’,
Comparative Studies in Society and History, 17 (1975), pp. 36-64
iii. Women, politics and the public sphere
Allen, A.T., Feminism and Motherhood in Germany, 1800-1914 (1991)
Mills, H., ‘Negotiating the Divide: women, philanthropy and the ‘public sphere’ in
nineteenth-century France’, in F. Tallett & N. Atkin, Religion, Society and Politics in France
since 1789, (1991), pp.29-54.
Evans, R., Comrades & Sisters: feminism, socialism, pacifism in Europe 1870-1915 (1987)
Rendall, J., The Origins of Modern Feminism: Women in Britain, France and the United
States, (1780-1860) (1985)
Moses, C. G., French Feminism in the Nineteenth Century 1984)
During the nineteenth century, European women experienced enduring changes in their
working, political and family lives. Section ii. explores the distinctive contribution of women
to the industrial process -the types of work they performed- and how industrialization altered
women’s status and function in the family structure. Section iii. looks at women’s struggles to
overcome the divide between the public and the private sphere through participation in
protests and politics, and eventually through the consolidation of feminist movements.
26 The Revolutions of 1848-9
W. Siemann, The German Revolution of 1848-1849 (Engl trans. 1998)
W. Siemann, ‘The revolutions of 1848-1850)’, in M. Fulbrook (ed.), German History Since
1800 (1997)
D.E. Barclay, Frederick William IV and the Prussian Monarchy (1995)
J.J. Sheehan, Germany History 1770-1866 [chapter 11] (1989)
J. Sperber, Rhineland Radicals. The Democratic Movement and the Revolution of 1848
(1991)
J. Sperber, The European Revolutions 1848-1851 [chapters 2-5] (1994)***
J. Sperber, ‘Festivals of National Unity in the German Revolution of 1848-9, Past & Present,
36 (1992)
P. Ginsborg, Daniele Manin and the Venetian Revolution (1979)
22

S. Z. Pech, The Czech Revolution of 1848 (1969)
R.J. Rath, The Viennese Revolution of 1848 (1969)
I. Déak, Lajos Kossuth and the Lawful Revolution (1979)
D. Dowe, Europe in 1848: Revolution and reform (Oxford, 2001)
27 Europe after 1848
D. Barclay, Friedrich Wilhelm IV and the Prussian Monarchy 1840-1861 (Oxford, 1995)
A. Plessis, The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire, 1852-1871, trans. Jonathan Mandelbaum
(Cambridge, 1979)
G. Szabad, Hungarian Political Trends between the Revolution and the Compromise (1977)
R.J.W. Evans, 'From Confederation to Compromise: The Austrian Experiment, 1849-1867',
Proceedings of the British Academy, 87 (1994), pp. 135-67
J.M. Brophy, Capitalism, Politics and Railroads in Prussia 1830-1870 (Columbus, 1998), pp.
1-18
R. Price, The French Second Empire. An Anatomy of Political Power (Cambridge, 2001)
C. Tilly, 'The Political Economy of Public Finance and the Industrialization of Prussia 1815-
1866', Journal of Economic History, 26 (1966), pp. 484-97
A. Green, Fatherlands. State-Building and Nationhood in Nineteenth-Century Germany
(Cambridge, 2001)
28 The French Second Empire
i. Primary material and general reading:
Bonaparte, Louis Napoléon, Des Idées napoléonéennes (1839) (also available in English)
Tombs, Robert, France 1814-1914 (1996)
Plessis, Alain The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire (1985)
Roger Price, The French Second Empire: An Anatomy of Political Power (2001)
McMillan, James F. Napoleon III (1991)
Anceau, Eric Napoléon III (2008)
ii. Bonapartism: ideas and practice
Rémond, René The Right Wing in France (1969)
Bluche, F. Le Bonapartisme (1980) chap. 11
McMillan, Napoleon III – chapter 9 ‘A modern emperor?’
iii. Domestic policy, propaganda and popularity
Pinckney, David M. Napoleon III and the Rebuilding of Paris (1958)
Truesdell, M. Spectacular Politics: Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte and the Fête Impériale (1997)
Mainardi, Patricia Art and politics of the Second Empire: the universal expositions of 1855
and 1867 (1987)
Menager, Bernard Les Napoléon du peuple (1988) esp. pp 223-57
Corbin, Alain The Village of Cannibals (1992) chap. 1
iv. Foreign policy
Case, Lynn M. Public Opinion on War and Diplomacy during the Second Empire (1954)
Pottinger, E.A. Napoleon III and the German Crisis, 1865-66 (1966)
v. War, collapse and aftermath, 1870-71
Showalter, Dennis The Wars of German Unification (2004) chaps 6-9
Howard, Michael The Franco-Prussian War (1967)
Tombs, Robert The Paris Commune 1871 (1999)
23

