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easy task, as this type <strong>of</strong> information is available from many different species (e.g. Bogdan, 1977). The proposed use <strong>of</strong> the forage species will determine characteristics such as forage type, ability to grow in shade, nutritional chacracteristics, compatibility, establishment features, yield potential, perenniality, persistence, and seed production potential. The proposed management will determine the growth habit, resistance to defoliation and adaptation to a particular fertility level. Adaptation to some <strong>of</strong> these aspects have been discussed in Humphreys (1981) and Reynolds (1988). The assembly <strong>of</strong> a ravge <strong>of</strong> potentially suitable forage species for a species evaluation requires a good working knowledge <strong>of</strong> the range <strong>of</strong> forages available. The Plant Genetic Resource Centres, which supply seed for plant evaluation, have this knowledge and can help in the selection <strong>of</strong> suitable species, provided they receive the information discussed above. A "shotgun" approach is unlikely to yield good information, and it is impossible to evaluate species if one has not decided what characteristics are important. REFERENCES Bogdan, A.V. 1977. Tropical Pasture and Fodder Plants. Tropical Agriculture Series, Longman, London and New York. 475 pp. Humphreys, L.R. 1981. Environmental Adaptation <strong>of</strong> Tropical Pasture Plants. Macmillan. London and Basingstoke. 261 pp. Middleton, C.H. and W. Mellor. 1982. Grazing assessment <strong>of</strong> the tropical legume Calopogoniumcaeruleunm. Tropical Grasslands. 4: 213-216. Pillai, K.R., S. Thiagarajan and C. Samuel. 1985. Weed control by sheep grazing under plantation tree crops. In: S. Sivarajasingam, R.I. Hutagalung and Hamid Kassim (Editors), Quality in Livestock Production. <strong>Proceedings</strong> <strong>of</strong> the 9th Annual Conference <strong>of</strong> the Malaysian Society <strong>of</strong> Animal Production, March 11-12, 1985, Serdang, Malaysia. pp. 43-52. Purseglove, J.W. 1968. Tropical Crops-Dicotyledons. Longman, London. pp. 146-171. Purseglove, J.W. 1972. Tropical Crops-Monocotyledons. Longman, London. pp. 440-479. Reynolds, S.G. 1988. Pastu.es and Cattle under Coconuts. Plant Production and Protection. Paper 91. FAO, Rome. 321 pp. Wong, C.C. 1989. Review <strong>of</strong> forage screening and evaluation in Malaysia. In: A. Halim Ridzwan (Ed;tor), Grasslands & Forage Production in South-east Asia. Proceedirgs <strong>of</strong> first meeting <strong>of</strong> the regional working group on grazing and feed resources <strong>of</strong> South-east Asia, February 27-March 3, 1989, Serdang, Malaysia. pp. 51-68. 9
MANAGEMENT OF FORAGES FOR ANIMAL PRODUCTION UNDER TREE CROPS C.P. CHEN Livestock Research Division, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), G.P.O. Box 12301, 50774 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ABSTRACT An integrated livestock-tree cropping production system involves zero additional land use on existing green vegetation under plantation tree cropping. Species which are performing well under moderate shade canopies, such as under mature coconut (50-80% sunlight), and young canopies <strong>of</strong> rubber and oil palm, belong to the genus Brachiaria and Guinea, which yieldfrom 8 to 15 tonsperhaperyear dry matter (Did). Under light intensity below 20%, the genuine shade tolerant grass species include, Axonopus compressus, Brachiaria miliiformis, Paspalum conjugatum, P, notatum and Stenotaphrum secundatum. Shade tolerant iegumes include Calopogonium caerulum and Desmodium ovalifolium. Shading reduces production <strong>of</strong> DM, tiller, and root growth and increases leaf area, shoot/root and leaf/stem ratios. During long dry seasons, both the tree crops andforages sufferfrom water stress. The influence <strong>of</strong> shading on air, soil and leaf temperature is small and is unlikely to cause any constraints to pasture growth. Under moderate shade, the availability <strong>of</strong> nitrogen in soil and forage plant tissue increases. Higher nutritive values <strong>of</strong> natural forages under canopy caused ty the multiple species composition, has resulted in better animal production then in open pasture. The long and deep shading environment <strong>of</strong> mature rubber and oil palm plantations, has serious restrictions for the development <strong>of</strong> shade tolerant species. Monitoring forage resources within plantations for both weed control and animal production is absolutely essential. However, the effect <strong>of</strong>forage and animal production on the tree crops urder present integrated production systems is still unclear. INTRODUCTION The concept <strong>of</strong> dual usage <strong>of</strong> land for mixed farming activities, has been practised for a long time, especially in Asian farming communities. The greater the intensity on cultivation, the heavier the pressure on land use. Livestock (namely cattle, buffaloes, goats and sheep) which are economically importart for the smallholder sector in relation to meat, milk and draught, do not possess a special allocated land. Agricultural land is usually intensively cropped and not used for fodder production. Planting <strong>of</strong> forages as a compcnen, <strong>of</strong> agricultural production is not readily accepted by Asian farmers possibly because <strong>of</strong> land space constraints, the low and slow returns <strong>of</strong> the venture, and lack <strong>of</strong> technical informati rn oi. integrated management. However, the fact remains unchanged: the local demand <strong>of</strong> meat and milk is not satisfied and is on the rise due to the improvement <strong>of</strong> family income in the region. Malaysia, for example, produces only 1500 <strong>of</strong> its domestic mutton demand and 55% <strong>of</strong> its beef demand. Consumption is expected to increase to 12,500 and 50,000 mt, respectively, by the year 2000 (Wan Mohamed et al., 1987). A major constraint to increased livestock production is the difficulty ir, providing feed in adequate quality and sufficient quantity throughout the year. This is a common problem in the region. Cereals and concentrates are available but only to dairy cattle. All other ruminants are mainly raised on roughages and crop residues. If there is no change in this feeding regime, the demand for forage resources in Southeast Asia and 10
Page 1 and 2: Proceedings <stron
Page 3 and 4: INTEGRATED TREE CROPPING AND SMALL
Page 5 and 6: Page Health Animal health research
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD Prompted by the need for f
Page 9 and 10: INTRODUCTION LUis C. INIGUEZ AND MA
Page 11 and 12: Session I The Environment
Page 13 and 14: y the plantation crop, and (iv) a d
Page 15 and 16: light transmission levels refer to
Page 17: In coconut plantatiops, opportuniti
Page 21 and 22: The ability to regenerate leaf area
Page 23 and 24: old rubber trees. The production <s
Page 25 and 26: The availability of</strong
Page 27 and 28: Forage Management In view o
Page 29 and 30: (Table 5). However, MARDI, in a rec
Page 31 and 32: Felizardo, B.C. 1972. Response <str
Page 33 and 34: LEGUME TREES AS ALTERNATIVE FYEED R
Page 35 and 36: PRODUCTION ASPECTS OF FODDER SHRUBS
Page 37 and 38: fibre. The Ca:P ratio in Ficus cuni
Page 39 and 40: Capital is other limiting factor fo
Page 41 and 42: Devendra, C. 1979. Malaysian feedst
Page 43 and 44: METHODOLOGIES FOR EVALUATING FORAGE
Page 45 and 46: Plant Profiles a)
Page 47 and 48: Relative available soil n isture (R
Page 49 and 50: I = maximum possible growth when no
Page 51 and 52: Sites Site selection To properly ev
Page 53 and 54: " Disease Rating: Unidentified dise
Page 55 and 56: in Table 2. Care must be exercised
Page 57 and 58: growth in the slower growing plots
Page 59 and 60: SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AND SUITABILIT
Page 61 and 62: Table I. Ach Soil types and land ar
Page 63 and 64: L' Table 2. Chemical properties <st
Page 65 and 66: Structure Despite being fine-textur
Page 67 and 68: 0.6 Water Content cm3/cm 3 0.55 o 0
Page 69 and 70:
less and aluminum saturation is up
Page 71 and 72:
tion exceeds 45%. Maximum root grow
Page 73 and 74:
FiSa'e 5a. Figure 5b. 64 10-0 10 5-
Page 75 and 76:
Depth, cm Table 11. A comparison <s
Page 77 and 78:
* neutralization of</strong
Page 79 and 80:
Accession (CIAT No.) Brachiaria dec
Page 81 and 82:
Table 14. Chemical analysis <strong
Page 83 and 84:
Competition that forages of
Page 85 and 86:
Table 16. Nutrient uptake by the pr
Page 87 and 88:
- H p0H Ca+Mg (meq/lOOg) 7- e 0 2 4
Page 89 and 90:
REFERENCES Anderson, M.A. and P.M.
