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Wong, C.C. 1990. Shade tolerance <strong>of</strong> tropical forages: a review. In: <strong>Proceedings</strong> <strong>of</strong> the ACIAR Workshop on Forages for Plantation Crops, June 27-29, 1990, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia. (In pe. Wong, C.C. and J.R. Wilson. 1980. Effects <strong>of</strong> shading on growth and nitrogen content <strong>of</strong> Green panic and Siratro in pure and mixed swards defoliated at two frequencies. Australian Journal <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Research. 31: 269-85. Wong, C.C., M.A. Mohd. Sharaddin and H. Rahim. 1985a. Shad, tolerance potential <strong>of</strong> some tropical forages for integration with plantations. 1. Grasses. MARDI. P.search Z.ulletin. 13: 225-47. Wong, C.C., H. Rahir- and M.A. Mohd. Sharuddin. 1985b. Shade tolerance potential <strong>of</strong> some tropical forages for integration with plantations. 2. Legumes. MARDI. Research Bulletin. 13: 249-269. Wong, H.K., R. Moh. Salleh and M.A. Mohd. Najib. 1988. Mineral status <strong>of</strong> MALIN sheep grazing under coconuts. In: <strong>Proceedings</strong> <strong>of</strong> the llth Annual Conference <strong>of</strong> the Malaysian Society <strong>of</strong> Animal Production, March 29-30, 1988, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. pp. 91-95. 23
LEGUME TREES AS ALTERNATIVE FYEED RESOURCES FOR SMALL RUMINANTS INTEGRATED WITH TREE CROPS I.M. NITIS, K. LANA, M. SUARNA, W. SUKANTEN AND S. PUTRA Department <strong>of</strong> Nutrition and Tropical Forage Science, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia ABSTRACT Fodder shrubs and trees, which are always integrated in the smallholder plantation crop, are used mainly as shade, support, protection and green manure. The leaves, which are loppedperiod ically, are used as a feed supplement to the ruminant integrated in this tree crop production system. With proper treatment and managetm.nt, shrub and tree fodders could constitute a greater proportion <strong>of</strong> the small ruminant diet without causing ill effect to tLse animals. Since shrubs and treefodders generally ccntained more nutrients than the natural grasses, their inclusion in the diets could increase the productivity <strong>of</strong> the small ruminants. Fodder shrubs and trees integrated as intercropping, alley cropping, shade, climber support, fence, feed bank and three strata forage system could increase the feed quantity and quality in the smallholder tree crop production system. INTRODUCTION Most smallholder plantations consist <strong>of</strong> the main plantation crop, an undergrowth vegetation and mixtures <strong>of</strong> fodder shrubs and trees (FST). Moreover, small and large ruminants are <strong>of</strong>ten part <strong>of</strong> the whole farming system. When small ruminants are integrated into the production system, land is usually not allocated to produce forage for their feeding. Instead, small ruminants are fed grass, ground legumes, FST and other crop residues available in the plantation. This relation establishes an integrated production framework that is mutually beneficial for the animal and plantation components. Thus, weed control and utilization <strong>of</strong> FST and crop residues from the plantation are translated into production <strong>of</strong> kg <strong>of</strong> live weight <strong>of</strong> animals and extra income. FST are specifically grown to provide shade, as a climber, for fence or windbreak, and are a source <strong>of</strong> animal feed. FST are commonly used for feeding ruminants in Indonesia. In intensive farming systems in West Java (Indones;a), the diet <strong>of</strong> sheep and goats was reported to consist <strong>of</strong> 29% FST during the wet season, while during the dry season it amounted to 39% (Van Eys et al., 1983). In plantations in Bali, during the wet season goat diets consisted <strong>of</strong> 58% FST while during the dry season it consisted <strong>of</strong> 96% FST (Nitis et al., 1980). Assuming that eich ha <strong>of</strong> smallholder plantation consists <strong>of</strong> 200 FST with an average annual yield <strong>of</strong> 8 :g (DM) per plant and that small ruminant diets include 30% FST (Nitis et al., 1980), then the 8,420,000 ha <strong>of</strong> smallholder plantation crops (Anon. 1989) could produce i3 387,800 tons <strong>of</strong> FST. Under such an assumption FST could supplement up to 68 million head <strong>of</strong> small ruminants. In this paper, the role <strong>of</strong> FST and aspects concerning smallholder integrated production systems involving tree crops and small ruminants are reviewed. 24
