Message from Chairman PEC Engr. Dr. Muhammad Akram Sheikh

CONTENTSTopic Page #An Improved Network Security Perimeter For Proficient ResistanceAt Maligned Endpoints2Seismic Architecture 7Development of GFPS for planning and management of finances 12Essential of earth quake designs 18Hydro-energy and water vision in Pakistan 24Frontiers of science and engineering entail women scientists and engineers 40Let’s affiliate PEC with ABET & FEANI 48Quality assurance and accreditation of higher learning 54

ENGINEER PEC September 2007the switches in the proposed framework do not generate or configurable switches into consideration that do notdirect the redundant traffic at every nook and cranny of the participate in storing and sending relatedcore layer. This traffic reduction is due to the nearby elements. These switches can not use IGMP to find out theaccessibility of regularly deemed updates, alerts, multicast hosts. Now router can direct these switchesnotifications, acknowledgements and log reports about multicast group membership using CGMP. Thismaintenance by endpoint security applications.allows multicast-enabled switches to forward multicastsonly to hosts that are new and participating in the group.As, the execution of compatible updates is only at client This shall save further need of processing cost in switchesside therefore, neither complexity nor memory upgrade is to accommodate this framework.required in the switches of the access layer. This makesthe updating process. For these reasons, the constraint of The switches deployed can be further reprogrammed tohardcode has negligible effect on the results.remove MAC of corrupt node for the strict security in thenetwork by employing some rules. Assuming the ongoingWhereas, the proposed flow of the update mechanism in developments in network infrastructure, catalystfigure 4 provides stronger resilience towards various processing and storage, adaptive networks, it can beinternal attacks and malicious code, e.g. sinkhole, proclaimed that the framework may be deployed in evencontinuous ping, hello flood. The flow of security larger networks. The customizable nature of theinformation and the update is proposed in such a way that, framework makes it viable for small and medium sizeonly the privileged applications at server can resend or organizations.rewrite the entries.Methods for future integrationThe passive elements at client require temporarilyacquired permission from the client operating system. This Now, we intend to project efforts in two directions. One is toquantifies the ownership of updating scale this solution over a larger heterogeneous network of[1][3][9][18]. Distinctiveness of the framework is its ability computers and handheld devices. That development shallto give maximum protection at first step, from trojans, logic help adaptive rules to veto or pass the communicationbombs, virus, trapdoors, backdoors and information leaks. through the endpoint.The model lab is set over MUET-campus with 30 nodeswith single authentication server. Now the next phase is tocheck the stability and scalability of the solution with allnodes all over the campus.Switch with residentvirus updatesRequiresNOHELLOs?YESHELLOhandshakeAV-HELLOhandshakeAn open standard APIs development that‘ll help loosingmonopolized control of companies in security products. Onthe other hand, it shall help customizing the varyingdemands of security perimeter in organizations.Thecooperation of catalyst vendors can be sought to design aservice-oriented hardware that inherits the potential toimplement this framework. Only a powerful module (acatalyst in our case) can perform great for securityperimeter. In general, a dedicated hardware helps toimplement a strong security policy. The verification ofpassive updates can be sought by “knowledgeconsistency checker” at distribution or access layerdevice.ConclusionACK error?YESCheck ifretransmitHELLOs?NODiscardMAC entry& ReportNOYESFrame forAuthenticityRequest toretransmitThis work presents a novel network security perimeter for atrue defense-in-depth approach which is designed from ahealthy synchronization approach embedded at first placeof the network. We have presented a hierarchical modelwith true logical separations among different services.Some services were pre-deployed as the security was apriority. We plan to recommend this framework havingconfidence as first step towards merger of antivirusservices with other network resident services.Figure 4. Switch communicating updatesThe technique presented in this framework takes non-RecommendationsAnalyzing the bottlenecks of network security devices and5

ENGINEER PEC September 2007the base. In nutshell redundancy plays a positiverole inseismic performance as it results in higher plan density.Configuration1. The plan configuration problems of a building are thereentrant corner (Inside corner). These cornersproduce rigidity due to different parts of the buildingresulting local tress concentration at the notch of thereentrant corner. If the ground motion is orthouth, thewings of Northouth will be stiffer than wings ofEastestthe former wing would deflect less than thelater, if it were separate but are tied together anddifferentially move at notch, pulling and pushing eachother. In addition torsion is created, as the center ofmass and center of rigidity cannot coincide forallpossible earthquakes directions. The rotation of jointdepends on the mass of building, structural system,length of wings and height / depth ratio. There are twoalternatives either to separate building structurally intosimple shape or to tie the bulding together strongly, atthe lines of stress and torsion.2. The variation in perimeter strength and stiffness hasdetrimental effect, which provides seismic resistance.If the resistance is not balanced the detrimental effectsare extreme, as the center of mass and center ofresistance will not coincidethe torsion will rotate thebuilding on its axis. Open front buildings have threeshearing walls with opennd and produces torsion. Theopennd can be catered for by designing framestructure for entire perimeter, shear walls at openndcorner and braced frame at openront.In case of building which are not on parallel and have ashape of triangle or other than rectangular, the center ofmass can not coincide and highest quantum of torsionforces are generated under a ground motion. In this form ofwedge shape building, opaqu walls may beintroduced.iaphragms are roofs or floors and perform arole in earthquake nd its connection to shear wallsas greatsignificance. Opening and penetration in diaphragms suchas staircases, lifts should be carefully placed preferable atdistance from one another so a keep the strength andstiffness of diaphragm constant. Though it is not possibleto keep stiffness’ of all the floors of multistory buildingconstant, yet it is beneficial to obviate to minimum soft andweak stories.A soft storey has less lateral stiffness than immediatelyabove and weak storey has less strength compared toabove. It is very critical if this condition occur at the firststory because the forces are greater at this level. Owing todiscontinuity at the second story causes extremedeflection in the first story and concentration of forces atTypes of vertical Irregularitiesjunction to second storey. Normally the problem is createddue to change in height of floor, changes in materials,discontinuous shear walls and changes in horizontal /vertical structure at second storey. The problems are to beresolved, otherwise, introduce bracing, and add columnsand to change design of first story columns. Moreover,opaque walls of soft story would be lightweight anddetached from resistance system. In no condition longwalls are allowed in subsequent stories. The basicprinciple of seismic design is that in case of severeearthquakes beams will deform plastically before columns,to avoid total collapse. The weak column, strong becausecondition should always be avoided. It is important thatcolumn should be isolated from bearing walls so as toobviate short column condition. The design of vertical setback (offset) to a building brings discontinuity resulting inchange of strength and stiffness. Inverted setbacks, whichmake building larger at top but the overturning aspects ismore pronounced. The set back should be limited to threefourth in area of storey below it. Buildings having moresetbacks should be analyzed as special cases. Theinverted setback in earthquake area should be altogetheravoided.Pounding to adjacent building hitting one another shouldbe avoided. The vertical deflection or drift of adjoiningbuildings is worked out. A space is to be provided betweenthese buildings. A few stories building may drift 3 to 8 feetand therefore, needs a separation place double to it. Thecluster of building in congested areas behaves differentlyand earthquake effects are more significant on endbuilding, while less damage in the inner zone. Adjacentbuilding, cause some time damages to other buildings andhas to be catered for. On very early, the engineer andarchitect should know concept and jointly proceed witharchitectural design in earthquake areas. The architectmust understand seismic engineering to conceptualdegree and be comfortable with such shear walls bracing,moment frames, diaphragms and base isolation. Theengineer should also understand functional needs andaspiration of architect.8