Page 91 and 92:
ASSESSMENT OF THE THERMAL ENVIRONME
Page 93 and 94:
The modes of heat
Page 95 and 96:
Measurement of the
Page 97 and 98:
and ventral surfe, and an area midw
Page 99 and 100:
Table 3. Physiological responses <s
Page 101 and 102:
The ability of she
Page 103 and 104:
Session II Research Aspects on Anim
Page 105 and 106:
METHODOLOGIES IN THE NUTRITION AND
Page 107 and 108:
Considering the very high productiv
Page 109 and 110:
In areas of unifor
Page 111 and 112:
Table 3. Effects of</strong
Page 113 and 114:
Locally-made salt blocks (Sanchez a
Page 115 and 116:
Pond, K.R., J.M. Luginbuhl, J.C. Bu
Page 117 and 118:
these animals is influenced by bota
Page 119 and 120:
Recent studies on PKC using an arti
Page 121 and 122:
of nutrients to ex
Page 123 and 124:
Rumen Bacteria The rumen contains a
Page 125 and 126:
used as a previous study reported b
Page 127 and 128:
RUMEN BAG TECHNIQUE As mentioned in
Page 129 and 130:
However, the negative effects <stro
Page 131 and 132:
REFERENCES Abdullah, N. 1986. In vi
Page 133 and 134:
Lowe, S.E., M.K. Theodorou and A.P.
Page 135 and 136:
SHEEP GRAZING TO MANAGE WEEDS IN RU
Page 137 and 138:
Description of Tec
Page 139 and 140:
6• 5 4 3 2 Dry Matter, kg/ha/yr
Page 141 and 142:
Free grazing sheep spent considerab
Page 143 and 144:
SHEEP PRODUCTIVITY FOR MUTTON PRODU
Page 145 and 146:
adapiability than the other breeds
Page 147 and 148:
Table 2. Apparent influence <strong
Page 149 and 150:
" Malin ewes mated to exotic rams e
Page 151 and 152:
FPI = (litter size x lamb survival
Page 153 and 154:
included in the selection criteria.
Page 155 and 156:
Choice of Breeding
Page 157 and 158:
* Stabilizing of i
Page 159 and 160:
Sustainability of
Page 161 and 162:
Patnayak, B.C. 1989. Sheep producti
Page 163 and 164:
There arc two basic considerations
Page 165 and 166:
In spite of the ap
Page 167 and 168:
from 201 to 232 days (Iniguez et al
Page 169 and 170:
carry and grazing in the plantation
Page 171 and 172:
Table 2. Diallel cross involving lo
Page 173 and 174:
Basic assumptions are usually: E u
Page 175 and 176:
where: p , m, and d are a general m
Page 177 and 178:
Note that the lower block diagonal,
Page 179 and 180:
EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL FOR HAIR SH
Page 181 and 182:
White Virgin Island This breed is f
Page 183 and 184:
Table I. Performance of</st
Page 185 and 186:
The three hair breeds that can now
Page 187 and 188:
(wool or hair) that have had an opp
Page 189 and 190:
Bradford, G.E. 1990. Breeding sysce
Page 191 and 192:
ANIMAL HEALTH RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS
Page 193 and 194:
meat, decreased weeding expenditure
Page 195 and 196:
increase in livestock numbers would
Page 197 and 198:
Experiment 2 This is designed to mo
Page 199 and 200:
* It was also observed that sheep w
Page 201 and 202:
* evaluate the efficacy of<
Page 203 and 204:
Beriajaya and P. Stei'enson. 1986.