Page 1 and 2: Proceedings <stron
Page 3 and 4: INTEGRATED TREE CROPPING AND SMALL
Page 5 and 6: Page Health Animal health research
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD Prompted by the need for f
Page 9 and 10: INTRODUCTION LUis C. INIGUEZ AND MA
Page 11 and 12: Session I The Environment
Page 13 and 14: y the plantation crop, and (iv) a d
Page 15 and 16: light transmission levels refer to
Page 17 and 18: In coconut plantatiops, opportuniti
Page 19 and 20: MANAGEMENT OF FORAGES FOR ANIMAL PR
Page 21 and 22: The ability to regenerate leaf area
Page 23 and 24: old rubber trees. The production <s
Page 25 and 26: The availability of</strong
Page 27 and 28: Forage Management In view o
Page 29 and 30: (Table 5). However, MARDI, in a rec
Page 31: Felizardo, B.C. 1972. Response <str
Page 35 and 36: PRODUCTION ASPECTS OF FODDER SHRUBS
Page 37 and 38: fibre. The Ca:P ratio in Ficus cuni
Page 39 and 40: Capital is other limiting factor fo
Page 41 and 42: Devendra, C. 1979. Malaysian feedst
Page 43 and 44: METHODOLOGIES FOR EVALUATING FORAGE
Page 45 and 46: Plant Profiles a)
Page 47 and 48: Relative available soil n isture (R
Page 49 and 50: I = maximum possible growth when no
Page 51 and 52: Sites Site selection To properly ev
Page 53 and 54: " Disease Rating: Unidentified dise
Page 55 and 56: in Table 2. Care must be exercised
Page 57 and 58: growth in the slower growing plots
Page 59 and 60: SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AND SUITABILIT
Page 61 and 62: Table I. Ach Soil types and land ar
Page 63 and 64: L' Table 2. Chemical properties <st
Page 65 and 66: Structure Despite being fine-textur
Page 67 and 68: 0.6 Water Content cm3/cm 3 0.55 o 0
Page 69 and 70: less and aluminum saturation is up
Page 71 and 72: tion exceeds 45%. Maximum root grow
Page 73 and 74: FiSa'e 5a. Figure 5b. 64 10-0 10 5-
Page 75 and 76: Depth, cm Table 11. A comparison <s
Page 77 and 78: * neutralization of</strong
Page 79 and 80: Accession (CIAT No.) Brachiaria dec
Page 81 and 82: Table 14. Chemical analysis <strong
Page 83 and 84:
Competition that forages of
Page 85 and 86:
Table 16. Nutrient uptake by the pr
Page 87 and 88:
- H p0H Ca+Mg (meq/lOOg) 7- e 0 2 4
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REFERENCES Anderson, M.A. and P.M.
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ASSESSMENT OF THE THERMAL ENVIRONME
Page 93 and 94:
The modes of heat
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Measurement of the
Page 97 and 98:
and ventral surfe, and an area midw
Page 99 and 100:
Table 3. Physiological responses <s
Page 101 and 102:
The ability of she
Page 103 and 104:
Session II Research Aspects on Anim
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METHODOLOGIES IN THE NUTRITION AND
Page 107 and 108:
Considering the very high productiv
Page 109 and 110:
In areas of unifor
Page 111 and 112:
Table 3. Effects of</strong
Page 113 and 114:
Locally-made salt blocks (Sanchez a
Page 115 and 116:
Pond, K.R., J.M. Luginbuhl, J.C. Bu
Page 117 and 118:
these animals is influenced by bota
Page 119 and 120:
Recent studies on PKC using an arti
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of nutrients to ex
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Rumen Bacteria The rumen contains a
Page 125 and 126:
used as a previous study reported b
Page 127 and 128:
RUMEN BAG TECHNIQUE As mentioned in
Page 129 and 130:
However, the negative effects <stro
Page 131 and 132:
REFERENCES Abdullah, N. 1986. In vi
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Lowe, S.E., M.K. Theodorou and A.P.
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SHEEP GRAZING TO MANAGE WEEDS IN RU
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Description of Tec
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6• 5 4 3 2 Dry Matter, kg/ha/yr
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Free grazing sheep spent considerab
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SHEEP PRODUCTIVITY FOR MUTTON PRODU
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adapiability than the other breeds
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Table 2. Apparent influence <strong
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" Malin ewes mated to exotic rams e
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FPI = (litter size x lamb survival
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included in the selection criteria.
