PULSES AND THE GLYCEMIC INDEX - Pulse Canada
PULSES AND THE GLYCEMIC INDEX - Pulse Canada
PULSES AND THE GLYCEMIC INDEX - Pulse Canada
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UNIVERSITY OF TORO<br />
<strong>PULSES</strong> <strong>AND</strong> <strong>THE</strong> <strong>GLYCEMIC</strong> <strong>INDEX</strong><br />
Alexandra L. Jenkins, PhD, RD, FICN<br />
Bean, <strong>Pulse</strong> and Lentil Symposium<br />
Toronto, January 31, 2008
Same Amount of Carbohydrate -<br />
Different Glucose Tolerance<br />
Blood Glucose Curve<br />
Glucose (mmol/L)<br />
6<br />
5.5<br />
5<br />
4.5<br />
4<br />
0 15 30 45 60 90 120<br />
Food A<br />
Food B<br />
Time
<strong>THE</strong> <strong>GLYCEMIC</strong> <strong>INDEX</strong><br />
GI =<br />
____AUC FOR 50g CHO OF TEST FOOD___<br />
AUC FOR 50g CHO OF REFERENCE FOOD<br />
X 100<br />
Reference Food<br />
Test Food<br />
WB<br />
Jenkins D. et al. Am J Clin Nutr 1981
Sources of Variation of Glycemic<br />
Responses<br />
• Within-subject<br />
• Between-Subject<br />
• Test meal<br />
• Analytical
Within Subject Variation
Sources of Variability: Within-subject<br />
Example of Repeated Tests<br />
300<br />
Incremental AUC<br />
200<br />
100<br />
0<br />
Subject A<br />
CV=22%<br />
Subject B<br />
CV=66%<br />
Without diabetes: CV = 25%<br />
Type 2 diabetes: CV = 15%<br />
Type 1 diabetes: CV = 30%
Sources of Within-Subject Variation<br />
•Stress<br />
• Exercise<br />
• Length of fasting time<br />
• Nature of previous meal<br />
Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4<br />
U C C U C U U C<br />
Campbell et al. Nutr Res 2003;23:621
%CV of Blood Glucose Response under<br />
Controlled and Uncontrolled Conditions<br />
Within-subject CV<br />
40<br />
1-tailed Fisher's Exact Test: p
Between Subject Variation
GI vs AUC<br />
300<br />
200<br />
AUC<br />
GI<br />
100<br />
0
Blood Glucose Response<br />
• Venous Plasma<br />
• Capillary Plasma<br />
• Capillary whole blood
Correlation Between Plasma and<br />
Capillary AUC<br />
Plasma Glucose AUC<br />
(mmol×min/L)<br />
300<br />
200<br />
100<br />
0<br />
0 100 200 300<br />
Capillary Glucose AUC<br />
(mmol×min/L)
Sources of Variation: Blood Sampling<br />
Within-subject Variation<br />
100 23±15% 57±20%<br />
80<br />
CV (%)<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
Capillary<br />
Venous
Glycemic Index Ranking<br />
HIGH GI (70-100)<br />
• Most Breads<br />
• Plain Crackers<br />
• Most Breakfast Cereals<br />
MEDIUM GI (55-69)<br />
• All Bran<br />
• Oatmeal<br />
• Most biscuits or cookies<br />
• Rice<br />
LOW GI (
Mechanism of Action
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High GI Food Low GI Food
Glycemic Index Ranking<br />
HIGH GI (70-100)<br />
• Most Breads<br />
• Plain Crackers<br />
• Most Breakfast Cereals<br />
MEDIUM GI (55-69)<br />
• All Bran<br />
• Oatmeal<br />
• Most biscuits or cookies<br />
• Rice<br />
LOW GI (
GI and Mixed Meals
Mixed meals are predictable<br />
in subjects with type 2 diabetes<br />
100<br />
Single food<br />
Mixed meal<br />
80<br />
60<br />
GI<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
Bread<br />
Potatoes<br />
Pasta<br />
Rice<br />
Lentils<br />
Kidney Beans<br />
Bornet et al. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 42: 1192
Potatoes<br />
Potatoes and Peas<br />
Peas<br />
Schafer et al, Am J Clin Nutr 78, 99-103, 2003
Glycemic Index and Risk of Chronic<br />
Diseases
Glycemic load and risk of<br />
diabetes<br />
Nurses Health Study 6 years of follow-up in 65,000 women<br />
