Technology Today 2007 Issue 1 - Raytheon

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onTechnology Using Multi-Biometrics Fusion Technology to Protect Our Nation Criminal justice investigation and civil screening using biometric technology has increased dramatically since Sept. 11, 2001. Biometrics is the technology of applying measures of a person’s unique biological attributes to determine identity. The most commonly used biometrics modality is the fingerprint, which has been used in criminal forensics for over 100 years. Other biometric measures that can be used to distinguish individuals include face imaging, iris imaging, retina scans, hand geometry, palm prints, electrocardiogram and voice analysis. FBI IAFIS and DHS IDENT are examples of very large automatic fingerprint identification systems for criminal justice and civilian applications. There is a significant challenge with the current single biometrics-based systems. Biometric matching calculations attempt to discriminate a match from a non-match, and the result is a statistical probability with errors. Borderline probabilities require manual intervention to determine the correct decision. Optimizing performance is a tradeoff between keeping the False Reject Rate (FRR)/False Accept Rate (FAR) low and the True Accept Rate (TAR)/True Reject Rate (TRR) high. The challenge has been that any single biometrics-based identification system has a limit to how low an FAR/FRR can be achieved. The number of manual interventions increases significantly when larger populations of subjects need to be processed. The cost increases could be unsustainable. Figure 1. Typical steps for single biometric process Raytheon’s solution is to build biometric systems using multi-biometrics fusion technology. Multi-biometrics systems are those capable of using more than one biometric 24 2007 ISSUE 1 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY aspect (modality, sensor, instance and/or algorithm) in some form of combined use for making a specific identity match. This is generally referred to as multibiometrics fusion. The fusion techniques can be categorized as follows: Multi-modal – Biometric systems take input from single or multiple sensors measuring two or more different biometric attributes like face and fingerprint. Multi-algorithmic – Biometric systems receive a single sample from a single sensor and process that sample with two or more distinctly different methods (for example, different vendors’ matching algorithms). Multi-instance – Biometric systems use one sensor (or possibly multiple sensors) to capture samples of two or more different instances of the same biometric attributes. Multi-sensorial – Biometric systems sample the same instance of a biometric trait with two or more distinctly different sensors. A typical single biometric process includes these steps: sample acquisition, feature extraction, matching and decision (see Figure 1). Multi-biometrics fusion can happen at different levels; the commonly used fusion options are: Decision level – Each biometric process makes its own recognition decision. The fusion process fuses them together with combination algorithms to make the final decision. Feature extraction level – Each biometric process extracts its features for its modalities (finger or face). The fusion processes fuses the collection features into one feature set to make the final decision. E O / L A S E R S Figure 2. The illustrative ROC curves of a multi-biometrics system Matching score – Each biometric matcher provides a match score indicating match probability. These scores can be combined to a single score for matching decision. The key benefit of biometric fusion technology is to improve the overall system accuracy and reduce manual processes. Shown in Figure 2 is an example of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) of the biometrics systems before and after the multimodal fusion. The Genuine Accept Rate of the multi-modal-based system with hand geometry, fingerprint and face represents a substantial improvement compared to individual biometrics-based systems. Other benefits of a multi-biometrics system include the fact that it’s more technically challenging and costly to fool a multi-biometrics system. It can also help with people unable to enroll in one biometrics (e.g., because of physical limitations or cultural concerns). For example, iris can be used in some countries in Europe where fingerprint collection is considered to be for criminals. However, biometric systems with fusion technologies cost more to build, with Y E S T E R D A Y … T O D A Y … T O M O R R O W
