BULGARIAN-SPEAKING MUSLIMS - Lalev

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1: Map of the Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria ........................................................................................................... 38 2-2: Pokrastvane in the village of Devin, 1912-1913 ................................................................................................... 44 2-3: Pokrastvane in the village of Banya, 1912-1913 .................................................................................................. 45 2-4: A pokrastvane wedding ................................................................................................................................................... 46 2-5: A commemorative water fountain in Valkossel ................................................................................................... 50 2-6: A commemorative marble plaque next to the fountain ................................................................................... 51 3-1: National Sentiment Continuum ................................................................................................................................... 99 3-2: National Sentiment Continuum in regard to the Pomaks in Bulgaria ....................................................... 99 4-1: On the University of Marmara’s campus, Istanbul (Turkey) ....................................................................... 145 4-2: Ramadan Runtov ............................................................................................................................................................. 148 4-3: Ramadan with his family, circa 1959-1960 ......................................................................................................... 154 4-4: A commemorative monument in the village of Kornitsa .............................................................................. 161 4-5: Ismail Kalyuor of Breznitsa died as a result of the events of March 1973 ............................................ 162 4-6: At Ismail’s ........................................................................................................................................................................... 164 4-7: The happy, post-communist days ............................................................................................................................ 178 5-1: Ribnovo .............................................................................................................................................................................. 185 5-2: Ribnovo’s public square: horo dancing ................................................................................................................. 186 5-3: Kadrie and Feim Hatip from Ribnovo as bride and groom in February 2005 ..................................... 187 5-4: A happy bride .................................................................................................................................................................... 189 5-5: Young women hold gifts at Kadrie and Feim’s wedding ............................................................................... 191 5-6: The wedding begins ....................................................................................................................................................... 192 5-7: Live music ........................................................................................................................................................................... 193 5-8: Kardie’s father lifts the bayrak with one hand and drops a bill to the bearer with the other ...... 194 5-9: Kadrie’s mother and father carefully assist her out on the way to her new life as a wife ............. 195 5-10: Kadrie wearing full bridal make-up ..................................................................................................................... 195 5-11: A Ribnovo bride fully arraigned in the traditional way .............................................................................. 196 xiii
5-12: Bride Kadrie Kadieva .................................................................................................................................................. 196 5-13: Sanie and Mehmed Myuhtar .................................................................................................................................... 199 5-14: Wedding of Fatme Aguleva of Kornitsa, Western Rhodopes, 1967 ....................................................... 200 5-15: Wedding photograph of Atie Hadjieva of Valkossel, 1971......................................................................... 200 5-16: Wedding of Atidje and Mustafa Chavdarov of Valkossel, 1972 ............................................................... 201 5-17: Wedding of Atidje and Mustafa Chavdarov of Valkossel, 1972 ............................................................... 201 5-18: Wedding of Gyula and Mustafa Chavdarov of Valkossel, early 1970s .................................................. 201 5-19: Wedding of Fatma and Mehmed Chavdarov of Valkossel, late 1960s .................................................. 202 5-20: Ayshe and Mustafa Drelev of Valkossel, early 1970s ................................................................................... 202 5-21: Wedding of Sadbera and Izir Chavdarov of Vakossel, 1968 ...................................................................... 202 5-22: Wedding of Nadjibe and Natak Dermendjiev of Valkossel, early 1970s ............................................. 202 5-23: The bride is about to be decorated ....................................................................................................................... 203 5-24: Ribnovo women demonstrate a decoration ..................................................................................................... 203 5-25: Fully decorate Kadrie is about to be dressed ................................................................................................... 204 5-26: Veiling the bride - Step 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 205 5-27: Veiling the bride - Step 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 205 5-28: Veiling the bride - Step 3 ........................................................................................................................................... 206 5-29: Cheiz I ................................................................................................................................................................................ 208 5-30: Cheiz II ............................................................................................................................................................................... 208 5-31: Cheiz III ............................................................................................................................................................................. 209 5-32: Cheiz IV ............................................................................................................................................................................. 209 6-1: The konak of Deli-Ali Bey in Smolyan .................................................................................................................... 233 6-2: Melike Belinska ................................................................................................................................................................ 234 6-3: The Smolyan Waterfall, also known as “The Gorge of Salih Aga,” postcard, c. 1960 ........................ 241 6-4: The konak of Salih Aga in Paşmaklı, 1920 (copy of original photograph) ............................................. 246 6-5: The konak of Salih Aga in Paşmaklı, undated ..................................................................................................... 247 6-6: The konak of Salih Aga in Paşmaklı, 1921, gift from Todor Georgiev to Petar Marinov ................. 248 6-7: Family Tree ........................................................................................................................................................................ 252 xiv
Page 1 and 2: IDENTITY, NATIONALISM AND CULTURAL
Page 3 and 4: © 2011 Fatme M. Myuhtar-May ALL RI
Page 5 and 6: A striking example of a Pomak tradi
Page 7 and 8: esearch. They served as my gracious
Page 9 and 10: 2. The Pokrastvane ................
