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Page Commercial sheep production under rubber and oil palm crops: development <strong>of</strong> the GUTHRIE breed Mohamad Ngah, W.E. Wan Mohamed and G.K. Mohd Azam Khan... 300 Roundtable Discussions ................................................ 309 Environment and Resources in Reference to Forage Production............. 310 A nimal Nutrition...................................................... 314 A nimal Breeding...................................................... 316 A nimal Health ........................................................ 318 Socioeconomic Considerations.......................................... 320 Education ............................... ............................ 322 Networking........................................................... 324 Participants ...................... ................................... 325 Author Index ......................................................... 329 V
FOREWORD Prompted by the need for further developments in the agricultural sector, the Indonesian Government is encouraging the application <strong>of</strong> integrated farming systems to improve resource allocation among various agricultural enterprises. This approach is expected not only to increase the utilization <strong>of</strong> slack variables and, therefore, optimize the allocation <strong>of</strong> resources; but also, and more importantly, to improve farmers' income. The integration <strong>of</strong> livestock and plantation production systems is an example <strong>of</strong> the implementation <strong>of</strong> this approach. Integrating these production systems also provides employment and utilizes family labor, and has an ecological impact in reducing environmental degradation. There is a vast extension <strong>of</strong> land under plantations and permanent crops in the ASEAN (Association <strong>of</strong> Southeast Asian Nations) region. In Indonesia alone, over 10 million hectares <strong>of</strong> land are devoted to this type <strong>of</strong> exploitation that can sustain livestock production in a mutually beneficial interaction for both plantation and livestock development. However, integrated tree crops and livestock production systems are not yet fully developed nor extensively adopted among end users; this being an arduous process to be undertaken by the joint efforts <strong>of</strong> education, research and extension agencies, and the private sector. Programs on integrated production systems can now be seen in this region as a consequence <strong>of</strong> the interest <strong>of</strong> governments in exploiting the existing potential <strong>of</strong> areas under tree crops. In Indonesia, the Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (AARD), in line with Government policies and priorities, has established a research program on integrated production systems that includes sheep and rubber production. This program located in North Sumatra, the typical and traditional plantation region <strong>of</strong> the country, is coordinated by two research agencies under AAIRD: the Research Institute for Animal Production (RIAP) and the Rubber Research Center (PPP) in Sei Putih. Contributing to this research task is an old associate <strong>of</strong> ours, namely, the Small Ruminant-Collaborative Research Support Program <strong>of</strong> the U.S. Agency for International Development. AARD was very pleased to host a <strong>workshop</strong> that was multidisciplinary in essence and brought together the knowledge on research methodologies acquired in the region. This event also was a forum for establishing personal interactions among scientists who not only exchanged specific views and research experiences but also formulated the basis for mutual collaboration and more active regional networking endeavors. We hope that the excellent scientific material contributed by the participants and the conclusions and recommendations <strong>of</strong> this <strong>workshop</strong> will be reflected in new and improved methodologies, and technological options for the end users. Dr. Soetatwo Hadiwigeno Director General Agency for Agricultural Research and Development Jakarta, !ndonesia vii
Page 1 and 2: Proceedings <stron
Page 3 and 4: INTEGRATED TREE CROPPING AND SMALL
Page 5: Page Health Animal health research
Page 9 and 10: INTRODUCTION LUis C. INIGUEZ AND MA
Page 11 and 12: Session I The Environment
Page 13 and 14: y the plantation crop, and (iv) a d
Page 15 and 16: light transmission levels refer to
Page 17 and 18: In coconut plantatiops, opportuniti
Page 19 and 20: MANAGEMENT OF FORAGES FOR ANIMAL PR
Page 21 and 22: The ability to regenerate leaf area
Page 23 and 24: old rubber trees. The production <s
Page 25 and 26: The availability of</strong
Page 27 and 28: Forage Management In view o
Page 29 and 30: (Table 5). However, MARDI, in a rec
Page 31 and 32: Felizardo, B.C. 1972. Response <str
Page 33 and 34: LEGUME TREES AS ALTERNATIVE FYEED R
Page 35 and 36: PRODUCTION ASPECTS OF FODDER SHRUBS
Page 37 and 38: fibre. The Ca:P ratio in Ficus cuni
Page 39 and 40: Capital is other limiting factor fo
Page 41 and 42: Devendra, C. 1979. Malaysian feedst
Page 43 and 44: METHODOLOGIES FOR EVALUATING FORAGE
Page 45 and 46: Plant Profiles a)
Page 47 and 48: Relative available soil n isture (R
Page 49 and 50: I = maximum possible growth when no
