Raytheon Technology Today 2011 Issue 1

ENGINEERING PROFILE
Tony Marinilli
Chief Hardware
Engineer, ET&MA
With more than
32 years at
Raytheon, Tony
Marinilli’s considerable
experience
suits his current
position as chief
hardware engineer
for Raytheon
Engineering,
Technology and Mission Assurance.
As a member of the corporate Engineering team,
Marinilli provides technical leadership and
supports the development of innovative solutions
that ensure mission success. He supports
hardware development by driving performance,
processes, innovation and the implementation
of disruptive, leading-edge technologies.
Before his current position, Marinilli was a principal
engineering fellow for Raytheon Integrated
Defense Systems and a senior manager and
engineering fellow within the Northeast region’s
Radar Design and Electronics Laboratory.
He was also responsible for radar technology
and strategic planning and acted as principal
engineer and engineering section manager for
the microwave systems department within the
Missile and Radar Systems Laboratory.
Among his many accomplishments, Marinilli
has published 13 papers in the areas of missile
seekers, photonic technology, satellite communications
and solid-state transmitters. He has
contributed to the design and development of
low-noise, microwave-power amplifiers while
utilizing microwave integrated circuits and
microwave monolithic integrated circuits for
advanced radar systems.
Marinilli attributes his success to his inquisitive
nature, saying, “I have always been curious and
persistent. I’m not discouraged by failure, and
I enjoy making linkages between obscure and
unrelated facts.”
In addition to his career, Marinilli is actively
involved in promoting initiatives among institutions
of higher education that help increase the
number of students preparing for and entering
careers that employ engineering, science,
technology and mathematics.
10 2011 ISSUE 1 RAYTHEON TECHNOLOGY TODAY
Feature
Continued from page 9
kilogram. This is dictated by the chemistry
used as well as the ionic transport media —
the electrolytes. Lithium is a highly reactive
element with the additional advantage that
its ionic size (atomic number 3) is relatively
small compared with other elements; this
facilitates ionic transport. In order to utilize
the stored chemical energy in an element
or compound, the reaction with oxygen
or other reactants needs to be controlled,
and paths of electrons and ions need to be
separated. Consequently, reaction rates are
limited by ionic conductivity through the
electrolyte. In lead-acid automotive batteries
the ionic species is lead traveling through a
sulfuric acid electrolyte. Since the liquid
allows fast ionic conduction, these batteries
can produce great power for, as an example,
starting the engine. The downside, however,
is that the chemicals are quickly depleted
and the reaction slows. Therefore, the stored
energy tends to be low, and the battery
needs to be recharged to reverse the reaction
and restore the level of stored energy.
With an atomic number of 3, lithium is the
lightest of all metals. The electrodes of a
lithium-ion battery are made of a lithium
compound, (e.g., lithium phosphate) and
carbon, so they are generally much lighter
than other types of rechargeable batteries
of the same size. Lithium is also a highly reactive
element (located on the far left of the
periodic table of elements), meaning that
a lot of energy can be stored in its atomic
bonds, resulting in a very high energy density.
A typical lithium-ion battery can store
200 watt-hours of energy in 1 kilogram of
Rechargeable
Nickel-Metal Hydride Cell
~80 Wh/kg
Rechargeable
Nickel-Cadmium Cell
~50 Wh/kg
Rechargeable
Lead-Acid Battery
~30 Wh/kg
Advanced Batteries
battery versus the automotive lead-acid
battery, which can store about 30 watthours
per kilogram.
Lithium-based batteries’ higher energy
density brings with it greater challenges
to contain and control the chemical reaction.
The first lithium battery experiments
conducted in Japan and the U.S. were
failures due to the explosive nature of
the compounds used. The end result is a
compromise that sacrifices performance
for safety, an approach that utilizes lithium
not in its elemental form, but in compound
form. In this way, the explosive nature of
pure lithium can be controlled, but at the
expense of reduced energy storage.
Application in Hybrid Power Systems
While they find common application in
portable devices, lithium batteries play an
important role as energy storage devices
in hybrid power systems being developed
at Raytheon. Raytheon designed, and is
now testing, hybrid power systems using
advanced technology lithium-ion battery energy
storage with solar, wind and generator
inputs to provide power for forward-operating
equipment in support of the warfighter.
These systems are designed to provide
power surety as well as significant reduction
in fuel usage, resulting in fewer fuel sorties,
thus lowering the casualty rate, reducing
maintenance, and lowering total cost of
ownership. Environmentally ruggedized
batteries based on lithium with long-life,
deep-discharge capability, high-efficiency,
and high power and energy densities are
instrumental in realizing the advantages inherent
within these hybrid power systems.
1859 1960 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Optimized Li-ion Cells
– Nano-Surface Electrodes
– Composite Electrodes
~1,000 Wh/kg
Lithium-Thionyl-CI Battery
~350 Wh/kg
Lithium-S02 Battery
~250 Wh/kg
The Lithium Revolution
1990 and Beyond
Figure 2. Battery Technology Evolution. Lithium-based batteries offer significant
improvement in energy density over other known chemistries.