Page 205 and 206:
of the blood-sucki
Page 207 and 208:
MEASURES TO REDUCE PARASITE INFESTA
Page 209 and 210:
Session III Socioeconomic Aspects,
Page 211 and 212:
ASPECTS OF ON-FARM RESEARCH METHODO
Page 213 and 214:
availability of fo
Page 215 and 216:
If the on-farm research is designed
Page 217 and 218:
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION ENCOURAGES
Page 219 and 220:
,f rsearch and attempted, through r
Page 221 and 222:
have used a wide variety of
Page 223 and 224:
Cernea, M.M., J.K. Coulter and J.F.
Page 225 and 226:
Young (1984) and Young and Fendeis
Page 227 and 228:
a LP algorithm to derive a set <str
Page 229 and 230:
The expected gross margin may be ca
Page 231 and 232:
Soedjana, T.D. 1985. Risk efficient
Page 233 and 234:
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ASPECTS IN IND
Page 235 and 236:
Evidence to support the idea <stron
Page 237 and 238:
1600 Price, Rp/kg 1500 -B-Nominal -
Page 239 and 240:
Indonesian Government Livestock Pol
Page 241 and 242:
Table 7. Live retail sheep prices i
Page 243 and 244:
Intensification of
Page 245 and 246:
Mahyuddin, M.D. and M. Mustapha. 19
Page 247 and 248:
SYSTEM AWARENESS A production syste
Page 249 and 250:
Canopy development model CA = ir r
Page 251 and 252:
where WA is the weeding area in the
Page 253 and 254:
Botanical Components KI K 2 K 3 For
Page 255 and 256:
different tree ages. Decisions on t
Page 257 and 258:
Graham, N. McC., J.L. Black, G.J. F
Page 259 and 260:
EDUCATION Commercial agriculture in
Page 261 and 262:
practical terms. The writers feel t
Page 263 and 264:
NETWORKING ASPECTS IN RESEARCH DEVE
Page 265 and 266:
For instance, through networking, i
Page 267 and 268:
Sanchez, M. 1990. Rotational grazin
Page 269 and 270:
PROSPECTS FOR SHEEP HUSBANDRY AND S
Page 271 and 272:
advanced technology and management
Page 273 and 274:
While small ruminants are usually i
Page 275 and 276:
In general, livestock's contributio
Page 277 and 278:
CONCLUSIONS " The NES project has t
Page 279 and 280:
undergrowth in rubber plantations c
Page 281 and 282:
Extension activities RISDA uses she
Page 283 and 284:
program (reproduction and genetic i
Page 285 and 286:
Of the 55 million population, over
Page 287 and 288:
"Kelantan" sheep. The wool color is
Page 289 and 290:
Feeding Management Table 9. Feeding
Page 291 and 292:
Besides constraints from the low nu
Page 293 and 294:
INTEGRATED TREE CROPPING AND SMALL
Page 295 and 296:
The sheep population in the country
Page 297 and 298:
Table 4. Seasonal responses <strong
Page 299 and 300:
T E1 A NI Smallholder Farmer Cooper
Page 301 and 302:
Phase L Selection of</stron
Page 303 and 304:
REFERENCES Abilay, T. 1985. The Nat
Page 305 and 306:
are many factors that have contribu
Page 307 and 308:
Table 1. Performance indices <stron
Page 309 and 310:
Agricultural By-products and Residu
Page 311 and 312:
CONCLUSION Commercial sheep product
Page 313 and 314:
ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSIONS Following th
Page 315 and 316:
The group considers that the areas
Page 317 and 318:
Fauderconservation Past attempts at
Page 319 and 320:
Methods for Measuring Feed Quantity
Page 321 and 322:
inheritance of a t
Page 323 and 324:
" Flock health programs should be d
Page 325 and 326:
Research Priorities Research ia soc
Page 327 and 328:
* Students should always be encoura
Page 329 and 330:
List of Participan
Page 331 and 332:
Nitis, I.M. Profes
Page 333:
AUTHOR INDEX Abdullah, Norhani 115,
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