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Contents/Spis treści Contents/Spis treści Editorials/Od Redakcji...............................................................................................1 M.T. Wlodarczyk: Fiber optic-based in-cylinder pressure sensor for advanced engine control and monitoring (2012-SS4-401)..................................3 Z. Korczewski: The sources of contamination and reasons for damage of the flow part of the marine turbine engine in operation/Źródła zanieczyszczeń i uszkodzeń części przepływowej okrętowego turbinowego silnika spalinowego podczas jego eksploatacji (2012-SS4-402).........................................................................................................9 P. Bielaczyc, A. Szczotka: The potential of current european light duty CNG-fuelled vehicles to meet Euro 6 requirements/Możliwości spełnienia norm emisji Euro 6 przez obecnie produkowane europejskie lekkie pojazdy samochodowe zasilane gazem ziemnym (2012-SS4-403).......................................................................................................20 T. Dziubak: The assessment of the possibilities of improvement of the extraction evenness in multicyclone dedusters fitted in special vehicles/Badania możliwości poprawy równomierności odsysania pyłu z osadnika multicyklonu filtru powietrza pojazdu specjalnego (2012-SS4-404).......................................................................................................34 Z. Stelmasiak, M. Matyjasik: Simulation of the combustion in a dual fuel engine with a divided pilot dose/Symulacja procesu spalania w dwupaliwowym silniku z dzieloną dawką oleju napędowego (2012-SS4-405).......................................................................................................43 M. Szlachetka, M. Wendeker: Model research of injection of gasoline and E85 into the engine intake pipe/Badania modelowe wtrysku benzyny i paliwa E85 do przewodu dolotowego silnika (2012-SS4-406).......................................................................................................55 M. Idzior, M. Bieliński, T. Borowczyk, P. Daszkiewicz, P. Stobnicki: A simulation study of turbocharger intake leakage on its efficiency/ Badania symulacyjne wpływu nieszczelności układów dolotowych turbosprężarek na ich skuteczność działania (2012-SS4-407)................................64 L. Piaseczny, M. Walkowski: Simulation studies of selected characteristics of the injection system the common rail medium-speed research engine/Badania symulacyjne wybranych chrakterystyk wtrysku układu typu common rail średnioobrotowego okrętowego silnika badawczego (2012-SS4-408).......................................................................72 R. Zadrąg, M. Zellma: The use of multi-equation models in the analysis of dynamic processes in marine diesel engines/Wykorzystanie modeli wielorównaniowych do analizy procesów dynamicznych w badaniach okrętowych silników spalinowych (2012-SS4-409).................................................77 Qualifying as assistant professor/Habilitacje..........................................................86 Doctorates/Doktoraty..............................................................................................86 Editor/Wydawca Polish Scientific Society of Combustion Engines 43-300 Bielsko-Biała, Sarni Stok 93 Street, Poland tel.: 33 8130402, fax: 33 8125038 E-mail: sekretariat@ptnss.pl WebSite: http://www.ptnss.pl © Copyright by Polish Scientific Society of Combustion Engines All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, photocopied or otherwise without prior consent of the copyright holder. Wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone. Żaden fragment tej publikacji nie może być reprodukowany, zapamiętywany w systemie odtwarzalnym lub przetwarzany bądź kopiowany w jakiejkolwiek formie bez wcześniejszej zgody właściciela praw wydawniczych. Preparation for print/Przygotowanie do druku ARS NOVA Publishing House/Wydawnictwo Ars Nova 60-782 Poznań, ul. Grunwaldzka 17/10A Circulation/Nakład: 600 egz. Printing and binding/Druk i oprawa Print Group Szczecin, ul. Mieszka I 63/64 This publication is co-financed by The Ministry of Science and Higher Education./Wydanie publikacji jest dofinansowane przez Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego. Cover/Okładka I – BMW-TwinPower-Turbo 1.5 dm 3 , 3-cyl. engine (fot. www.press.bmwgroup.com), background (© DavidArts – Fotolia.com) IV – Audi dual injection system (fot. www.audi.de) Publikacje naukowe drukowane w kwartalniku Combustion Engines/Silniki Spalinowe otrzymują 6 punktów zgodnie z Komunikatem Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego z dnia 17 września 2012 r. A list of paper reviewers recommending papers for publication in 2012 Lista recenzentów opiniujących artykuły opublikowane w 2012 r. Josef Affenzeller Andrzej Ambrozik Richard Atkins Marek Brzeżański Krzysztof Brzozowski Adam Charchalis Zdzisław Chłopek Giovanni Cipolla Jan Czerwiński Stanisław Dobrociński Adam Dużyński Jacek Eliasz Paweł Fuć Jerzy Gardulski Jerzy Girtler Jacek Hunicz Marek Idzior Oleg Ignatov Anna Janicka Antoni Jankowski Jarosław Kałużny Zbigniew Kneba Miłosław Kozak Władysław Kozak Jacek Kropiwnicki Stanisław Kruczyński Kazimierz Lejda Hans Peter Lenz Piotr Lijewski Helmut List Rafał Longwic Sławomir Luft Leszek Małdziński Jarosław Markowski Paweł Mazuro Jerzy Merkisz Jarosław Mizera Franz Moser Janusz Mysłowski Andrzej Niewczas Marek Orkisz Enrico Pavoni Leszek Piaseczny Ireneusz Pielecha Jacek Pielecha Andrzej Piętak Stefan Pischinger Janusz Przastek Wojciech Przetakiewicz Józef Pszczółkowski Kazimierz Romaniszyn Eugeniusz Rusiński Bronisław Sendyka Wojciech Serdecki Roger Sierens Lech Sitnik Maciej Sobieszczański Zdzisław Stelmasiak Antoni Świątek Eugeniusz Świtoński Piotr Tarkowski Andrzej Teodorczyk Jerzy Walentynowicz Marek Waligórski Mirosław Wendeker Krzysztof Wisłocki Krzysztof Wituszyński Krzysztof Wojciechowski Piotr Wolański Jerzy Wróbel Wiesław Zwierzycki 2 COMBUSTION ENGINES, No. 4/2012 (151)