ENGINEER PEC September 2007Lateral displacementAfter the earthquake or wind the building move which isknown as drift. In tall building the design is controlled bydrift design and structural stability is dependent on it. Theratio of maximum lateral displacement to the height of thebuilding is called drift ratio. A story drift is relativedisplacement of a floor to the story height at that level. Driftlimitation by seismic codes serves as guide to safe guardthe structural integrity. The increase in lateral stiffness, thecritical load of building increases, reducing failures.However, the gravity loads play a key factor against lateralstability and rotation at the base structure.DiaphragmsThe diaphragms support the entire gravity load andtransfer these to columns and walls. Further, thesetransmit the wind and seismic forces to frames andstructural walls. The building acts as a unit andredundancy and strength is increased. In design, the floorstiffness below and above diaphragms can causeproblem. In buildings having many wings such as L-shape,H-shape etc. junctions are to be dealt carefully as stress atjoints of wings may increase. The diaphragms aredesigned according to codes and deflection of diaphragmsshall not exceed the permissible deflection of attachedelements. Diaphragms designs can be further simplifiedfor three-storey building or lower according to codes. Thecontinuous ties are to be provided between the supportedwalls and the diaphragms in order to distribute anchorageforces. In wooden diaphragms the ends should beperfectly embedded in walls and projected wings properlydesigned. The floor slab and topping should not be lessthan two inches.Miscellaneous design techniquesMasonry wallsTwo procedure are adopted, one for slender wallsdesigned for out of plan forces (perpendicular to wall), thesecond one for in plan forces (parallel to wall length)stFlexible 1 floorChange of stiffnessDiscontinuousShear Wallis like horizontal continuous beam supported by vertical requiring steel at ends for support to resist shear, momentslateral load resisting elements. (Floor deck as web and and over turning. Walls having height, 30 times ofperiphery beam as flanges of continuous beam).thickness are called slender walls. The block masonrywhether hollow or solid may be used in panel walls subjectThe shear and bending moments are worked out and three to condition that the minimum thickness should be sixdimension analyses are needed for distribution of forces inches. The ratio of unsupported height may not exceedon vertical elements. For few stories, a simple analysis is 30-time thickness. Minimum steel for temperaturesufficient to determine the distribution of lateral forces./shrinkage (.003 each direction) and maximum notexceeding, 3% of cell area be provided. No splicing of theThe diaphragm rigidity plays a major role in the design, as main steel in the wall be allowed and units continuouslythe diaphragms can be rigid, flexible and semi-rigid. The poured and joined to each other.definitions of rigid means that lateral forces are transferredas per relative stiffness. In flexible diaphragms, horizontal Existing structuresforces to the vertical load resisting elements areindependent of their stiffness. The diaphragms are semi- The existing structures should be made earthquakerigid, when deflection of diaphragms and vertical elements resistant to a level desired by the requirements. Thecan not be assured rigid or flexible. The diaphragms strength, materials, detailing and quality affect theproblems are more in low-rise building and in stiffer column performance. Other considerations are the age of/ shear walls, in taller buildings. Abrupt changes in wall structure, economy, occupancy, losses, history, site9

ENGINEER PEC September 2007deficiencies and cost appraisal of alternatives. Unlike newstructure, the concept of old structures is to controldeformation whereas in new structure, it has a littlesignificance. Due to lack of ductility, the design of seismicretrofits revolves totally on the control of deformation. For aground motion and performance level, the control ofdeformations is to be within accepted levels. The interstorydrift can reduce the damage to non-structuralelements (partitions, face work, ceiling). Thebeam/column, shear wall and diaphragms damagescannot be controlled due to built in deficit ductility. By somechanges, sometime it is possible to control such structuraldeformation. The expansion joints should not be interconnectedin any upgrade system. The inelasticdeformation is beyond prediction by direct elastic analysis.The most difficult case of building is load-bearing walls ofsimple masonry. Apart from provision in the codes, itshould be kept in mind that inertia forces generated in anydirection can be transmitted back to the ground. The openstorefronts, house over garage, sky windows andexpansion joints, lacks in lateral force resisting system andwarrants improvement. Neither excessive flexibility ofstructure nor its brittle nature is desirable. Flexibilityreduces long periods of vibration while brittle materialsutility attachment to the structure.The connection of reentrant corner by collector, out ofplane anchor and continuity ties across diaphragms,makes the walls and diaphragms one piece eliminatingdeformations. The insufficient bearing in existing buildingshould be improved by enlarging beam area, stiffening thelateral stiffeners and providing additional vertical supports.The brittle structure such as masonry and unreinforcedworks need special attention. It is most important in themasonry that diaphragms and walls are tied, as these arevery low in strength both in plane and out of plane. In planeshortcomings use shotcrete on one face of the wall, infillingexiting windows and adding supplementary walls. Out ofplan shortcoming are dealt with shotcrete, center coring ofthe wall, installing dowels and adding strong-backs tostiffen the wall. The selection depends upon the aestheticrequirements of the building. The concrete frames can beadded with shear wall but the whole system is to beredesigned from foundation to top as retrofit work. Theshotcrete thickness should not be less than three inches.The existing diaphragms may have several shortcomingssuch as shear/flexure capacity, flexibility, connectivity andcontinuity. These defects need to be rectified.Conventional Isolated Isolation BearingsSeismic isolationThe detachment of building from the ground in order tostop transmission of earthquake motion isolates thebuilding. In comparison to the conventional method ofstopping acceleration in stiff building and controlling inter-storey drifts in flexible structure, the isolation removesdefects and building can be made safer. The vertical forcesin conventional design are controlled but performance ofseismic forces makes the structure expensive andunpredictable. The seismic isolation introduces flexibilityat the base in a horizontal plan along with damping torestrict the amplitude of motion resulting from theearthquake.such as brick masonry etc loose strength rapidly. Out ofplane demands of slender walls, inadequate anchorage todiaphragms and limited strength cause failure. Theupgrading of open storefront needs vertical line ofresistance along the sides of building. The braced steelframes, shear walls and collectors to distribute loads todiaphragms are used. The skylights are provided withvertical/ horizontal steel trusses. In addition shear walls orbraced frame can be added to meet deficiencies caused bydiscontinuity of diaphragms. For expansion joint a newlateral resisting elements on each side of joints can beadded for transferring horizontal shear across the joint. Allcolumns should be connected to foundation and roofingmembers connected to walls, including architectural and10