Page 11 and 12: Salih Aga and His Time ............
Page 13: LIST OF TABLES Table 3-1. Number of
Page 17 and 18: FOREWORD The collapse of the mediev
Page 19 and 20: (religious leadership) was still su
Page 21 and 22: in the heart of Balkan Turkey. Thus
Page 23 and 24: agreement. This uncertain and compl
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: CONTESTED I
Page 27 and 28: contested, threatened heritage. By
Page 29 and 30: anchors of memory (authentication);
Page 31 and 32: - these Melungeon activists have el
Page 33 and 34: and continuously (re)imagined as an
Page 35 and 36: numerous Pomaks who suffered politi
Page 37 and 38: The chapter argues that the life st
Page 39 and 40: CHAPTER II NATIONALISM OF COERSION:
Page 41 and 42: (such as John Locke) held the right
Page 43 and 44: fulfillment of a national state of
Page 45 and 46: that while the concept of nation-st
Page 47 and 48: crucial period, when the nascent Bu
Page 49 and 50: a cultural image of their own becau
Page 51 and 52: subject of rather emotional interpr
Page 53 and 54: after the Balkan Wars. Complicit wi
Page 55 and 56: Serbs did not consider themselves t
Page 57 and 58: priest, and teachers who were part
Page 59 and 60: 1912 and September 1913, the advanc
Page 61 and 62: [T]he Pomak population continues to
Page 63 and 64: in the Rhodopes, Thrace, and Macedo
Page 65 and 66:
Pomak dignitaries from neighboring
Page 67 and 68:
Ultimately, the Christianization of
Page 69 and 70:
Figure 2-3: Pokrastvane in the vill
Page 71 and 72:
2.1. The Killings in Oral History C
Page 73 and 74:
he dealt a kick to the face of the
Page 75 and 76:
Figure 2-6: A commemorative marble
Page 77 and 78:
themselves out of the ditch and to
Page 79 and 80:
Christians of Slavic (Bulgarian) de
Page 81 and 82:
entering the village, the Serbian a
Page 83 and 84:
emember where you lived?’ ‘I do
Page 85 and 86:
her family, but all she remembered
Page 87 and 88:
however, spared Mustafa Barutev’s
Page 89 and 90:
To obtain release, Muslim POWs peti
Page 91 and 92:
convert if “their sons, husbands,
Page 93 and 94:
Further, a protocol of the Holy Syn
Page 95 and 96:
civilian aides carried out the pokr
Page 97 and 98:
evoked and relieved of their duties
Page 99 and 100:
groups; and the more closely affili
Page 101 and 102:
The revival process was the last fo
Page 103 and 104:
this distinctiveness alone was goin
Page 105 and 106:
Pre-communist Bulgaria was a turbul
Page 107 and 108:
Apparently, the government first en
Page 109 and 110:
The communist leadership’s last f
Page 111 and 112:
shrewd leadership of the communist
Page 113 and 114:
conceivable document. Those lacking
Page 115 and 116:
assumed purpose of the question or
Page 117 and 118:
one. In other words, more members o
Page 119 and 120:
culture.” 41 That is why culture
Page 121 and 122:
political and national unit. During
Page 123 and 124:
concealed, negative attitude of the
Page 125 and 126:
group, nor sufficiently different a
Page 127 and 128:
only pushes the national sentiment
Page 129 and 130:
equired by law to look after the in
Page 131 and 132:
was overwhelmingly peasant. There w
Page 133 and 134:
party’s stance about Organization
Page 135 and 136:
Last night we organized groups with
Page 137 and 138:
women /mostly old ones/ still stick
Page 139 and 140:
for me]. I believe that every citiz
Page 141 and 142:
‣ to persuade the Pomaks of an an
Page 143 and 144:
mock court trials to frighten the w
Page 145 and 146:
Ninth, whereas Pomaks who resisted
Page 147 and 148:
and in most Pomak villages, the com
Page 149 and 150:
a fierce resistance to the revival
Page 151 and 152:
Kornitsa on an impromptu stretcher
Page 153 and 154:
nobody rename us.” This tense sta
Page 155 and 156:
However, the majority of Pomak stud
Page 157 and 158:
If the letter is authentic, it posi
Page 159 and 160:
ethnic Turks of 1984-1985 created a
Page 161 and 162:
When Zhivkov promised to let all Mu
Page 163 and 164:
and respect for the religious belie
Page 165 and 166:
training Janissaries” and sending
Page 167 and 168:
Potentially, people’s realization
Page 169 and 170:
I met Ramadan in May 2007 while in
Page 171 and 172:
anguish of one man’s life. He sto
Page 173 and 174:
forced to formally renounce their I
Page 175 and 176:
having witnessed the pre-communist
Page 177 and 178:
