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s. history us history us history - Embassy of the United States

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Alexander Hamilton, secretary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> treasury in <strong>the</strong> administration <strong>of</strong>President George Washington. Hamilton advocated a strong federal governmentand <strong>the</strong> encouragement <strong>of</strong> ind<strong>us</strong>try. He was opposed by Thomas Jefferson,a believer in decentralized government, states’ rights, and <strong>the</strong> virtues <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> independent farmers and land owners.John Marshall, chief j<strong>us</strong>tice <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> U.S. Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835, in a portraitby Alonzo Chappel. In a series <strong>of</strong> landmark cases, Marshall established <strong>the</strong> principle<strong>of</strong> judicial review – <strong>the</strong> right <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> courts to determine if any act <strong>of</strong> Congress or <strong>the</strong>executive branch is constitutional, and <strong>the</strong>refore valid and legal.48 49

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