Passalora perplexa, an important pleoanamorphic leaf blight ... - CBS

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BEILHARZ ET AL.ca, sursum obtusa, ad basim longe obconice subtruncata,(1–)3–9(–13)-septata, (16–)50–100(–153) µm longa, 2.5–5.5 µm lata, hilo modice inspissato et fuscato, refringente,1–2 µm diam.Holotype: Indonesia, South Sumatra, Kerinci, Herb. CBS9907 holotype, on phyllodes of Acacia crassicarpa, Feb.2004, M.J. Wingfield, ex-type cultures CBS 116363 = STE-U 11147–11149.Pleoanamorphic, producing stromatic conidiomata onphyllodes of Acacia crassicarpa. Leaf spots hologenous,initially pale brown, orbicular and non-necrotic,becoming medium brown, necrotic, elongated, narrowlyellipsoidal to sub-circular, with an inconspicuousborder, often distorted and wrinkled and causingdistortion of the phyllode, limited by main secondaryveins, to at least 15 mm long, 2–5 mm wide. Myceliuminternal, consisting of smooth, branched, septate,brown hyphae, 3–4 µm wide. Stromata mediumbrown throughout or ranging from brown in the exposedapical cells to hyaline or sub-hyaline in thedeeper tissues, initiated in the substomatal cavity,usually becoming erumpent, protuberant and pulvinate,composed of textura angularis, 50–80µm wide,50–90 µm high. Conidiomata amphigenous, eustromatic,comprising either (a) pale-yellowish, fleshy,protuberant stromata containing Type 2 conidia but, atleast initially, bearing no Type 1 conidiophores; (b)brown immersed or erumpent stromata bearing Type 1conidiophores but, at least initially, containing noType 2 conidia, or (c) mature brown conidiomata, upto 80 µm diam, 60 µm high, bearing numerous Type 1conidiophores and containing numerous Type 2 conidia.Type 1 synanamorph: Conidiophores occasionallysolitary, usually aggregated in loose fascicles arisingfrom the upper cells of a brown stroma, up to at least62 in number, pale to medium brown, smooth towardsthe base and often becoming rugose towards the apexwith age, subcylindrical, branched or unbranched,walls slightly thickened, straight to variously curvedor geniculate-sinuous, having a basal septum and 0–11additional septa; proliferation sympodial, with endohyphalregeneration or proliferation also commonlyexhibited, 15–80(–116) µm long, 3–5 µm wide. Conidiogenouscells terminal, verruculose or rugose,unbranched, subcylindrical, tapering to roundedapices proliferating sympodially, 15–20 × 3–4 µm.Conidiogenous scars slightly thickened and darkened,refractive, flat against the side of the conidiophore, onshort pegs or on sloping shoulders following proliferationof the conidiogenous cell, sometimes protruberant,often somewhat disguised by the dark, rugosewall of mature conidiophores but clearly seen onpaler, more newly generated conidiogenous cells, 1–2µm diam. Conidia solitary, pale olivaceous to mediumbrown, dry, smooth, rarely finely verruculose, straightor curved, narrowly obclavate to sub-cylindrical,474tapering gradually to an obtuse apex and to a roundedor long-obconically-subtruncate base, often constrictedat one or more septa or with an otherwiseuneven edge-line, (1–)3–9(–13)-septate, (16–)50–100(–153) µm long, and 4–4.5(–5.5) µm wide in vivo(Australian specimens), or (2.5–)3–4 µm wide (Indonesianspecimens). Secondary conidiation was occasionallyseen. Hila slightly but distinctly thickenedand darkened, refractive, 1–2 µm diam.Fig. 7. Conidia of Passalora perplexa in vivo. Scale bar =10 µm.Fig. 8. Type 2 conidia and conidiophores of Passaloraperplexa in vivo. Scale bar = 10 µm.