ENGINEER PEC September 2007Mechanical dissipater and elastomers can limitdisplacements and forces. Low and medium stiff buildings,nuclear plants and bridges are ideally suited; with due careto soil and very high-risk area. The elastomeric (rubber)pads called bearings support the weight of structure andcounteract earthquake forces. The dissipaters (absorbers)and elastomers reduce movements across the bearings toacceptable level. The computer software and shakingtables are used to validate results. Apart from several otherreasons for going for isolation design, the main criteria areincreased building safety and its operability after theearthquake. The force response is reduced by the flexiblemounting as the period of vibration is lengthened. Thedeflections are controlled by a damper and rigidity is alsoprovided under low service loads of wind and minorearthquakes. Elastomeric bearing is most common butrollers slip plates; suspension, sleeved piles and steppingfoundation techniques are also used. It must be kept inmind that when lateral flexibility is introduced than there isno loss to vertical rigidity.level where plan isolation is provided, in contrary toconventional buildings where structural elements areadded everywhere.7. The uplift of structure on the bearing should be in limitsof resistance of softening of the bearing. Method ofproportions of loads and loose bolts to absorb uplift isused.8. The bearing should be located which permit inspectionand replacement.9. The bearings can be located in sub-basement or atfirst story column or top of basement.References1. University of Urbane-Champaign Report2. Seismic design handbook by Farzad Naeim.About AuthorThe rubber bearings in layers, sandwiching steel shimsbetween layers properly bonded constrain lateralHazrat Sultan Registration: PEC 2440 (Civil). Bachelor ofdeformation of the rubber. The bearing may be lead-Engineering (B.E). Educational buildings designs Ammanrubber, high-dampening rubber and friction pendulum& Whitney of United States. Transportation projects formsystem. The cardinal principle is to increase in a stiffE.D.I. World Band. Advance management from Universitybuilding, the fundamental period from a second to twice orof Connecticut U.S.A. Member Executive Committeethrice by providing isolation. The force is reduced and yieldP.E.C for the term 97-99.strength remains the same, reducing ductility demand inturn reducing forces to 50%. The seismic isolation isCivil Engineer with 39 years of Experience in Planning,desirable:designing, construction and supervision of civilengineering works. Specific projects are construction ofhighways, buildings and water and power development1. The soil does not produce predominance of longprojects from 1964 to 1999. Investigation and survey ofperiod ground motion.Mangla Dam form 1961-1963. With Water and PowerDevelopment Authority. Structural design of multistory2. The low- rise structure is heavy.buildings. Major project comprehensive Higher schools atPesha3war and Abbottabad. Structural design of medical3. Squat structure and wind loads are 10% of the store Depot at Peshawar. Structural design Polytechnicstructure.Institute at Peshawar. Advancer knowledge in SeismicResistant Building including Moment resistant frame,4. The fundamental period of vibration is low, which is Shear walls, up grading of seismic effete building andquite high in taller buildings.seismic isolation. Supervision of Dozens of road, building5. Soil stiffness’ is good for isolation.and Bridge Projects. Remained sub-divisional officer,Executive Engineer, Supervising Engineer and Chief6. In existing structures, structure should be confined to aEngineer communications and works department from1964 to 1999.11

ENGINEER PEC September 2007Development of GFPS for Planning andManagement of FinancesDr. Muhammad Younus JavedMr. Munawwar IqbalAbstractFinancial procedures conceptBoth non-development and development expenditurerequests lies in any finance department of each enterprisein the world. In non-development each organization hasdifferent departments. Each department has a uniquefunction. However, two or more departments can performthe same function. Function details are defined accordingto function heads. Each function head is five digits long.Last two digits are reserved for those function heads thathas value D (D for Detail) or T (T for Total). If a functionhead has a value D then it means that it has no furthersubsection and if it has value T then we can define its subfunction heads as shown below: -Func Description Status ParentHeadHead01000 Publicity and Information T01200 General Commission andInquiryT 0100001600 Election Commission(150) D 01000An automated environment used to create containers andto hold and manage the financial expenditure data can beconceptualized as Generalized Financial Planning System(GFPS). This paper briefly describes financial procedureconcepts and levels of a security system within GFPS. TheFinance Department of Government, Semi Governmentand private organizations has been emphasizing the needto carry out software development in order to computerizethe annual expenditure requests including nondevelopmentand development expenditure. Thecomputerization of financial expenditure data andrequests processing is required to provide better supportto the higher management for making efficient operationaldecisions and their execution. Efficient computerizationrequires a detailed study and analysis of the working ofdifferent finance departments and development ofgeneralized financial procedures and mechanism of therelated data recording and processing methodologies.After a detailed analysis, a GFPS has been developed.The requirements of the software for GFPS have beenidentified and specified in detail including non-development expenditure and development expenditures,cut on non-development and keeping track ofdevelopment releases. The system has been designedand developed to meet requirements of different financedepartments with an easy to use interface for tentativeusers. The system is implemented using powerful featuresof the available DBMS. The development tools andenvironments selected are the most advanced keeping inmind all kinds of enterprises. In view of the essentialrequirements of finance departments, the necessary datasecurity and integrity mechanisms have been incorporatedand built into the system after taking a detailed feedbackfrom the users. Six users of the selected enterpriseevaluated the developed system to check its efficacy andusefulness. Results have been analyzed and the teammembers found that the developed system is easy tooperate, very accurate, highly secure, reliable and userfriendly.Moreover, it successfully meets all financialrequirements to plan and execute a series of projects andother related expendituresThere are different demands under which differentdepartments exist. One demand may contain severaldepartments. Nature of the demand may be capital,revenue or repayment of debts. Expenditure type within ademand may be charged or non-charged. Another conceptin allocation of finances is object head. Amount is alwaysrequested and allocated against object head. Each objecthead can be five digits long. Last two digits are reserved forthose object heads that has value D. Detail about objectheads is shown belowObjectHeadDescription Status ParentHead10000 Purchase of DurableGoodsT11000 Transport D 1000012000 Machinery andEquipments30000 Construction of Works TD 1000035000 TelecommunicationT 30000Works35100 Lines and Wires T 3500035101 Lines and Wires(Telegraph)35102 Lines and Wires(Telephone)D 35100D 3510035103 Lines and Wires (Radio) D 3510012

