In Search of Shelter - Center for International Earth Science ...

3.5 The Mekong Delta: Living with floods and resettlementEnvironmental degradation, particularly impacts caused byflooding, is a contributing factor to rural out migration anddisplacement in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. The Vietnameseportion of the Mekong Delta is home to 18 million people, or22 percent of Vietnam´s population. It provides 40 percent ofVietnam´s cultivated land surface and produces more than aquarter of the country´s GDP. Half of Vietnam´s rice is produced inthe Mekong Delta, 60 percent of its fish-shrimp harvest, and 80percent of Vietnam´s fruit crop. Ninety percent of Vietnam´s totalnational rice export comes from the Mekong.Flooding plays an important role in the economy and culture ofthe area. People live with and depend on flood cycles, but withincertain bounds. For example, flood depths of between half ameter up to three meters are considered part of the normal floodregime upon which livelihoods depend. These are so-called “nicefloods” [ngâp nông] by Vietnamese living in the delta, such asupstream in the An Giang Province. Flood depths beyond this suchas between three and four meters [ngâp vùa], however, challengeresilience capacities of affected people and often have harrowingeffects on livelihoods.Floods exceeding the four meter mark, called “ngâp sâu” forsevere flooding, have increased in magnitude and frequency inVietnam in recent decades. 83 In Phnom Penh (Cambodia) onemigrant from the Delta noted, “Flooding occurs every year atmy former living place. I could not grow and harvest crops. Lifetherefore was very miserable. Besides, my family did not knowwhat else we could do other than growing rice and fishing.Flooding sometimes threatened our lives. So we came here tofind another livelihood.” 84Another migrant said, “My family had crop fields but in recentyears, floods occurred very often so the crop was not stable.In addition, the price of fertilizer increased very fast, and thediseases of the rice plant are too much, so the crop yield wasnothing. Even sometimes the yield was not enough to cover theamount required for living.” 85“Natural hazards, in combination with the stress placed on theenvironment due to rapid socioeconomic development withinVietnam and upstream South-east Asian countries, overlaidwith the threats posed to Vietnam by climate change, placesVietnam’s natural resources and those who depend upon themfor their livelihoods in a precarious position. In the face ofenvironmental stressors, people in the Mekong Delta adaptin various ways. One type of adaptation mechanism may bemigration, particularly in light of the rapid socio-economicchanges that Vietnam is currently experiencing, which createstronger pull factors towards urban environments”. 86Fieldwork from the EACH-FOR project indicated that lack ofalternative livelihoods, deteriorating ability to make a livingin the face of flooding, together with mounting debt, cancontribute to the migration “decisions” in the Mekong Delta.People directly dependent on agriculture for their livelihood(such as rice farmers) are especially vulnerable when successiveflooding events destroy crops. This can trigger a decision tomigrate elsewhere in search of an alternative livelihood. Duringthe flooding season, people undertake seasonal labor migrationand movement towards urban centers to bolster livelihoods.As an extreme coping mechanism, anecdotal informationfrom fieldwork pointed to human trafficking as one strategyWhat does this map tell us?The main map depicts areas of sea level rise at 1 and 2 meters (dark and light blue, respectively) on a population density mapwith urban extents delineated. It also shows the regions of the EACH-FOR study areas. The Mekong delta supported a populationof 28.5 million in 2000, out of which 14.2 million lived in areas that would be inundated by a 2m sea level rise. The upper leftinset map shows the area flooded in the year 2000 when unusually widespread monsoon floods deluged nearly 800,000 sq. km ofland in Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, and Laos. The inset map below it shows the distribution of agricultural lands. The delta has3 million ha of agricultural lands, of which 1.4 million ha would be inundated by a 2 meter sea level rise. Resettlement programsare already underway in some areas of the delta, and could become more widespread under certain sea level rise scenarios.adopted by some families who have suffered from water-relatedstressors.A migrant interviewee referred to the financial vulnerability ofher family related to flooding, “Disasters occurred so often - myfamily lost the crop, my family had to borrow money to spend.Now, my family is not able to pay off the loan so I have to comehere to work to help my family to pay the loan.” 87The government in Vietnam has a program known as “livingwith floods.” 88 This program may become more important asthe impacts of climate change become more pronounced. Thegovernment, as part of this flood management strategy, iscurrently resettling people living in vulnerable zones along riverbanks in the An Giang province. 89 Almost 20,000 landless andpoor households in this province are targeted for relocationby 2020. Households are selected for resettlement based ona number of factors related to the environment, such as livingin an area at risk of natural calamities (flooding, landslides) orriver bank erosion. These resettlement programs allow familiesto take up a five year interest free loan to enable them topurchase a housing plot and basic house frame. Householdsthen often need a further loan to complete building the house. 90The clusters provide few infrastructure services like access toschools, health, or water and sewage treatment facilities. 91People planned for relocation are usually the landless whohave nowhere else to move if their houses collapse and areoften too poor to move to urban areas. For these people,social networks provide the link to livelihoods—most rely onday-to-day employment as laborers. Although the “residentialclusters” are usually located only 1–2 kilometers away fromthe former residence, moving people out of established socialnetworks threatens their livelihoods and contributes to a senseof isolation. The resettlement clusters are not yet planned in away that allows participation of potential residents.The Vietnamese strategy of “living with floods” will combineresettlement, shifting livelihoods (i.e. from rice to fisherybasedjobs), and some migration. In the future one out of everyten Vietnamese may face displacement by sea level rise in theMekong Delta. 9215