As a member of the communist party,
Page 179 and 180:
ain. 18 It was a group of these ref
Page 181 and 182:
Whereas most ordinary people, espec
Page 183 and 184:
in the factory and they are getting
Page 185 and 186:
a different story to tell. “They
Page 187 and 188:
eaten into signing declaration to c
Page 189 and 190:
slept in shifts: while some slept,
Page 191 and 192:
seemed to me like—a whole crowd -
Page 193 and 194:
prisoners in Stara Zagora (a city i
Page 195 and 196:
containers. They had not found anyt
Page 197 and 198:
calling: “Get me out! Get me out
Page 199 and 200:
emembered the last forced conversio
Page 201 and 202:
Conclusion The last decade of commu
Page 203 and 204:
group of 170 people collectively de
Page 205 and 206:
on the farm, served largely by blac
Page 207 and 208:
etween the wedding traditions of Ri
Page 209 and 210:
Rhodopes, barely an hour away from
Page 211 and 212:
I returned to Ribnovo in early 2009
Page 213 and 214:
When bTV, a leading television medi
Page 215 and 216:
keeping with age-old traditions whe
Page 217 and 218:
the form of food, money, and variou
Page 219 and 220:
While wearing the make-up, she keep
Page 221 and 222:
interpret the elaborate “veiling
Page 223 and 224:
Pomak traditions were altogether di
Page 225 and 226:
Figure 5-16: Wedding Figure of 5-0-
Page 227 and 228:
As the above oral and photographic
Page 229 and 230:
Figure 5-26: Veiling the bride - St
Page 231 and 232:
Like the mask and bridal attire, th
Page 233 and 234:
Figure 5-31: Cheiz III Refrigerator
Page 235 and 236:
✔Communal feasting is a vital com
Page 237 and 238:
observable in Delta Wedding, howeve
Page 239 and 240:
The authors contend that all humans
Page 241 and 242:
Indeed, the passage from one stage
Page 243 and 244:
wedding rite. This is clearly indic
Page 245 and 246:
As documentary producers, journalis
Page 247 and 248:
freedom. Of course, there never was
Page 249 and 250:
wedding provides them with an oppor
Page 251 and 252:
Mountains. What the people of Ribno
Page 253 and 254:
The fundamental unifying characteri
Page 255 and 256:
just awakening to the process of sh
Page 257 and 258:
Muslim population of the Rhodopes,
Page 259 and 260:
size of this one and destroyed in 1
Page 261 and 262:
Whereas his rather independent rule
Page 263 and 264:
into ashes, took property, women an
Page 265 and 266:
Figure 6-3: The Smolyan Waterfall,
Page 267 and 268:
early as the 1890s. Unfortunately,
Page 269 and 270:
The works of Dechov, Haytov, and Ma
Page 271 and 272:
site is occupied by the old army co
Page 273 and 274:
Salih’s Family Tree Salih Aga was
Page 275 and 276:
Raykovo [now a Smolyan’s suburb]
Page 277 and 278:
Figure 6-8: Inscribed metal dish A
Page 279 and 280:
ut in the konak only my wife’s or
Page 281 and 282:
One day, Sofa, who took care of Adj
Page 283 and 284:
horse and rider collapsed into the
Page 285 and 286:
Atanass P. Raychev from Paşmaklı
Page 287 and 288:
Figure 6-11: Scene II Scene from th
Page 289 and 290:
Figure 6-13: Scene IV Krum Savov’
Page 291 and 292:
them good. ... Listen, all! While m
Page 293 and 294:
Figure 6-16: An arched bridge leadi
Page 295 and 296:
The news has arrived from the Great
Page 297 and 298:
poor Christian and Muslim peasantry
Page 299 and 300:
“After the death of Salih Aga,”
Page 301 and 302:
of furthering the Rhodopean cultura
Page 303 and 304:
when young Mehmed was conducting hi
Page 305 and 306:
Indeed, as my father had said, the
Page 307 and 308:
ecause their exoticism is more like
Page 309 and 310:
do in a politically charged reality
Page 311 and 312:
Beyond fulfilling academic obligati
Page 313 and 314:
traitorous to a national identity o
Page 315 and 316:
Appendix 2.2: Report of Pazardjik a
Page 317 and 318:
Appendix 2.3: Excerpts from the Car
Page 319 and 320:
Appendix 3.1: Broken Tombstones Mus
Page 321 and 322:
Appendix 3.2A: Applications for emi
Page 323 and 324:
Appendix 3.2C: Statistics on Pomak
Page 325 and 326:
Chart 3.3.2b 11 Villages and hamlet
Page 327 and 328:
Mopeds 5 2 3 - Houses 427 4 6 8 Fur
Page 329 and 330:
Appendix 6.1: Ballad about the kill
Page 331 and 332:
Appendix 6.2 1 : Salih Aga’s Seal
Page 333 and 334:
Hayes, Carlton J. H. The Historical
Page 335 and 336:
Lekov, Daniel. “Lovets na migove:
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