ENGINEER PEC September 2007Request of amount needed from each department is user’s view of data [1,2]. It is the most important task in thepresented to the finance department containing a unique development of GFPS application. The functions of thediary number whose data is necessary to be maintained, GFPS are to materialize forms, reports and queries byconsulted and updated. Request contains a total reading or writing the database data. The GFPS is anrequested amount and shows different volumes (if exists) intermediary between the user and the operating system. Itin which request is being considered. In addition, various receives the requests stated in terms of tables and rowsqueries are to be answered and reports are required to be and columns and translates those requests into read andgenerated. In the present system, a request of financial write requests. A process that involves inferring from user’sneeds contains development as well as non-development statements, forms, reports and queries are gathered andrequest.the developers work backwards to infer the structure thatdepicts the user’s vision and constructs the data modelsTotal requested amount is further subdivided into object for GFPS. This is necessary because most users cannotheads. Each object head has two levels of categories that describe their data models directly. The Entity Relationshipis T or D. If an object head has a level value D then it mean (E-R) model is used to interpret, specify and document thethat it has no further child object head and if it has value T requirements for database processing systems [5]. Since itthen one can define its child object heads. Amount is provides constructs for showing the overall structures ofinitially specified against each object head containing level the user’s data requirements, it is specifically used for topD. Sum of amount against each object head contains level down database design. The major objective in designingD within a parent object head which must be equal to phase, for GFPS, is to suggest such a system, which isamount of parent object head. No amount can be directly organized, smooth in running, proficient in handlingspecified against object head that is at level T. If amount is information and adequate in all respects. But the point torequested against salary object head then detail of each be kept in mind is that the prescribed organizationalpost is also given against that object head.limitations should not be dominating, more over theproposed system should be applicable and shouldIn case of development expenditure request, an enterprise overcome the drawbacks which exist in the presenthas different sectors in which different projects are system. Computerized system, known as GFPS, is beingrunning. A sector may have many projects running in it and presented to meet the requirements of the organizationeach project belongs to only one sector. Development and is designed so that all the objectives are achieved [3].request for each project, along with previous year amount The existing manual system does not satisfy all thespent on it, comes in a year requesting for capital or objectives of different finance departments. Typicalrevenue amount request. Amount is first allocated for a organizational objective is to provide better service to itsparticular project. After allocating, it is authorized. users. These objectives can only be achieved if a betterAuthorization amount may be split into different intervals. computer based system is satisfying the requirements.For a particular project total amount authorized cannot be The main goals of the early stages of databasegreater than total amount allocated. After a particular development are to build a ‘Data Model’ that documentsauthorization is made then amount against authorized the stages to be represented in the database, and toamount is released and total released amount cannot be establish the relationships among them [8]. Since topgreaterthan total amount authorized. Recently the data is down database development approach has been adoptedcollected from different departments on papers. Request to design the GFPS, the E-R model has been used topapers for finance are sent to each department in advance. design and develop the system. A software design is aAfter filling these papers each department sends its model of real world system that has many participatingrequest back to finance department where each incoming entities and the relationships [1] as shown in Figure 1.request is allocated a unique diary number. There can be apossibility that requested non-development expenditureamount from a single or many departments may not befulfilled because no excessive amount of current income isavailable. In such a case cut is applied on requestedamount on one or more departments as in the form ofpercentage.Software designA design for GFPS has been developed in DBMS forautomating financial procedures. Data modeling is thenext step in GFPS after ‘Requirements Specification’ forundertaking design and development of an automatedsystem. It is a process of creating a representation of the13Figure 1 Partial view of normalized schema of GFPS

ENGINEER PEC September 2007Data Modeling is a basis for all the subsequent work in thedevelopment of the database and their applications. GFPSmay be defined as a self-describing collection of integratedrecords. GFPS is composed of a set of programs that areused to define, administer and process the financialinformation. A partial schema for request of developmentexpenditure is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2 Partial view of development schema in GFPSIf the data model incorrectly represents the users view ofthe data, they will find application difficult to use,incomplete and very frustrating. Economy, reliability,responsiveness and modularity are taken into accountwhile designing; system has been designed on the basis ofuser requirements to meet the needs of respectiveenterprise. The data is processed by the GFPS, which isused by the database developers and the database users;both can use the GFPS either directly or indirectly via theapplication programs.Software developmentA simulator has been developed in DBMS for automatingfinancial procedures. It contains four major modules (i.e.CODE, EXPENDITURE, POSTING and CUT). In GFPSpull down operated menu interface has been designed toprovide a good interface to the users.The main components of a GFPS system are the GFPSManagement and the Application Programs which areutilized by both developers and users. The database isprocessed by the GFPS, which is used by the databasedevelopers and database users. The GFPS is composedof a set of programs that are used to define, administer andprocess the information. The facilities of DMBS can beused to create table structure to define relationships and tocreate forms, reports and the menus [10,11]. The GFPSalso include the facilities for interacting with applicationprograms written in either DBMS specific language – SQLor standard languages like COBOL. The design of GFPSdefines the database and the structure of applications. Thedesign tool comprises a set of tools to facilitate the designand to create the database and its applications [1]. Itincludes the typical tools for creating tables, designingforms, answering queries and generating the reports. TheGFPS developer uses the ‘Design Tools’ sub-systemssuch as data, free tables, queries, documents, forms,reports, code, and programs. The GFPS processes theapplication components that are developed by usingdesign tools. During run-time, all the functions areautomatic, neither the users nor the developers need to putany effort once the form is created. The runtime processorsanswer the queries and print the reports. There is a runtimecomponent also that processes the applicationprogramrequests for reading and writing the databaseinformation. GFPS receives requests from the other twocomponents stated in terms of tables, rows and columns. Itthen translates these requests into commands and sendsthem to the operating system to read and write the data onphysical media. The GFPS is also involved in transactionmanagement, locking, backup and recovery. GFPS hasintegrated selection of data which is organized to meetrequirements of different users within an enterprise. It canalso be defined as a self-describing collection of integratedrecords. GFPS itself is a collection of data that is treated asa unit. It is composed of logical and physical structures,which are designed to store and retrieve the relatedinformation.A GFPS schema defines a database’s structure its tables,relationships, domains and the business rules. A databaseschema is a design, the foundation on which the databaseand the applications are built [6]. For creating thedatabase, we need to build the schema, and afternormalization create the tables. A schema is a descriptionof the structure of a database [9]. The database schemadefines the database’s structure, its tables, relationships,domains and the business rules. The rows of one table canbe related to the rows of other tables. A domain is a set ofvalues that a column may have. One must specify adomain for each column of each table. The business rulesare restrictions on the business activities that must bereflected in a database and the database applications.Once the schema has been designed, the next step is tocreate the ‘GFPS Tables’ using the DBMS’s Data option.Each table’s column name is typed in the field ‘ColumnName’ and the data type is specified in the field ‘DataType’. The used DBMS is very powerful which cancoordinate with other DBMS as well [7] for data sharing.The additional information about the column, such aswidth, field format, and caption and data constraints arespecified in the remaining entry fields of the table creationform. The final component of a GFPS application is theapplication program. The application program is written in14

ENGINEER PEC September 2007a standard procedural language that interfaces with the in Figure 4.GFPS through a pre-defined program interface. In GFPS,the Structured Query Language (SQL) and language A Report is a formatted display of the databasespecific commands are used as a standard language for information. Developing a report is similar to developing adefining the structures and processing of a relational data entry form, although in some ways it is easier since adatabase [4]. SQL is used as a stand alone query report can be considered as a write-only form. In otherlanguage. The purpose of ‘GFPS Application’ is to provide ways, constructing a report is more difficult since reportsforms, queries and reports so that the users can record often have a more complicated structure than the forms do.data and obtain the information they need about theentities or objects of their interest. A form is a display on thecomputer screen, which is used to present, enter andmodify the data. In Figure 3, the menus are used toorganize the application components so as to make themmore accessible to the end user. ‘Pull Down’ menus as wellas ‘Buttons’ operated menus have been developedaccording to the requirements. The buttons operatedmenus are explicit and easier to use. GFPS has beendesigned to operate with the help of pull down option.Various steps are undertaken during the developmentphase of GFPS. It covers creating the new users in thedatabase, creating the tables in project manager dataoption, building the blocks using the forms, creating themaster detail relationships in forms, writing theprocedures, making the list items, compiling the forms andremoving the compilation errors, integrating the formstogether, generating the reports and using report optionbased on specific queries as shown in Figure 3.Figure 4 Development released amount form in GFPSEvaluation ResultsThe usefulness and efficacy of any system can only beascertained when subjected to practical use. Theobjectives of system evaluation are to determine whetherthe desired objectives have been accomplished or not.This is concerned with the detailed study of the developedsystem from implementation point of view.A team consisting of six members was selected to evaluatethe developed GFPS. Every team member had more thanfive years working experience in the selectedestablishment. The evaluation exercise was conducted intwo parts. In the first part the members of the evaluationteam were thoroughly familiarized with the developedsystem. They were given a detailed briefing on its concept,design and physical working. This was followed by apractical demonstration of the system. Once the membersFigure 3 Non-development amount form in GFPSof the team had developed a modicum of understandingthey were invited to practically handle the system. TheFrom time to time, the users want to query the data to team members were encouraged to monitor the systemanswer the questions or to identify the problems in acting as proxy financial management system. In theparticular situations. There are a number of ways in which second part of the evaluation the team members werea query can be expressed. One way is to use the data handed over the questionnaire. All questions wereaccess language that is SQL; another way is to use Query designed and framed keeping in view real lifeby Example (QBE). To create a query, the user has to place requirements of the GFPS. Seventeen multiple-choicethe relevant names of the tables that are to be queried, into sample questions were prepared to cover the completethe query windows. A sample for project releases is shown range of activities of the developed system. It was15