Relative<br />
risk of<br />
Type 2<br />
Diabetes<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1.28<br />
1.51<br />
2.5<br />
P < 0.03<br />
adjusted<br />
for<br />
known risk<br />
factors<br />
0<br />
Low Medium High High GI +<br />
low fibre<br />
Glycemic load<br />
Salmeron et al. JAMA 1997;277:472-7
Glycemic load and risk of heart<br />
attack<br />
Nurses Health Study 10 years of follow-up in 65,000 women<br />
P < 0.0001 adjusted for<br />
known risk factors<br />
2<br />
1.9<br />
Relative<br />
risk of<br />
CHD<br />
1<br />
1 0.98<br />
1.21<br />
1.49<br />
0<br />
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5<br />
Lowest Glycemic load Highest<br />
Liu et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2000,71: 1455
Glycemic load and risk of colon<br />
cancer<br />
Case-control study (1950 cases and 4154 controls) from Italy<br />
Relative<br />
risk of<br />
colon<br />
cancer<br />
2<br />
1<br />
1<br />
p < 0.001 for trend, adjusted for age, sex,<br />
education, exercise, fibre, alcohol and<br />
energy<br />
1.9<br />
1.2 1.2<br />
1.6<br />
0<br />
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5<br />
Lowest Glycaemic load Highest<br />
Franceschi et al. Ann Oncol 2001, 12: 1
GI and Glycemic Load in<br />
Endometrial Cancer<br />
3<br />
Glycaemic load<br />
GI<br />
2.7<br />
Odds Ratio of Endometrial Cancer<br />
2<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1.5<br />
1.4<br />
1.5 1.5<br />
1.1<br />
1.5<br />
2.1<br />
0<br />
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5<br />
Augustin L et al, Int J Cancer 105, 404-407, 2003
Diet GI predicts HbA 1c<br />
in type 1 diabetes<br />
EURODIAB study in diabetes clinics throughout S. Europe<br />
HbA 1c<br />
(%)<br />
6.8<br />
6.3<br />
5.8<br />
P for trend = 0.0001<br />
5.3<br />
4.8<br />
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4<br />
adjusted for energy, fibre, alcohol, sex, age, BMI, smoking<br />
Buyken et al. 2001 Am J Clin Nutr 73; 574
HDL-C correlates with GI of diet<br />
Type 1 diabetes EURODIAB study<br />
1.6<br />
Northern, western and eastern Europe<br />
p for trend = 0.02<br />
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)<br />
1.5<br />
1.4<br />
1.3<br />
1.2<br />
1.1<br />
1<br />
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4<br />
Quartiles of GI<br />
adjusted for energy, fibre, alcohol, sex,age, BMI<br />
Buyken et al. 2001 Am J Clin Nutr 73; 574
Low vs high GI: a meta-analysis<br />
% difference in glycated proteins (HbA1C)<br />
Gilbertson et al. 2001<br />
Komindr et al. 2001<br />
Giacco et al 2000<br />
Luscombe et al 1999<br />
Jarvi et al 1999<br />
Lafrance et al 1998<br />
Frost et al 1993<br />
Wolever et al 1992<br />
Wolever et al 1992<br />
Fontvieille et al 1992<br />
Brand et al 1991<br />
Jenkins et al 1991<br />
Fontvieille et al 1988<br />
Collier et al 1988<br />
% -35 -25 -15 -5 5 15<br />
OVERALL RESULT<br />
Mean %difference in 14 studies = -7.4% (CI -8.8 to -6.0%)<br />
Brand-Miller et al. unpublished
<strong>Pulse</strong>s and the Glycemic Index
Postprandial Glucose Response<br />
to Different Foods<br />
Jenkins et al, BMJ 281:578-80, 1980
Glucose Response to Starchy Foods vs<br />
Legumes in Type 2 Diabetes<br />
Jenkins et al, Diabetologia 24,257-64, 1983
Glycemic Index of Foods<br />
Root<br />
Vegetables<br />
Vegetables<br />
Breakfast<br />
Cereals<br />
Cereal<br />
Products<br />
Biscuits<br />
Fruit<br />
Dairy<br />
Products<br />
Legumes<br />
Peanuts
Possible Causes of Low GI of <strong>Pulse</strong>s