Fiber optic-based in-cylinder pressure sensor for advanced engine control and monitoring Marek T. Wlodarczyk PTNSS-2012-SS4-401 Fiber optic-based in-cylinder pressure sensor for advanced engine control and monitoring This paper describes the design and performance of a miniature cylinder pressure sensor packaged either as a stand-alone device or integrated with a cylinder head gasket, glow plug, fuel injector, or spark plug. Benefitting from a fiber-optic based design the sensing element can operate at ultra-high temperatures and is not affected by EMI. This low cost device utilizes the principle of light intensity changes transmitted by two optical fibers upon reflection from a metal diaphragm deflecting under the effect of pressure. When the diaphragm thickness and shape are optimized, the sensor can operate up to 5 billion pressure cycles. The device is compensated for all temperature effects encountered in combustion engines, resulting from the thermal shock, engine load changes, and under-hood temperature fluctuations. Due to the diaphragm small thermal mass the sensor is subject to the thermal shock error if no heat shield is employed. While a suitable shield can almost eliminate the thermal shock error, it can get clogged in engines fuelled by diesel or landfill gas. For such engines a dual diaphragm construction offers a robust solution against soot and other combustion deposits as well as minimum thermal shock error. In comparison to a water cooled piezoelectric quartz transducer the present sensor offers the accuracy of ±1.5% of reading at pressures above 5 bars, ±0.1 bar error at pressure below 5 bars during compression, and the thermal shock error ranging from 0.1 bar to 0.3 bar dependent if a single or dual diaphragm is used. Such accuracy is possible with both stand-alone sensors as well as those 1.7 mm in diameter used in the “pressure sensing” cylinder head gaskets, glow plugs, fuel injectors, or spark plugs. This accuracy is maintained under all combustion conditions, sensor tip continuous temperatures up to 380 o C, signal conditioner temperature range of –40 o C to 140 o C, pressures up to 350 bar, and over frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 30 kHz. Such remarkable accuracy allows advanced engine controls based on highly accurate values of the Indicated Mean Effective Pressure, Mass Fraction Burned, Maximum Pressure Gradient, and Peak Pressure. Benefitting from sensor’s high accuracy at both low and high pressures the device enables closed-loop control of fuel injection as well as in-cylinder prediction of mass air flow and engine NO x emission levels. Key words: cylinder, pressure, sensor, engine, control 1. Introduction For the last 30 years numerous manufacturers of light duty internal combustion engines have attempted to develop control strategies based on a Cylinder Pressure Sensor (CPS) [1], which culminated in 2008 in the introduction of the first cylinder pressure-controlled clean diesel 4-cylinder and 6-cylinder engines [2]. Through the closed loop control of Mass Fraction Burned and Indicated Mean Effective Pressure the engine features substantially reduced in-cylinder emissions of NO x and soot, lower engine noise levels, and improved fuel economy and drivability [3, 4]. Other benefits of cylinder pressure-based closed loop combustion controls include: stability over lifetime (tolerances, emissions), elimination and/or simplification of other engine sensors, reduction application effort (simplified engine maps), enabling highest power-density, on-board diagnostics (OBD), compensation for fuel quality, torque feedback and control, improved cold-starting and engine warm-up. Other CPS-based engine control applications that recently gained significant interest are based on novel combustion concepts such as homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) [5], premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) [6], and reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) [7], which offer promise of substantial efficiency improvements combined with significant emissions reduction in gasoline, diesel, and alternative fuel engines. COMBUSTION ENGINES, No. 4/2012 (151) 2. Current status of CPS targeting series production engines During the last 30 years of the development of different CPS technologies targeting series production engines various sensor packages have been considered to measure combustion pressure of internal combustion engines through a port in the cylinder head, spark plug, glow plug, fuel injector, or cylinder head gasket. All these solutions have their advantages and limitations. The cylinder head, using a dedicated port, is an obvious solution and works for all internal combustion engines with space permitting, but with compromise of structural rigidity. The spark plug offers an opportunity for ignition type engines as an integrated product [8, 9]. Design challenges for this solution are the high temperature exposure of the CPS due to the location and the close proximity to high electromagnetic noise, both favouring a fiber optic based solution. A piezoelectric quartz pressure sensor [10] integrated with an engine cylinder head gasket (CHG) has some inherent advantages of such integration over stand alone or spark plug-mounted sensors including suitability for use in all types and sizes of engines and different fuels, considerably lower cost especially in engines with a large number of cylinders, and compactness of the solution with a minimum number of connectors and harnesses needed. However, due to the sensor diameter of 3.5 mm the gasket thickness had to be increased from a typical ~1 mm to 5 mm making the design not suitable for a majority of smaller engines. It is only a 1.8 mm diameter fiber-optic pressure 3
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Habilitacje Qualifying as assistant
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Dr inż. Mirosław Jakubowski Param
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