ENGINEER PEC September 2007emphasized upon the team members that they should bedeliberate and forthright in answering the questions.The first set of five questions dealt with the overall systemperformance. Ease of handling, ease in monitoring theGFPS, confidence level and reliability of the system werethe parameters evaluated in this set of questions. The ideawas to ascertain the general level of acceptability of thedeveloped system in the minds of the financial experts.which is in harmony with the inherent requirements of theend users in terms of hardware, software and financepersonnel. This software development is a step forwardtowards the overall computerization plan for financedepartment. The guidance given by the highermanagement of different finance departments proved tobe the main drive behind this achievement. The design anddevelopment work, undertaken for the GFPS, has beencovered in detail.The second set of four questions pertained to procedural This software design and development was purposefullydata incorporated in the system. As these procedures were undertaken since no software development work wasdirectly responsible in enhancing the financial status of the previously carried out to develop the database system forestablishment it was imperative that their efficacy be finance department. The goals set at the start of thisascertained and their acceptability determined. Another research have been achieved. The requirementimportant factor was to assess whether the members of specifications have been fully implemented, and thethe evaluation team were ready to trust these gadgets. The designed system truly represents and satisfies the user’sthird set of two questions dealt with the security functions requirements. This research has led to the development ofof the GFPS. It was considered necessary to obtain a real working of a financial management system, whichfeedback on this utility. The alerts play a very important role can be readily deployed and practically utilized by thein enhancing the performance of the GFPS. The fourth set finance department. This software has been purposefullyof questions contained queries about cut procedure. The designed and developed to meet the requirements of a fastfifth set of questions pertained to the software. The and reliable information system for the user in order tosoftware must be failsafe and at the same time it must be improve significantly the capability of any departmentextremely user-friendly [1]. The final two questions were dealing with finances.about the requirements. While developing the softwaregreat pains were taken to ensure the integrity of the data. The application software for GFPS is developed forcarrying out detailed system study and analysis of financeA set of questionnaires were checked in detail to assess department books. The developed package is anthe opinion of each member of the evaluation team about integrated system, which would ultimately take care ofthe developed system. Users’ response for the first five most of the aspects of finance procedures. The emphasisquestions shows that the developed system was easy to has been laid to develop a structured system, which is userlearn and use, imparted a feeling of high level of friendly, easy to handle, easy to use and covers almost allconfidence. Users found that the GFPS utility was highly the essential aspects of expenditures in respectiveuseful. Salient advantages of this system are: (1) provides departments. The effort is aimed at producing softwareenhanced access control and monitoring in real time, (2) is that is functionally acceptable, quickly adaptable, highlymore robust and reliable, (3) gives faster access to data, reliable and most efficient in processing. It is easy to(4) exhibits a better level of financial procedures being less handle, simple to operate while economical to maintain.dependent on human skills/failings, (5) always generatestrue results of cut financial routine, and (6) presents The GFPS has automated the record of expenditures foreconomy of force (lesser number of persons required).codes, expenditure, cut, posting and system functions.The complete details of requested expenditure withThe developed GFPS system is efficient in processing. It respect to particular diary number within a year have beenhas solved the data handling and storage problem of the automated.financial data in the department. It can provide quickanswers to single as well as multiple queries quickly. It also Each department’s request can be recorded and achievedhas the capability to provide on-line information retrieval independently using GFPS. Project authorization on dayand automated report generation for the users.as well as weekly basis, authorization number,authorization date and amount authorized is completelyThe developed system is quite user friendly, so that any processed. Project releases on day as well as weeklyperson can obtain the required information effectively out basis, released number, released date and amountof the database, after few weeks raining and practice. released is completely recorded. The reports have beenFurthermore, self explanatory menus will keep guiding the designed on standard format based on specific queries. Auser.set of standard queries has been identified with a completesupport built in the system. Security is of paramountConclusionimportance regarding the finance department daily routinematters with respect to expenditure. It carries top priorityThe developed GFPS system creates an environment, once it comes to the data handling of the department.16

ENGINEER PEC September 2007Keeping its significance in view, GFPS is equipped with 8.thDate, C. J., “An Introduction To Database Systems”, 6necessary security features to deny access to Edition, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 2000.unauthorized intrusions and thus keeping away any illegal 9. McFadden, F. R. and Hoffer, J. A., ”Modern Databaseattempts.Management”, Benjamin/Cummings PublishingCompany Inc., 2002.Further research can be made on rules of finance 10. Ricardo, CM. “Database Systems, Principles, Designallocation as they may change from time to time and aand Implementation”, Macmillan Publishing Company,detailed reporting mechanism can be established. The New York, 1998.software development work can be undertaken in future to 11. Visual FoxPro 8.0, Complete Command referencefurther enhance the features of GFPS, in connection withwith tutorial, 2003.the computerization plan of finance department. It can beestablished as short-term or long-term plans.About the AuthorPEC Registration No. Elect/5228GFPS has been thoroughly evaluated by financial expertswho tested it on real-time financial projects. It remained Dr Muhammad Younus Javed did hisunder trials for four weeks. It has provided promising PhD (Adaptive Communicationresults and all the users have found it extremely useful, Interfaces) from University ofhighly reliable and accurate, very secure, user-friendly, Dundee, United Kingdom in 1991very fast and excellent financial management system.and MS (Disambiguation Systems)from the same university in 1988. HeReferencesc o m p l e t e d B E E l e c t r i c a lEngineering from UET Lahore in1. Somerville, I., “Software Engineering”, Addison - 1982. He is serving in the College of Electrical andthWesley Publishing Company, 5 Edition, 1996.Mechanical Engineering (C of E&ME) since 1991 and has2. Kroenke, D. M., “Database Processing Fundamental taught a number of courses at undergraduate andDesign and Implementation”, A Simon & Schuster postgraduate level. He is currently Head of the ComputerthCompany, 6 Edition,1998.Engineering Department at C of E&ME, National3. Robinson, B. and . Prior, M., “System Analysis University of Sciences & Technology, (NUST), Rawalpindi.Techniques”, International Thomson Publishing Five PhD scholars are working under his supervision. He isCompany, 1995.recipient of ORS Award from the University of Dundee for4. Gruber, M., “Understanding SQL”, BPB Publications, his outstanding PhD research work. His areas of interest1990.are Digital Image Processing, Operating Systems,5. Shepherd , J. C., “Database Management, Theory and Database Systems, Algorithmics and CommunicationApplication”, 1990.Interfaces. He has 78 national / international publications6. Rishe, N., “Database Design”, RR Donnelley & Sons to his credit. Mr Munawar iqbal is student of MS ComputerCompany, 1992.Engineering at NUST and is presently pursuing Thesis7. Jennings, R., “Using Access 95”, 1997.work under the supervision of Dr Younus Javed.17

