Grid Computing Cluster â the Development and ... - Lim Lian Tze

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$LaTeX: More Than Just Academic Papers and Theses - Lim Lian Tze$

Image: Spread of diseases can be modeled mathematically. Illustration by ©Kroma Kromalsky (http://www.sxc.hu/profile/krominator).GRID APPLICATION TO WAVE FRONTPROPAGATION AND CONTAINMENTOF VECTOR BORNE DISEASESSchool of Mathematical SciencesTEAM MEMBERSProject Leader : Prof. Koh Hock LyeResearchers : Dr Teh Su Yean, Tan Kah BeeINTRODUCTIONVector borne diseases such asdengue, Yellow fever, malaria,West Nile Encephalitis (WNE),Japanese Encephalitis (JE), St. LouisEncephalitis (SLE) and WesternEquine Encephalitis (WEE) pose seriouspublic health hazard worldwide.Nearly half of the world populationis infected with at least one type ofvector borne diseases (WHO 2000).Approximately 1.4 million lives arelost each year due to vector-borne diseases.For most of these vector-bornediseases, vaccines are currently notavailable and are unlikely to be availablein the near future. Therefore,the focus is diverted to controllingthe spread of a disease by controllingthe vector of that disease. For thispurpose, a mathematical model isdeveloped by the team to study themechanisms involved in the invasionand persistence of vector borne diseases.Through model simulations,qualitative and quantitative assessmentscan be made to determinethe factors affecting the dispersal ofvector population and the transmissionof the disease from the vector tohuman. Further, control methods canbe experimented numerically on itseffectiveness before implementation.CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTON DENGUEDengue fever is the world fastestgrowing vector borne disease whichis currently endemic or intermittentlyepidemic in many tropical andsubtropical regions. Current estimatessuggest that up to 50 milliondengue cases occur annually, including500,000 cases of dengue haemorrhagicfever (WHO 2001). Denguevirus is transmitted by arthropods ofthe species Aedes aegypti, a mosquitofound throughout the world wherehot and humid climate is predominant.The transmission of the denguevirus has only one epidemiologicalcycle linking the human host and femaleAedes aegypti mosquito. Fourmajor serotypes of dengue virus havebeen identified. A person who recoversfrom an infection is immune toonly that serotype and may becomesecondarily infected with a differentserotype virus (Atkinson et al. 2007).In the absence of vaccine, the effortsto control dengue disease are focusedon controlling the mosquito vector.Further, global warming may increasethe outbreak risk of dengue diseaseassociated with weather or precipitationpattern modifications (Schaeffer,Mondet, and Touzeau 2008). Climatechange may be irreversible, and is predictedto become more extreme in thefuture (IPCC 2001). To examine theglobal-scale relationships between climate,Aedes aegypti populations anddengue disease, grid technology is appropriate,where a grid will simulateeach local habitat.APPLICATION OF GRIDTECHNOLOGYWNE is a vector borne disease withmore than one epidemiological cyclelinking the human host, the mosquitovector and another mammal such asbirds and pigs. WNE started in New40
Grid Computing Cluster – the Development and Integration of Grid Services and ApplicationsFigure 1: Conceptual computation gridFigure 2: Compartment model for Dengue disease transmission∂WS∂t∂WI∂t= DIFF × ∂2 WS∂x 2= DIFF × ∂2 WI∂x 2− v × ∂WS(∂x + CONV × A × 1 − WN )− ALPHAW × WS − DISW × BITR × WS × HICCWHN− v × ∂WI∂x(∂A∂t = BETA × WN × 1 − ACCAHI− ALPHAW × WI + DISW × BITR × WS ×HN)− ALPHAA × A − CONV × A∂HS= ALPHAH × HN − ALPHAH × HS − DISH × BITR × HS × WI∂tWN∂HI∂t∂HR= REMVH × HI − ALPHAH × HR∂t∂HD∂t= DISH × BITR × HS × WI − REMVH × HI − ALPHAH × HI − DEADH × HIWN= DEADH × HI (1)York in northeast USA in 1990 butquickly spread to the southwest ina matter of 3 to 4 years. The localscale of mosquito dispersion cannotaccount for this speed with which thedisease spread. The spread was indeedenhanced by infected birds thatmay fly over large distances of tensof kilometers over a season or a fewmonths. This pattern of dispersionmay be conceptualized in Figure 1,in which uneven patches of distributions(squares) spreading over a rectangleof 3000 km by 4000 km are usedto represent WNE distribution on thescale of continental USA. Over a localpatch (a square) of the order ofa few km, the PDE for mosquito willbe solved by finite difference methodwith mesh size of the order of 0.1 km,each patch requiring a total numberof meshes of the order of 10 to 100thousands nodes.For large system simulations, normalcomputing power offered by theregular PC would not be adequate.We therefore use the high power computingsuch as parallel or grid computingto provide the needed power.In this project, we develop grid technologyfor general applications towave front propagation simulations,with particular reference to vectorborne disease dispersal and transmission.The grid application developedhas been extended to tsunami wavepropagation and will be extended toother areas.DEER MODELDengue and Encephalitis EradicationRoutines (DEER) is a numerical simulationmodel developed in this projectto simulate the dynamics of vectorborne diseases transmission. DEER isdeveloped to simulate the distributionof Aedes aegypti mosquito populationand the dynamics of dengue diseasetransmission, which has only one epidemiologicalcycle linking the humanhosts and the vector mosquitoes.DEER is based upon a mass balanceequation for two phases of mosquitolifecycle: the winged female mosquito(represented by W) and the aquaticform (represented by A), which includeseggs, larvae and pupae. Fordisease transmission, the winged femalemosquitoes (W) are divided intotwo different classes, susceptible wing(WS) and infected wing (WI). Humansare another state variables andit has 4 different sub-variables, susceptiblehuman (HS), infected human(HI), recovered human (HR) anddead human (HD). The compartmentmodel for dengue disease transmissionis illustrated in Figure 2. Theequations governing the spatial andtemporal evolution of the disease inDEER are given in (1).Let the mortality rate of themosquitoes and aquatic forms berespectively ALPHAW (day −1 ) andALPHAA (day −1 ). The specific rateof development of the aquatic formsinto wing mosquitoes will be CONV(day −1 ). The rate of oviposition byfemale mosquito is BETA (day −1 ).We will consider the Aedes aegyptidispersal as the result of a ran-SUB-PROJECTS 41
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