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Choice of Breeding
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* Stabilizing of i
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Sustainability of
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Patnayak, B.C. 1989. Sheep producti
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There arc two basic considerations
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In spite of the ap
Page 167 and 168:
from 201 to 232 days (Iniguez et al
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carry and grazing in the plantation
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Table 2. Diallel cross involving lo
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Basic assumptions are usually: E u
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where: p , m, and d are a general m
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Note that the lower block diagonal,
Page 179 and 180:
EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL FOR HAIR SH
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White Virgin Island This breed is f
Page 183 and 184:
Table I. Performance of</st
Page 185 and 186:
The three hair breeds that can now
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(wool or hair) that have had an opp
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Bradford, G.E. 1990. Breeding sysce
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ANIMAL HEALTH RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS
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meat, decreased weeding expenditure
Page 195 and 196:
increase in livestock numbers would
Page 197 and 198:
Experiment 2 This is designed to mo
Page 199 and 200:
* It was also observed that sheep w
Page 201 and 202:
* evaluate the efficacy of<
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Beriajaya and P. Stei'enson. 1986.
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of the blood-sucki
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MEASURES TO REDUCE PARASITE INFESTA
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Session III Socioeconomic Aspects,
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ASPECTS OF ON-FARM RESEARCH METHODO
Page 213 and 214:
availability of fo
Page 215 and 216:
If the on-farm research is designed
Page 217 and 218:
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION ENCOURAGES
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,f rsearch and attempted, through r
Page 221 and 222:
have used a wide variety of
Page 223 and 224:
Cernea, M.M., J.K. Coulter and J.F.
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Young (1984) and Young and Fendeis
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a LP algorithm to derive a set <str
Page 229 and 230:
The expected gross margin may be ca
Page 231 and 232:
Soedjana, T.D. 1985. Risk efficient
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LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ASPECTS IN IND
Page 235 and 236:
Evidence to support the idea <stron
Page 237 and 238:
1600 Price, Rp/kg 1500 -B-Nominal -
Page 239 and 240:
Indonesian Government Livestock Pol
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Table 7. Live retail sheep prices i
Page 243 and 244:
Intensification of
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Mahyuddin, M.D. and M. Mustapha. 19
Page 247 and 248:
SYSTEM AWARENESS A production syste
Page 249 and 250:
Canopy development model CA = ir r
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where WA is the weeding area in the
Page 253 and 254:
Botanical Components KI K 2 K 3 For
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different tree ages. Decisions on t
Page 257 and 258:
Graham, N. McC., J.L. Black, G.J. F
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EDUCATION Commercial agriculture in
Page 261 and 262:
practical terms. The writers feel t
Page 263 and 264:
NETWORKING ASPECTS IN RESEARCH DEVE
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For instance, through networking, i
Page 267 and 268:
Sanchez, M. 1990. Rotational grazin
Page 269 and 270:
PROSPECTS FOR SHEEP HUSBANDRY AND S
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advanced technology and management
Page 273 and 274:
While small ruminants are usually i
Page 275 and 276:
In general, livestock's contributio
Page 277 and 278:
CONCLUSIONS " The NES project has t
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undergrowth in rubber plantations c
Page 281 and 282:
Extension activities RISDA uses she
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program (reproduction and genetic i
Page 285 and 286:
Of the 55 million population, over
Page 287 and 288:
"Kelantan" sheep. The wool color is
Page 289 and 290:
Feeding Management Table 9. Feeding
Page 291 and 292:
Besides constraints from the low nu
Page 293 and 294:
INTEGRATED TREE CROPPING AND SMALL
Page 295 and 296:
The sheep population in the country
Page 297 and 298:
Table 4. Seasonal responses <strong
Page 299 and 300:
T E1 A NI Smallholder Farmer Cooper
Page 301 and 302:
Phase L Selection of</stron
Page 303 and 304:
REFERENCES Abilay, T. 1985. The Nat
Page 305 and 306:
are many factors that have contribu
Page 307 and 308:
Table 1. Performance indices <stron
Page 309 and 310:
Agricultural By-products and Residu
Page 311 and 312:
CONCLUSION Commercial sheep product
Page 313 and 314:
ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSIONS Following th
Page 315 and 316:
The group considers that the areas
Page 317 and 318:
Fauderconservation Past attempts at
Page 319 and 320:
Methods for Measuring Feed Quantity
Page 321 and 322:
inheritance of a t
Page 323 and 324:
" Flock health programs should be d
Page 325 and 326:
Research Priorities Research ia soc
Page 327 and 328:
* Students should always be encoura
Page 329 and 330:
List of Participan
Page 331 and 332:
Nitis, I.M. Profes
Page 333:
AUTHOR INDEX Abdullah, Norhani 115,
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