Page 51 and 52: Sites Site selection To properly ev
Page 53 and 54: " Disease Rating: Unidentified dise
Page 55 and 56: in Table 2. Care must be exercised
Page 57 and 58:
growth in the slower growing plots
Page 59 and 60:
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AND SUITABILIT
Page 61 and 62:
Table I. Ach Soil types and land ar
Page 63 and 64:
L' Table 2. Chemical properties <st
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Structure Despite being fine-textur
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0.6 Water Content cm3/cm 3 0.55 o 0
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less and aluminum saturation is up
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tion exceeds 45%. Maximum root grow
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FiSa'e 5a. Figure 5b. 64 10-0 10 5-
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Depth, cm Table 11. A comparison <s
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* neutralization of</strong
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Accession (CIAT No.) Brachiaria dec
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Table 14. Chemical analysis <strong
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Competition that forages of
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Table 16. Nutrient uptake by the pr
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- H p0H Ca+Mg (meq/lOOg) 7- e 0 2 4
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REFERENCES Anderson, M.A. and P.M.
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ASSESSMENT OF THE THERMAL ENVIRONME
Page 93 and 94:
The modes of heat
Page 95 and 96:
Measurement of the
Page 97 and 98:
and ventral surfe, and an area midw
Page 99 and 100:
Table 3. Physiological responses <s
Page 101 and 102:
The ability of she
Page 103 and 104:
Session II Research Aspects on Anim
Page 105 and 106:
METHODOLOGIES IN THE NUTRITION AND
Page 107 and 108:
Considering the very high productiv
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In areas of unifor
Page 111 and 112:
Table 3. Effects of</strong
Page 113 and 114:
Locally-made salt blocks (Sanchez a
Page 115 and 116:
Pond, K.R., J.M. Luginbuhl, J.C. Bu
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these animals is influenced by bota
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Recent studies on PKC using an arti
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of nutrients to ex
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Rumen Bacteria The rumen contains a
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used as a previous study reported b
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RUMEN BAG TECHNIQUE As mentioned in
Page 129 and 130:
However, the negative effects <stro
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REFERENCES Abdullah, N. 1986. In vi
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Lowe, S.E., M.K. Theodorou and A.P.
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SHEEP GRAZING TO MANAGE WEEDS IN RU
Page 137 and 138:
Description of Tec
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6• 5 4 3 2 Dry Matter, kg/ha/yr
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Free grazing sheep spent considerab
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SHEEP PRODUCTIVITY FOR MUTTON PRODU
Page 145 and 146:
adapiability than the other breeds
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Table 2. Apparent influence <strong
Page 149 and 150:
" Malin ewes mated to exotic rams e
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FPI = (litter size x lamb survival
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included in the selection criteria.
Page 155 and 156:
Choice of Breeding
Page 157 and 158:
* Stabilizing of i
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Sustainability of
Page 161 and 162:
Patnayak, B.C. 1989. Sheep producti
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There arc two basic considerations
Page 165 and 166:
In spite of the ap
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from 201 to 232 days (Iniguez et al
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carry and grazing in the plantation
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Table 2. Diallel cross involving lo
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Basic assumptions are usually: E u
Page 175 and 176:
where: p , m, and d are a general m
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Note that the lower block diagonal,
Page 179 and 180:
EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL FOR HAIR SH
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White Virgin Island This breed is f
Page 183 and 184:
Table I. Performance of</st
Page 185 and 186:
The three hair breeds that can now
Page 187 and 188:
(wool or hair) that have had an opp
Page 189 and 190:
Bradford, G.E. 1990. Breeding sysce
Page 191 and 192:
ANIMAL HEALTH RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS
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meat, decreased weeding expenditure
Page 195 and 196:
increase in livestock numbers would
Page 197 and 198:
Experiment 2 This is designed to mo
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* It was also observed that sheep w
Page 201 and 202:
* evaluate the efficacy of<
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Beriajaya and P. Stei'enson. 1986.