additional biometric acquisition devices, extra data storage space and complex software system development. It can also have a detrimental impact on the capture speed and system performance. The challenge of designing a biometrics fusion system is to balance desired accuracy while achieving high system performance. As a Mission System Integrator, Raytheon is working with several customers to design and develop mission-critical biometric systems. For example, Raytheon is working on the design and implementation of a multiinstance and multi-algorithmic fingerprint fusion system for verification and identification by fusing up to 10 fingerprints. Scorelevel fusion, which can potentially increase accuracy up several-fold depending on performance needs, can be used. This approach has been validated by National Institute Standard and Technology studies. Raytheon is also working to explore options to improve facial image capture quality. This will enable future multi-modal fusion applications to combine fingerprint and face biometrics to achieve improved system performance. In addition, Raytheon has provided design solutions to customers using multiple biometrics, including face, finger and iris, to work with very large galleries of low-quality data and with challenging response time requirements. As an industry leader in biometrics system integration, Raytheon is also investing internal corporate funds to develop system options with fusion technology. Raytheon has partnered with other industry leaders in biometric technology and identity management, including L1, Motorola, ImageWare, Daon, Cross Match, NEC, Cogent, SAGEM Morpho and many other biometrics vendors. Raytheon is poised to provide solutions using multi-biometrics fusion technology for the criminal justice, border control and management, and intelligence and defense communities in order to protect our nation. • Charles Y Li charles_li@raytheon.com Skip Linehan skip_linehan@raytheon.com onTechnology Raytheon SAS Advanced Product Center’s Microwave Automated Factories Space and Airborne System’s (SAS) Advanced Product Center’s (APC) Microwave Automated Factory (MAF), located in Dallas, is the most highly automated facility for the production of defense and aerospace (including space) microwave products in the world. It offers a unique combination of high-volume, high-mix production and state-of-the-art prototyping and product development. The recent history of the MAF and its capabilities to support both production and development are as follows. History The facility has produced over one million complex microwave modules since its inception in 1993, with production rates exceeding 20,000 modules per month. It has also produced over 45,000 next-higher-level transmit/receive integrated microwave module type assemblies (TRIMMs), or “slats.” Assembly complexity has ranged from hermetic modules with 20 components and 100 wires to assemblies containing over 100 devices and 350 wires. The most complex non-hermetic RF assembly produced to date contained 1,024 channels, approximately 7,400 die and 16,000 wires — all designed, assembled and tested in the factory within seven months. Philosophy of Execution The most prevalent philosophy of execution is concurrent engineering with integrated product teams using IPDS. Early engagement of APC product engineers ensures that both the program and factory arrive with a winning solution for Raytheon customers. This is coupled with a heavy emphasis on design-to-cost manufacturing using cutting-edge automated assembly and tests to produce the most consistent assemblies with minimal tuning and maximum yield. Y E S T E R D A Y … T O D A Y … T O M O R R O W R F S Y S T E M S Detailed design guidelines and producibility reviews ensure low cost, high yields and high reliability for all products produced in the facility. The factory’s focus on continuous improvement is fueled by a team-based operation with joint responsibility from both Operations and Engineering for program and factory performance. More than 85 percent of factory personnel and engineer team members are Raytheon Six Sigma certified. APC’s excellence in quality and technology has been recognized by awards at the SAS and corporate levels in 2004 and 2005. Key Statistics The MAF is a certified ISO 9001 facility containing both design and fabrication capabilities. Production is housed in a 25,000 sq. ft., Class 100K clean room and a 8,500 sq. ft. clean area. The production areas are complimented by a 900 sq. ft. process/ product development area, a 570 sq. ft. prototyping area and a 570 sq. ft. process support lab. Production takes place on nine fully automated assembly lines and test stations. The assembly lines produce conventional upright chip-and-wire and flip-chip assembly using the industry’s most current equipment. Automated processes include component attach, wire/ribbon interconnects, hermetic sealing, inspection, conformal coating systems and symbolization. Statistical process control is maintained over all processes with current process capabilities ranging from 4.5–6 sigma. A paperless computer-based manufacturing control system is used for statistical process monitoring, labor entry, graphically aided work instructions and assembly travelers. It is also used for realtime control and reporting of throughput, yields and process control parameters. Part pedigree is maintained through bar code Continued on page 26 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY 2007 ISSUE 1 25
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