PASSALORA PERPLEXA AND ITS SYNANAMORPHSType 2 synanamorph: Conidiophores reduced, hyalineto sub-hyaline, 0–1-septate, lining a single, initiallyill-defined cavity, which develops within either asubstomatal or protuberant stroma exactly as describedabove. Conidia initially hyaline and inconspicuous,later pale olivaceous, ± cylindrical, barely ifat all tapering to the apex or the base, sometimesswollen at the apex or broadening to the base, occasionallyconstricted, smooth, (0–)1(–3) septate,(12–)15–21(–25) µm long, 2.5–4 µm wide; hila broad,truncate to slightly convex, not darkened, unthickened,non-refractive, 2–2.5 µm diam. No pore or slithas been detected that would allow ready release ofType 2 conidia. On the other hand, the contents ofcertain old conidiomata have become exposed by theapparent breakdown and peeling back of both fungaland host tissues. These conidiomata eventually resembleacervuli, although they are no longer activelysporulating. It is possible that Type 2 conidia dependon tissue breakdown for their dissemination, and thatinsects or other animals may aid their dispersal.Type 3 synanamorph: After 1 mo, Type 2 conidiafrom 3-mo-old MEA cultures exposed to daylightdevelop thick-walled hyphal swellings (reminiscent ofchlamydospores that develop in conidial cells ofcertain Fusarium spp.); these inner propagule cellseventually burst free from the cells of the Type 2conidia, frequently still having pigmented remnants ofthe conidial wall attached to their hyaline walls. Type3 conidia are 6–20 x 4–6 µm, 0(–1)-septate, ellipsoidand hyaline. Type 3 conidia did not develop in 2-mooldPDA cultures grown mostly in the dark.Cultural characteristics: Colonies slow-growing,reaching up to 20 mm diam after 3 mo on 2 % MEA at25 °C under near-UV light; colonies erumpent, marginsfeathery, irregular; outer region (surface) sepia(15”k) due to submerged, radiating mycelium; innerregion whitish to cream, with slimy sporodochialspore masses, fuscous black (7””k); central regionwith moderate hazel (17”’i) aerial mycelium; reversebrown-vinaceous (5”’m).(ex DFR 162), VPRI 20901; Melville Island, plantationprovenance, 17 Sept. 1992, K.M. Old (ex DFR 138), VPRI20903.Fig. 9. Type 1 conidiophores of Passalora perplexa in vivo.A. Conidiophores emerging from stomata. B. Sporodochialconidiophores. C. Conidiophores arising from a subcuticularhypha. Scale bar = 10 µm.Substrate and distribution: Pathogenic to phyllodes ofAcacia crassicarpa; Australia, Indonesia.Additional specimens examined: All on phyllodes of Acaciacrassicarpa, Indonesia, Southern Sumatra, Kerinci, Feb.2004, M.J. Wingfield, herb. CBS 9908, 9909, 9911, culturesderived from CBS 9911, CBS 116364 = STE-U11150–11151. Australia, Queensland, Cooktown–CapeTribulation Hwy, 4 km W of Bloomfield, 8 Apr. 1995,K.M. Old (ex DFR 257) (CSIRO Forestry and ForestProducts herbarium, Canberra Australia), VPRI 20902; 5km W of Bloomfield, 8 Apr. 1995, K.M. Old (ex DFR 252),VPRI 20904; Ingham, Shell trial site, Lannercost StateForest, 3 Apr. 1995, K.M. Old (ex DFR 255), VPRI 20905;Edmund Kennedy National Park, K.M. Old (ex DFR 305),4 Apr. 1995, VPRI 20906; Ingham, Shell trial site, LannercostState Forest, K.M. Old (#6), 9 Apr. 1996, VPRI 21125; N.T., Yapilika, Melville Island, 17 May 1994, Z.Q. Yuan,Fig. 10. Conidia of Passalora perplexa in vitro on PDA.Type 1 conidia (top), and Type 2 conidia (bottom). Scalebar = 10 µm.475
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Passalora perplexa, an important pleoanamorphic leaf blight ... - CBS

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