BULGARIAN-SPEAKING MUSLIMS - Lalev

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IV THE REVIVAL PROCESS: A Pomak (Bulgarian-Muslim) Life of Dissent amidst Cultural Oppression in Communist Bulgaria ................................................................................................................ 144 Synopsis ..................................................................................................................................................... 144 Meeting Ramadan ................................................................................................................................. 144 The Revival Process Ordeal ................................................................................................................ 147 Trouble in Kornitsa .............................................................................................................................. 151 Trouble in Exile ...................................................................................................................................... 157 Bloody Revival in the Rhodopes ..................................................................................................... 160 Prison Tribulations............................................................................................................................... 166 1. Arrest, Detention and Trial ........................................................................................ 166 2. Tortured Prisoner........................................................................................................... 169 3. Release and Re-Imprisonment ................................................................................. 173 “Take the Passport or Die” ................................................................................................................ 176 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 177 V THE RIBNOVO WEDDING: A Pomak Tradition .......................................................................................... 180 Introduction............................................................................................................................................. 180 Ribnovo: Place and People ................................................................................................................ 184 Colorful Fairytale Ribnovo ................................................................................................................. 189 From Ribnovo to the Delta ................................................................................................................ 210 Marriage: “The Key Turning Point in … Adult Life” ............................................................... 214 Asserting Identity through Custom ............................................................................................... 220 VI PRESERVING HERITAGE THROUGH MICROHISTORY: The Case of Salih Aga of Paşmaklı, Pomak Governor of the Ahı Çelebi Kaaza of the Ottoman Empire (1798-1838)........................ 228 Heritage as Microhistory ................................................................................................................... 228 Finding My Own Good Story............................................................................................................. 231 ix
Salih Aga and His Time ....................................................................................................................... 235 Who Wrote about Salih Aga .............................................................................................................. 241 Salih’s Family Tree ................................................................................................................................ 249 Salih, the Family Man........................................................................................................................... 254 1. Mustafa Adji Aga ............................................................................................................. 254 2. Salihagovitsa (the Wife of Salih Aga) ..................................................................... 259 Salih, the Public Man ............................................................................................................................ 265 The Death of Salih Aga ........................................................................................................................ 270 Conclusion: Salih Aga’s Heritage .................................................................................................... 275 VII CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................................ 278 Making Sense of the Past ................................................................................................................... 278 The Role of the Heritage Broker ..................................................................................................... 281 In Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 285 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................................................... 290 2.1: Pomak population in the Provinces Thrace and Macedonia during the Balkan Wars .... 290 2.2: Report of Pazardjik activists for Pomak conversion to Archiship Maxim ............................ 291 2.3: Excerpts from the Carnegie Report on the Balkan Wars, 1914 ................................................. 293 3.1: Broken Tombstones ...................................................................................................................................... 295 3.2A: Applications for emigration submitted by Pomaks ..................................................................... 297 3.2B: Number of passports issued to Pomaks ............................................................................................ 298 3.2C: Statistics on Pomak immigration ......................................................................................................... 299 3.3: Statistics on Zagrajden Municipality ..................................................................................................... 300 6.1: Ballad about the killing of Salih Aga ...................................................................................................... 305 x
Page 1 and 2: IDENTITY, NATIONALISM AND CULTURAL
Page 3 and 4: © 2011 Fatme M. Myuhtar-May ALL RI
Page 5 and 6: A striking example of a Pomak tradi
Page 7 and 8: esearch. They served as my gracious
Page 9: 2. The Pokrastvane ................
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLES Table 3-1. Number of
Page 15 and 16: 5-12: Bride Kadrie Kadieva ........
Page 17 and 18: FOREWORD The collapse of the mediev
Page 19 and 20: (religious leadership) was still su
Page 21 and 22: in the heart of Balkan Turkey. Thus
Page 23 and 24: agreement. This uncertain and compl
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: CONTESTED I
Page 27 and 28: contested, threatened heritage. By
Page 29 and 30: anchors of memory (authentication);
Page 31 and 32: - these Melungeon activists have el
Page 33 and 34: and continuously (re)imagined as an
Page 35 and 36: numerous Pomaks who suffered politi
Page 37 and 38: The chapter argues that the life st
Page 39 and 40: CHAPTER II NATIONALISM OF COERSION:
Page 41 and 42: (such as John Locke) held the right
Page 43 and 44: fulfillment of a national state of
Page 45 and 46: that while the concept of nation-st
Page 47 and 48: crucial period, when the nascent Bu
Page 49 and 50: a cultural image of their own becau
Page 51 and 52: subject of rather emotional interpr
Page 53 and 54: after the Balkan Wars. Complicit wi
Page 55 and 56: Serbs did not consider themselves t
Page 57 and 58: priest, and teachers who were part
Page 59 and 60: 1912 and September 1913, the advanc
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[T]he Pomak population continues to
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in the Rhodopes, Thrace, and Macedo
Page 65 and 66:
Pomak dignitaries from neighboring
Page 67 and 68:
Ultimately, the Christianization of
Page 69 and 70:
Figure 2-3: Pokrastvane in the vill
Page 71 and 72:
2.1. The Killings in Oral History C
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he dealt a kick to the face of the
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Figure 2-6: A commemorative marble
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themselves out of the ditch and to
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Christians of Slavic (Bulgarian) de
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entering the village, the Serbian a
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emember where you lived?’ ‘I do
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her family, but all she remembered
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however, spared Mustafa Barutev’s