ENGINEER PEC September 2007Essentials of Earthquake DesignsRichter maximum wave amplitude defined as logarithm tobase ten and recorded on seismograph. The rise of oneJunaid Sultan Khanmean ten rise of the wave were period of half second. Theinstruments record the components of groundEarthquakeacceleration, two in horizontal direction and one in thevertical.Earthquake kills ten thousands people every year. Theknowledge has now increased and the structures are Special geological engineering studies for each sitedesigned using quantitative dynamic analysis, using consisting of occupancy, map showing faults (active) andspectra of defining parameters. From the wave readings existing structural type are to be carried out. The quantumobserved in different stations the position of the center of of studies depends upon the type of structure but revolveearthquake can be calculated. The seismic waves radiate around two pre-requisites.from the source below the ground surface as opposite 1. Measurements of density, water content, shearsides of the fault, rebound to decrease the strain energy instrength, behavior under flooding, attenuation in situthe rocks. The point is called focus and directly above thisand laboratory of boreholes samples.is called the epicenter. Earthquakes with foci 70 kms or 2. Determination of wave speeds.less are shallow and below 300s km are called deep. In short prediction of ground acceleration, duration,Smaller earthquakes, known as after shocks follow most frequency strong portion of earthquake is compulsory forearthquake of the shallow origin. Foreshocks before major designing a structure. The response of the structure isearthquake sometime predict the main shock.complicated and it depends on several factors such asamplification, soil condition and source distance.Major earthquakes were attributed to volcanoes Moderate earthquake with long duration may cause morepreviously, but global geology explained the plate damages. In addition when the frequency of structure andtectonics phenomena. The lithosphere, which is outermost ground motion is close, ground motion is amplified.part, consists of stable rocks (plates) 80 km in depth andthe movement of these plates produces seismic activities. FoundationsThree types of elastic waves cause shaking and produceearthquake. The forth wave is called P-wave and its motion The super-structure interfaces foundation and under staticis same as sound wave i.e. alternately pushes and pulls load generally the vertical loads are transferred tothe rock or other medias. The slower wave is called S- supporting soil. In seismic areas the loads imposed canwave and at ground level it produces both vertical and exceed the vertical loads of a structure and also producehorizontal motion. These waves can not travel through uplift coupled with horizontal forces and movements atliquids such as oceans. The speed of both waves depend foundation level. Experience has shown that building onupon the density of rock, the first to reach are P-waves rock suffer very little damage in respect to building on deepeffecting like a sonic boom and some seconds later the S- soils. The liquefaction, which kills the supporting soilwaves arrive with components of side to side motion, pressure, is also worked-out. The design base shear wascausing horizontal and vertical motions. The S- waves are formulated to be directly proportional to seismic zonedestructive. Both waves are dependent on density and factor, importance factor and variable further proportionedelastic modulus. The third type is called surface- wave, to site coefficient and fundamental building period. Allfurther sub-divided into love-wave and Raleigh-wave. The these factors, which can be examined from the earthquakelove-wave moves ground side to side without vertical codes, are used in the formula for design shear.movement, while the Raleigh-wave moves in a verticalplane. Both types are slower in speed than body waves of LiquefactionP&S wave types. Nevertheless, love-wave is faster thanRaleigh-wave with unpredictable pattern.Loose saturated sand deposits are exposed to soilliquefaction and causes settlement of structure andThe shaking at ground level is more pronounced than in landslides. Loose sand deposits have tendency todeep basement, tunnel and mines as amplitude of waves compact and decrease in volume. Water can not drainis doubled at the surface. Earthquake waves are affected rapidly and there is increase in pore water pressure.by both soil conditions and topography. Seismic waves in Shaking increase the pore water pressure more than overaddition to simple shake-up has rotational element having burden pressure, the sand shear strength shall reduce andstrong effect due to torsion forces. Earthquake forces is in liquefied stage. The sand boils at surface during andamage structures directly and indirectly resulting in fires, earthquake. Evaluating the potential of soil is difficult taskabrupt changes in soil pressures, displacement, and standard penetration, cone penetration and otherlandslides, sea waves and changes in levels.methods are used to determine design parameters. For allnew constructions, a choice is to be made betweenMagnitudedesigning for liquefaction or move the project. Sometime itis preferable to modify the soil conditions by:-Wadati in Japan originated in 1931 and later, Charles 1. Excavation and replacement of soils.Richter in California in 1935, invented “Richter scale”. The 2. Compaction piles and grouting.18