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of the blood-sucki
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MEASURES TO REDUCE PARASITE INFESTA
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Session III Socioeconomic Aspects,
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ASPECTS OF ON-FARM RESEARCH METHODO
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availability of fo
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If the on-farm research is designed
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EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION ENCOURAGES
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,f rsearch and attempted, through r
Page 221 and 222:
have used a wide variety of
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Cernea, M.M., J.K. Coulter and J.F.
Page 225 and 226:
Young (1984) and Young and Fendeis
Page 227 and 228:
a LP algorithm to derive a set <str
Page 229 and 230:
The expected gross margin may be ca
Page 231 and 232:
Soedjana, T.D. 1985. Risk efficient
Page 233 and 234:
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ASPECTS IN IND
Page 235 and 236:
Evidence to support the idea <stron
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1600 Price, Rp/kg 1500 -B-Nominal -
Page 239 and 240:
Indonesian Government Livestock Pol
Page 241 and 242:
Table 7. Live retail sheep prices i
Page 243 and 244:
Intensification of
Page 245 and 246:
Mahyuddin, M.D. and M. Mustapha. 19
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SYSTEM AWARENESS A production syste
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Canopy development model CA = ir r
Page 251 and 252:
where WA is the weeding area in the
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Botanical Components KI K 2 K 3 For
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different tree ages. Decisions on t
Page 257 and 258:
Graham, N. McC., J.L. Black, G.J. F
Page 259 and 260:
EDUCATION Commercial agriculture in
Page 261 and 262:
practical terms. The writers feel t
Page 263 and 264:
NETWORKING ASPECTS IN RESEARCH DEVE
Page 265 and 266:
For instance, through networking, i
Page 267 and 268:
Sanchez, M. 1990. Rotational grazin
Page 269 and 270:
PROSPECTS FOR SHEEP HUSBANDRY AND S
Page 271 and 272:
advanced technology and management
Page 273 and 274:
While small ruminants are usually i
Page 275 and 276:
In general, livestock's contributio
Page 277 and 278:
CONCLUSIONS " The NES project has t
Page 279 and 280:
undergrowth in rubber plantations c
Page 281 and 282:
Extension activities RISDA uses she
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program (reproduction and genetic i
Page 285 and 286:
Of the 55 million population, over
Page 287 and 288:
"Kelantan" sheep. The wool color is
Page 289 and 290:
Feeding Management Table 9. Feeding
Page 291 and 292:
Besides constraints from the low nu
Page 293 and 294:
INTEGRATED TREE CROPPING AND SMALL
Page 295 and 296:
The sheep population in the country
Page 297 and 298:
Table 4. Seasonal responses <strong
Page 299 and 300:
T E1 A NI Smallholder Farmer Cooper
Page 301 and 302:
Phase L Selection of</stron
Page 303 and 304:
REFERENCES Abilay, T. 1985. The Nat
Page 305 and 306:
are many factors that have contribu
Page 307 and 308:
Table 1. Performance indices <stron
Page 309 and 310:
Agricultural By-products and Residu
Page 311 and 312:
CONCLUSION Commercial sheep product
Page 313 and 314:
ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSIONS Following th
Page 315 and 316:
The group considers that the areas
Page 317 and 318:
Fauderconservation Past attempts at
Page 319 and 320:
Methods for Measuring Feed Quantity
Page 321 and 322:
inheritance of a t
Page 323 and 324:
" Flock health programs should be d
Page 325 and 326:
Research Priorities Research ia soc
Page 327 and 328:
* Students should always be encoura
Page 329 and 330:
List of Participan
Page 331 and 332:
Nitis, I.M. Profes
Page 333:
AUTHOR INDEX Abdullah, Norhani 115,
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