Page 89 and 90:
To obtain release, Muslim POWs peti
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convert if “their sons, husbands,
Page 93 and 94:
Further, a protocol of the Holy Syn
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civilian aides carried out the pokr
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evoked and relieved of their duties
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groups; and the more closely affili
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The revival process was the last fo
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this distinctiveness alone was goin
Page 105 and 106:
Pre-communist Bulgaria was a turbul
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Apparently, the government first en
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The communist leadership’s last f
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shrewd leadership of the communist
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conceivable document. Those lacking
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assumed purpose of the question or
Page 117 and 118:
one. In other words, more members o
Page 119 and 120:
culture.” 41 That is why culture
Page 121 and 122:
political and national unit. During
Page 123 and 124:
concealed, negative attitude of the
Page 125 and 126:
group, nor sufficiently different a
Page 127 and 128:
only pushes the national sentiment
Page 129 and 130:
equired by law to look after the in
Page 131 and 132:
was overwhelmingly peasant. There w
Page 133 and 134:
party’s stance about Organization
Page 135 and 136:
Last night we organized groups with
Page 137 and 138:
women /mostly old ones/ still stick
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for me]. I believe that every citiz
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‣ to persuade the Pomaks of an an
Page 143 and 144:
mock court trials to frighten the w
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Ninth, whereas Pomaks who resisted
Page 147 and 148:
and in most Pomak villages, the com
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a fierce resistance to the revival
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Kornitsa on an impromptu stretcher
Page 153 and 154:
nobody rename us.” This tense sta
Page 155 and 156:
However, the majority of Pomak stud
Page 157 and 158:
If the letter is authentic, it posi
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ethnic Turks of 1984-1985 created a
Page 161 and 162:
When Zhivkov promised to let all Mu
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and respect for the religious belie
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training Janissaries” and sending
Page 167 and 168:
Potentially, people’s realization
Page 169 and 170:
I met Ramadan in May 2007 while in
Page 171 and 172:
anguish of one man’s life. He sto
Page 173 and 174:
forced to formally renounce their I
Page 175 and 176:
having witnessed the pre-communist
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As a member of the communist party,
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ain. 18 It was a group of these ref
Page 181 and 182:
Whereas most ordinary people, espec
Page 183 and 184:
in the factory and they are getting
Page 185 and 186:
a different story to tell. “They
Page 187 and 188:
eaten into signing declaration to c
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slept in shifts: while some slept,
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seemed to me like—a whole crowd -
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prisoners in Stara Zagora (a city i
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containers. They had not found anyt
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calling: “Get me out! Get me out
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emembered the last forced conversio
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Conclusion The last decade of commu
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group of 170 people collectively de
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on the farm, served largely by blac
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etween the wedding traditions of Ri
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Rhodopes, barely an hour away from
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I returned to Ribnovo in early 2009
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When bTV, a leading television medi
Page 215 and 216:
keeping with age-old traditions whe
Page 217 and 218:
the form of food, money, and variou
Page 219 and 220:
While wearing the make-up, she keep
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interpret the elaborate “veiling
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Pomak traditions were altogether di
Page 225 and 226:
Figure 5-16: Wedding Figure of 5-0-
Page 227 and 228:
As the above oral and photographic
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Figure 5-26: Veiling the bride - St
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Like the mask and bridal attire, th
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Figure 5-31: Cheiz III Refrigerator
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✔Communal feasting is a vital com
Page 237 and 238:
observable in Delta Wedding, howeve
Page 239 and 240:
The authors contend that all humans
Page 241 and 242:
Indeed, the passage from one stage
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wedding rite. This is clearly indic
Page 245 and 246:
As documentary producers, journalis
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freedom. Of course, there never was
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wedding provides them with an oppor
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Mountains. What the people of Ribno
Page 253 and 254:
The fundamental unifying characteri
Page 255 and 256:
just awakening to the process of sh
Page 257 and 258:
Muslim population of the Rhodopes,
Page 259 and 260:
size of this one and destroyed in 1
Page 261 and 262:
Whereas his rather independent rule
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into ashes, took property, women an
Page 265 and 266:
Figure 6-3: The Smolyan Waterfall,
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early as the 1890s. Unfortunately,
Page 269 and 270:
The works of Dechov, Haytov, and Ma
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site is occupied by the old army co
Page 273 and 274:
Salih’s Family Tree Salih Aga was
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Raykovo [now a Smolyan’s suburb]
Page 277 and 278:
Figure 6-8: Inscribed metal dish A
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ut in the konak only my wife’s or
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One day, Sofa, who took care of Adj
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horse and rider collapsed into the
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Atanass P. Raychev from Paşmaklı
Page 287 and 288:
Figure 6-11: Scene II Scene from th
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Figure 6-13: Scene IV Krum Savov’
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them good. ... Listen, all! While m
Page 293 and 294:
Figure 6-16: An arched bridge leadi
Page 295 and 296:
The news has arrived from the Great
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poor Christian and Muslim peasantry
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“After the death of Salih Aga,”
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of furthering the Rhodopean cultura
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when young Mehmed was conducting hi
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Indeed, as my father had said, the
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ecause their exoticism is more like
Page 309 and 310:
do in a politically charged reality
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Beyond fulfilling academic obligati
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traitorous to a national identity o
Page 315 and 316:
Appendix 2.2: Report of Pazardjik a
Page 317 and 318:
Appendix 2.3: Excerpts from the Car
Page 319 and 320:
Appendix 3.1: Broken Tombstones Mus
Page 321 and 322:
Appendix 3.2A: Applications for emi
Page 323 and 324:
Appendix 3.2C: Statistics on Pomak
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Chart 3.3.2b 11 Villages and hamlet
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Mopeds 5 2 3 - Houses 427 4 6 8 Fur
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Appendix 6.1: Ballad about the kill
Page 331 and 332:
Appendix 6.2 1 : Salih Aga’s Seal
Page 333 and 334:
Hayes, Carlton J. H. The Historical
Page 335 and 336:
Lekov, Daniel. “Lovets na migove:
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