Lab 15: Population Genetics - eScience Labs

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<strong>Lab</strong> 11: Mitosis G 2 : the second growth phase in which cellular organelles (mitochondria, ribosomes, and centrioles) are replicated. M: mitotic division (prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase) A cell normally completes the cycle in 18‐24 hours, with mitosis occupying 1‐2 hours of that time (Figure 2). Each stage is regulated by specialized proteins that coordinate the division and cell growth. Certain types of cancer are associated with the failure of these proteins. Figure 3: Two chromatids are joined together by a centromere to form a chromosome pair. Chromosomes are joined as a four‐arm structure by a centromere (Figure 3). During cell division (both meiosis and mitosis) each chromosome is duplicated, resulting in two identical chromatids. For a short while the cell contains four copies of each chromosome (two from your mother and two from your father). The chromatids are then pulled apart and divided into daughter cells. In mitosis, the division of the parent cell produces two cells, each having two sets of chromosomes (diploid (2n)). Thus, somatic cells can replicate and maintain the right number of chromosomes. Mitosis (Figure 4): Interphase: The longest period of the cell cycle was named Interphase because it was the “in‐between” period between cell cycles. It is the phase where the cell grows, its DNA replicates and it prepares for division. The replicated chromosomes pair up as sister chromatids (exact copies of each other). Prophase: The nuclear membrane breaks down and the chromosomes separate. Structures which will serve as anchors in the cell (centrioles) during the division process appear. Metaphase: The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. Microtubules attach to the chromosomes. The orientation of each pair of homologous chromosomes is independent from all other chromosomes. This means they can “flip flop” as they line up, effectively shuffling their genetic information into new combinations. Microtubules (long strands) grow from each centriole and link together while also attaching to each pair of homologous chromosomes. Anaphase: The microtubules pull the sister chromatids apart. Telophase: One set of chromosomes arrives at each centriole, at which time a nucleus forms around each set. 120
<strong>Lab</strong> 11: Mitosis Cytokinesis: The plasma membrane of the cell folds in and encloses each nucleus into two new diploid daughter cells. Figure 4: The stages of mitosis 121
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Lab Manual Introductory Biology (Ve
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Common Labware found in ESL Kits 4
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Performing the experiment Do not
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Lab 12: Meiosis Time: 1.5 hours Mat
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The Cell (continued): How Mutations
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Lab 1 : Scientific Method Concepts
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Introductory Biology Appendix Good
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Appendix: Good Lab Techniques Good
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Lab Appendix: 22: Plant Good Reprod
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Lab 15: Population Genetics - eScience Labs

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