The Second Empire of Napoleon III marked a new kind of politics: what has been called
‘active authority and passive democracy’ based on a combination of charismatic leadership,
authoritarian methods, and populist inducements. Long condemned as a criminal regime, its
achievements have recently been taken more seriously. There remains its disastrous end:
misfortune or negligence?
29 Italian and German Unification
L. Riall, The Italian Risorgimento. State, Society and National Unification (1994)***
D. Beales and E. Biagini, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy (2002)
H. Hearder, Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790-1870 (1983)
J. Davis, ‘Remapping Italy’s Path to the 20th Century’, Journal of Modern History (1994)
J. Coppa, The Origins of the Italian Wars of Independence (1992)
J. Breuilly, The Formation of the First German Nation-State 1800-1870 (1996)***
O. Pflanze, Bismarck and the Development of Germany, vol. 1: The Period of Unification
(1990)
H. Schulze, The Course of German Nationalism (1991)
W. Carr, The Origins of the German Wars of Unification (1991)
D. Showalter, The Wars of German Unification (2004)
G. Wawro, The Austro-Prussian War (1996)
M. Howard, The Franco-Prussian War (1961)
30 Mass media and the transformation of the public sphere
Jürgen Habermas, The structural transformation of the public sphere. An inquiry into a
category of bourgeois society (Cambridge, 1989)
Craig Calhoun (ed.), Habermas and the public sphere (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1992)
Hannah Barker, Simon Burrows (eds), Press, Politics, and the Public Sphere in Europe and
North America, 1760-1820 (Cambridge, 2002)
Jean Chalaby, The Invention of Journalism (New York, 1998)
Dean de la Motte, Jeannene M. Przyblyski (eds), Making the News. Modernity and the Mass
Press in Nineteenth-Century France (Boston, 1999).
Jeremy D. Popkin, Press, Revolution, and Social Identities in France, 1830-1835
(Pennsylvania, 2001)
Abigail Green, Fatherlands. State-Building and Nationhood in Nineteenth-Century Germany
(Cambridge, 2001), Chp. 6.
31 Church and State in late nineteenth century Europe
H. McLeod, Secularisation in Western Europe, 1848-1914 (2000)
H. McLeod, Piety and Poverty. Working-Class Religion in Berlin (1996)
John McManners, Church and State in France, 1870-1914 (1972)
Ralph Gibson, A Social History of French Catholicism, 1789-1914 (1989)
Claude Langlois, ‘Catholics and seculars’, in Pierre Nora, Realms of Memory: The
Construction of the French Past (1996), vol. 1, pp. 109-43
Frank Tallett and Nicholas Atkin, Religion, Society and Politics in France since 1789 (1991),
chapters 6,7,8
Maurice Larkin, Church and State in France after the Dreyfus Affair (1974)
Adrian Lyttleton, ‘An old church and a new state: Italian anticlericalism 1876-1914’,
European Studies Review, 13,2 (1983)
24

Christopher Clark and Wolfram Kaiser, Culture Wars. Catholic-Secular Conflict in
Nineteenth-Century Europe (Cambridge, 2003)
32 Russia and the West in the nineteenth century
John T. Alexander: Catherine the Great. Life and Legend (Oxford 1989)
Isaiah Berlin: Russian Thinkers (New York 1978)
Julie Buckler: Mapping St.Petersburg: Imperial Text and Cityshape (Princeton 2005)
James Cracraft: The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture (Chicago, London 1988)
James Cracraft: The Petrine Revolution in Russian Culture (Cambridge/Mass. 2004)
Lindsey Hughes: Russia in the Age of Peter the Great (New Haven, London 1998)
Hans Lemberg: Die nationale Gedankenwelt der Dekabristen (Köln, Graz 1963)
Iurii Lotman: The Semiotics of Russian Cultural History (Ithaca 1985)
Isabel de Madariaga: Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (London 1981)
Martin Malia: Alexander Herzen and the Birth of Russian Socialism (Cambridge/Mass. 1961)
Anatole G. Mazour: The First Russian Revolution, 1825. The Decembrist Movement. 2. ed.
(Stanford 1961)
Catriona Kelly and David Shepherd (eds.) Constructing Russian Culture in the Age of
Revolution: 1881-1940 (Oxford 1998)
Marc Raeff: The Decembrist Movement (Englewood Cliffs 1966)
Marc Raeff: Origins of the Russian Intelligentsia. The Eighteenth-Century Nobility (New
York 1966)
Nicholas V. Riasanovsky: Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825-1855 (Berkeley
et al.1959)
Hans Rogger: National Consciousness in Eighteenth-Century Russia (Cambridge/Mass.
1960)
Theofanis Stavrou (ed.): Art and Culture in Nineteenth-Century Russia (Bloomington 1983)
Franco Venturi: Roots of Revolution (London 1961)
Andrzej Walicki: A History of Russian Thought. From the Enlightenment to Marxism
(Stanford 1979)
Andrzej Walicki: The Slavophile Controversy. History of a Conservative Utopia in
Nineteenth-Century Russian Thought (Oxford 1975)
Richard Wortman: Scenarios of Power. Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, 2 vols.
(Princeton 1995/2000)
25