Factors Affecting GI of a Food<br />
• Nature of Starch<br />
– Ratio of Amylose to Amylopectin<br />
– Degree of retrogradation of starch<br />
– Degree of hydration: method of cooking (eg regular vs. parboiling)<br />
• Fiber: eg viscous fibers vs. insoluble fiber<br />
• Antinutrients, enzyme inhibitors, phytates, lectins, tannins<br />
• Particle size and food form: eg pumpernickel vs refined flour bread<br />
• Protein-starch interaction in wheat products<br />
• Food preparation: Bread vs. pasta; canned vs. dried beans
Amylose vs Amylopectin Starch<br />
Byrnes et al, J Nutr 125:1430-1437, 1995
Factors Affecting GI of a Food<br />
• Nature of Starch<br />
– Ratio of Amylose to Amylopectin<br />
– Degree of retrogradation of starch<br />
– Degree of hydration: method of cooking (eg regular vs. parboiling)<br />
• Fiber: eg viscous fibers vs. insoluble fiber<br />
• Antinutrients, enzyme inhibitors, phytates, lectins, tannins<br />
• Particle size and food form: eg pumpernickel vs refined flour bread<br />
• Protein-starch interaction in wheat products<br />
• Food preparation: Bread vs. pasta; canned vs. dried beans
Fiber vs CHO Malabsorbed<br />
Carbohydrate losses (g)<br />
20<br />
15<br />
10<br />
5<br />
0<br />
barley<br />
pumpernickel a lentils<br />
long grain rice<br />
bread<br />
pumpernickel b<br />
instant rice<br />
macaroni instant potato<br />
wholemeal bread bread<br />
bulgur<br />
parboiled rice white bread<br />
spaghetti rye bread<br />
corn chex<br />
rice chex<br />
chick peas<br />
oat bran<br />
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35<br />
Fiber per 80 g carbohydrate portion (g)<br />
romano beans<br />
kidney beans
GI vs CHO Malabsorbed<br />
150<br />
Glycemic index, published<br />
values<br />
100<br />
50<br />
0<br />
rice chex<br />
corn chex<br />
instant rice<br />
instant potato<br />
white bread<br />
wholemeal bread<br />
rye bread<br />
long grain rice<br />
bulgur oat bran<br />
macaroni<br />
canned romano beans<br />
Dimpflmeier pumpernickel bread<br />
parboiled rice<br />
spaghetti Kasseler pumpernickel bread<br />
canned kidney beans lentils canned chick peas<br />
pearl barley<br />
0 5 10 15 20 25<br />
% Carbohydrate malabsorbed
Factors Affecting GI of a Food<br />
• Nature of Starch<br />
– Ratio of Amylose to Amylopectin<br />
– Degree of retrogradation of starch<br />
– Degree of hydration: method of cooking (eg regular vs. parboiling)<br />
• Fiber: eg viscous fibers vs. insoluble fiber<br />
• Antinutrients, enzyme inhibitors, phytates, lectins, tannins<br />
• Particle size and food form: eg pumpernickel vs refined flour bread<br />
• Protein-starch interaction in wheat products<br />
• Food preparation: Bread vs. pasta; canned vs. dried beans
Particle Size and Food Form<br />
80<br />
70<br />
60<br />
Glycemic Index<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
White Bread<br />
Chick Peas<br />
Boiled<br />
Chick Peas<br />
Canned<br />
Chick Peas<br />
Ground
Legumes<br />
• High amylose content<br />
• Tight binding of protein to starch<br />
• Presence of phytates and lectins<br />
• Amylase inhibitors
Effect of Processing
Golay et al, Diabetes Care 9,260-66.1986
Effect of Processing<br />
Jenkins et al, Am J Clin Nutr 36, 1093-1101, 1982
Conclusions<br />
• Low GI foods may reduce incidence of<br />
chronic diseases<br />
• Low GI foods may improve diabetes<br />
control, lipid profile and inflammation
Conclusions<br />
• Peas, Beans and Lentils are Low GI<br />
Foods<br />
• Processing may Effect the GI of a Food