ENGINEER PEC September 20073. Chemical stabilization using additives.4. Dewatering systems.Dynamic motionStructural dynamic is applied to calculate stresses anddeflections. In earthquake, the loading is time varying andmaximum values are worked for structural design. Simplestructure system is represented in terms of single degreeof freedom, which ultimately leads to multiple degrees offreedom. Dynamic equilibrium is derived from staticequations that the applied force is equal to stiffnessresistance and resultant displacement. In case of dynamicequilibrium, a time varying force (force multiplied by time)and its mathematical solution derives formula forcalculating the design parameters. Time dependent forceon a simple structure (single storey) the assumptions aremade: -1. Mass at roof level2. Roof system is rigid3. Axial deformation of column neglected.19inelastic range. The location of all components, which arelikely to be damaged, should not affect gravity loadcapacity of the structure. All other components remain inthe elastic range. The design force level depends on thefirst yield level of structure when deviations start from theplastic response. Modification factors prescribed furtherreduce the design force level. Seismic design of structuralsteel system covers moment resisting frames, simplebraced frames and eccentrically braced frames. Theductility of steel reduces yield strength and therefore, itslimits lower than 50 Ksi is prescribed in the code forstructural components during the design earthquake. Theother components are expected to yield during the strongearthquake.The first system consists of moment resisting frames ofsteel columns and beams are bolted, riveted or welded atjoints. This system is most ductile and is preferred forearthquake areas. Beam to column connection and panelzone carries paramount importance. All connectionsshould be strong, stiff (rigid) and having post-yielddeformation capacity without loss of strength. Reinforcedconnections having cover plates, welded flange plates,triangular haunches, strait haunches and vertical plate ribsare used. A beam-to-column panel zone flexiblecomponent of steel moment resisting frame is to becatered for local stresses generated and strengthenedaccording to design procedures. The second systemconsists of simple braced frames, which provide lateralstrength and stiffness against earthquake forces and wind.The philosophy of bracing is that the failure occurs only inbraces, leaving the columns / beam connectionundamaged; thus structure survives earthquake withoutlosing gravity-load resistance. Beams and column inbraced frames must be designed to remain elastic when allbraces reach maximum tension or compression capacity.The third system consists of a mixture of moment resistantframe and braced frames having benefits of ductilityderived from first system and energy dissipation from thebraced frames. The loads in the braces are transferred tocolumn or another brace through shear and bending insegment of beam. This small beam (link) is designed todissipate the earthquake-induced energy. All othercomponents of system are designed to remain elasticduring the earthquake.The base motion is product of mass and groundacceleration. The earthquake forces are classified intoharmonic and impulse types. The harmonic loadingconsists of train of sinusoidal waves having givenamplitude, while impulse loading are of short duration,having impulses of different shapes. The seismic designforces are calculated by two procedures: The equivalentstatic force procedure and dynamic analysis. The staticforce procedures are based on empirical formulas and arecommonly used for regular structures having uniformdistribution of mass and stiffness. For irregular structures,dynamic analysis is used. Under the code regularstructures are up to 240 feet height and irregular structuresare 65 feet or less. Above these heights, for poor soilpressures and earthquake greater than 0.7 secondsperiod, the dynamic analysis is required. The design baseshear is directly proportional to the seismic importancefactor, soil condition factor at site and seismic dead loadand inversely proportional to fundamental period of thestructure and ductility / strength factor. The design shearsis not to exceed or decrease the limits under the code. TheSeismic zone factor (peak-ground acceleration) has to bescaled from seismic zone map and range from 0.075 to0.4. The importance factor is for margin of safety, Reinforced Concrete Structuresespecially hospitals and fire-brigade station buildings andrange from 1 to 1.25. The building period is directlyproportioned to a fixed factor depending on steel orconcrete frame (range .02 to .035) and height of building.Structural system coefficient depends on ductility andstrength of system.Steel Structures:The ductility of steel makes it ideal for seismic design. Ithas strength and toughness but what is more important iswelding and riveting. Structural members are designed asfuses and detailed to dissipate earthquake energy in theReinforced concrete is widely used in construction industryand experience shows of last few decades that buildingsare designed after finding out expected demandsmatching with capacity in earthquake areas.The ground motion and structural parameters are workedout and consist of structural fundamental period, yieldlevels, and force displacement characteristics. Thedemands have been worked out from shaking tests andperformance of structure to actual destructive earthquake.The structural engineer, apart from normal design has totake a great care of ductility or inelastic deformation

ENGINEER PEC September 2007capacity. A good design concept of is structuralredundancy to be achieved by continuity between resistingelements by monolithic construction of reinforced cementconcrete. All parts of the structure should be tied to act asunit together, which also caters for shear forces andtorsion.Sufficient ductility has to be built in case the strength ofstructure can not insure elastic response. Ductility demandis the ratio of maximum hinge rotation to rotation at firstyield. The cardinal principle is to avoid shear failure inmembers. It is imperative that structural members shouldfirst fail in flexure not in shear and bond/anchorage. Shearwalls having height to width ratio of 2 or 3 may be carefullydesigned and diagonal steel also added.Hinging Region from theface of the columnLoadsAnchorage with hooksi. Static: One direction, in increment until deformation.ii. Reverse: Loading cycle in predetermined amplitudeuntil deformation.iii. Dynamic: Time varying displacements are applied toselected points of structure.iv. Shaking Tables: Computer – control actuators areused for input already worked out.Effective lateral confinement of concrete increasesstrength of concrete and deformation capacity, lateral tiesor spiral steel, covered by thin concrete confines concreteand increases ductility. Rectangular hoops are weak atcorners and therefore, not as effective as spiral steel formembers subject to axial loads. Flexure deformationcapacity of hinge is closely related to curvature at thatsection. The curvature varies over the length of “PlasticHinge.” Beams and column joints critically stress andbeams design near intersection is of particular interest.These potential hinging regions are provided with spiraland lateral ties for earthquake areas. The lateral steel inhinging regions of beams confines the steel, resist againstbuckling and works against transverse shear. Further, itshould be insured that the beams develop their fullstrength in flexure rather than the shear.In column design, it has to be insured that the failure of theframe should not occur in column. Plastic hinging shouldoccur in the beam and thus column collapse is saved. Thestrong column – weak beam practice is intended to insure,the stability of frame in earthquake excitation. The collapseof the column, results in the collapse of the structure at andabove. The bi-directional loading in column may shifthinging from beam, to column and therefore, in suchcases, the column should be 1.5 times stronger than thebeam in flexure. The ideal location for plastic hinge shouldbe in the beams and bases of the first or lower storycolumns and all other members shouldremain elastic under the designearthquake. However, slab columnconnection should have stirrups andsteel going into the column for safety.Shear WallsPlastic Hinge LocationsThe structural wall reduces inter-storydamage during strong earthquakes.Simple walls with height / width ratiolimited to 2.0 are common in multistorybuildings. In the cantilever wallshorizontal and vertical steel isprovided and resists all shear andmoments.A horizontal force acts at somedistance above the base, causingflexure hinging at the base of the wall.The walls are designed so that as to Section of theyield at the base. The horizontal force wall at the basedistance above the base is ofimportance. In case it is higher above the base, it will takelesser flexure hinging force in comparison to nearerposition at the base. Dynamic analysis of shear walls showthat maximum shear calculated at the base of the wall cango 3.5 times greater than shear needed to produce flexureyielding at the base. The shear depends on fundamentaltime period and rotational ductility of the wall. Further, it isassumed that the hinging region where destruction occursis roughly an equal to thickness of the wall. Shear wallshaving stiff and well-confined flanges or boundaries(column) are better than plan rectangular sections. Where,geometry changes along the height of wall, specialconfinement steel is provided. The designs of coupledwalls are used instead of simple shear walls. The walls arecoupled by beams and the beams serve as primary unit toabsorb shock and save the structure. In reinforcedconcrete design, the provision of ASCE-95, IBC-2000,20

ENGINEER PEC September 20071.4D+1.7L+(1.7H or 1.4F)0.9D+(1.7H or 1.4F)0.75 (1.4D + 1.7L + 1.4T)WhereU = Required Strength.D = Dead load.L = Live Load.W = Wind Load.E = Earthquake Load.F = Load due to fluids.H = Load due to soil pressures.PlanElevationT = Load due to temperature andshrinkageUBC-97 and ACI chapter 21 are used.A horizontal force acts at some distance above the base,7. The equations are given to give an idea that to whatextent the earthquake affects the design, but in actualpractice there are variation in different codes.causing flexure hinging at the base of the wall. The walls 8.2The code limits the concrete strength to 3000 lhs /inare designed so that as to yield at the base. The horizontal2.and maximum yield strength of steel to 60,000 lbs. /inforce distance above the base is of importance. In case it isIn no case over specified steel be used in beams as ithigher above the base, it will take lesser flexure hingingeffect plastic hinging at the ends and the shearforce in comparison to nearer position at the base.strength of beam gets lower than the moment capacity.Dynamic analysis of shear walls show that maximum 9. The beams section should be with width / depth ratio ofshear calculated at the base of the wall can go 3.5 times greater than 0.3. The width should be more than 10greater than shear needed to produce flexure yielding atinches and equal or less than width of supportingthe base. The shear depends on fundamental time periodcolumn with the bearing, 1.5 times depth of beam.and rotational ductility of the wall. Further, it is assumedLaps should not be within 2 times depth of beam nearthat the hinging region where destruction occurs is roughlythe ends. Hoops should support longitudinal barsan equal to thickness of the wall. Shear walls having stifffirmly. The shear force in concrete should be neglectedand well-confined flanges or boundaries (column) arefor design.better than plan rectangular sections. Where, geometrychanges along the height of wall, special confinement steelis provided. The designs of coupled walls are used insteadReferencesof simple shear walls. The walls are coupled by beams and 1. Seismic design handbook by Farzad Naeim.the beams serve as primary unit to absorb shock and save 2. NEHRP guidelines for seismic design of buildings.the structure. In reinforced concrete design, the provision 3. Recommended lateral force requirements andof ASCE-95, IBC-2000, UBC-97 and ACI chapter 21 arecommentary (1999 SEAOC bluebook)used.Principal StepsAbout the AuthorJunaid Sultan Khan PEC Registration Number: Civil/1. Earthquake forces, base shear and estimated 21813, Bachelor of Engineering (2001) Major in Civilfundamental period of vibration of structure are Engineering, from University of Engineering andcalculated while distribution of shear over the height isSTTechnology, Peshawar, N-W.F.P, 1 Division throughoutestimated for the design.Engineering University. Did final project on Design of2. The design forces and story drift ratio are calculated Flexible Pavement of the Peshawar-Islamabad Motorwayon basis of base shear, gravity and wind loads.(M-1). It was based upon American Association of State3. All the member and joints are designed for most Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Roadunfavorable conditions to insure ductile behavior in Note 29, TRL Road Note 31 (For Tropical Countries)each principal direction.Codes. Including a brief over view of Motorway Economic4. For all buildings over 24 stories, dynamic analysis is study. Completed first semester of Master’s in Structureswarranted under the codes.from University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar,5. Ultimate strength methods (strength design) are used N-W.F.P and Master’s will be completed in the start ofby adopting load factors, reduction factors and 2007. Working as a Junior Engineer (J.E) with “Associatedcombination, according to design codes. The required Consulting Engineers (From July 2003 and still working).strength is based on the most critical combination of Worked as Engineer with Creative Construction Companyfactored loads and capacity. (September 2001 to July 2003).6. A.C.I code requires the strength:1.4D + 1.7LU = 0.75 [1.4D + 1.7L ± (1.7W or1.87E)0.9D±(1.3W or 1.43E)21

ENGINEER PEC September 2007Hydro-Energy and Water Vision in PakistanEngr. Abdul QayyumIntroductionTomorrow belongs to hydro energy. There are threenaturally compatible types of hydro power (Fig. 1);a. Impoundment like Tarbella and Mangla.b. Diversionlike GBHP Project and, c. Pumped Storage. Pakistan iswell suited for all the three hydro powers, and it, can meetits all present and future electricity requirements only bythis inexpensive type of hydro-energy, due to its uniquesurvival, at least, requires the reversal of this ratio. Ifexploited properly, even in the existing (Tarbella, GBHPProject, Mangla) arrangement, with the introduction ofpumped storage and generation, the annual powershortages can be greatly minimized if not eliminated.Regulated water releases are permitted through all themain hydel power plants in Pakistan. Capabilities ofTarbela, Mangla and Barotha remain as 760 MW (loadfactor= 21%), 400 MW (load factor = 40%) and 580 MW(load factor = 40%) against the installed capacities of3478, 1000 and 1450 MW in winter. The balance ofinstalled capacity in winter and peak demand throughoutthe year is met through thermal generation. Powergeneration, especially after the present oil crises, oil firedstations are the costliest among various thermal power100% Impoundment hydro1-Impoundment20 to 30% wastage in pumping2-Diversion3- PumpedStorage70 - 80% to grid (or aportion to grid and theremaining to upperreservoir in the formof water/ energystorage system)25 to 30% wastage in pumpingFig 1 - Three efficient types of hydro power generation100% Diversion/ Impoundmenthydrofavorable environment for them. With proper planning, itshould be possible for Pakistan to export this type of hydroenergy.A careful study has shown that the total potential ofhydro energy in the world is not less then 15 billion MW.Out of this, only 20% has yet been exploited and most ofthe unused and untapped hydro potential is in the underdeveloped/developing countries. Pakistan is one of them.In financial year 2003-2004, the total generation inPakistan was 68,987 MKwh, in which hydel componentwas only 27,358 MKwh (39.6%) and the thermalcomponent was 41,629 MKwh (60.4%). In 2004-2005 thetotal generation was 73,000 MKwh, in which the hydelcomponent was 25500 MKwh and the ratio of hydel to totalwas further decreased to 0.349. Pakistan’s economicalunits. The thermal units also require to be shut down duringannual maintenance.To meet the varying power demands, the provision ofthermal and hydel mix of power stations (plants) is adoptedboth for the improvement of load factor of the base plantand the adjustment of the power generation to match thedaily and seasonal load fluctuation of the national grid. Butincreasing the energy production by the present patterncan not help reduce unit price of electrical energy. Themost reasonable means to increase the productivity ofplants or decreasing the unit cost of energy in Pakistan isthe use of pumped storage plants and generation (Fig 2 &11). When the load enters in base phase (Fig 7) of the plantor when productivity is less due to limited water flows,24

ENGINEER PEC September 2007pumped storage starts working and there are more thanone mode of its configuration. The net result is that the unitcost of generation comes down as the load on the unitincreases and is minimum at full load.Therefore, if during the low demand period or during lowload factor due to limited water flows an artificial load iscreated, the unit cost of power generation will come down,benefiting the network (Fig 2).Base load plants work for a period of 5,000 hours or morein a year (i.e. > 57% of time). Medium load plants workbetween 2,000 and 5,000 hours a year and peak loadplants work for less than 2,000 hours in a year i.e. < 22% oftime. Base load plants have to run continuously and,therefore, there is very little operational flexibility.Medium load plants are operational predominantly onweek days. These plants may have some operationalflexibility.production at an appropriate load factor (table-2). Thisstored water is used for power generation during the peak– demand period. Figures-4 & 6 show the load curve of anetwork with a pumped storage plant working inconjunction with the base plant.It will be seen from the figure that the load fluctuation for thebase plant has been considerably reduced. Also there is abulk transfer of energy from the low-demand period topeak period. The pumped storage plant assists thenetwork in two ways (1) It improves the load factor duringthe low-demand period, benefiting the network and (2) Itreduces the demand on the base plant by generating peakpower making it possible to use lower capacity units.The peak load plants are used for a short duration, the loadfactor being 10% to 25%, investment in these iscomparatively less and corresponding reduction ofproductivity is, in general, acceptable and economicallyjustifiable.Thus it is prudent to explore feasibility of pumped storageand generation on existing hydropower plants and on mostof the future hydroplants, so that the availability of waterand production of hydro-energy is increased to therequired level.Fossil fuels are getting exhausted rapidly therefore theworld is turning its attention towards renewable resourcesof energy such as hydro-power, solar-energy etc. InPakistan, the bulk of our known reserves of hydro-powerpotential are yet to be tapped. However, great fluctuationsin river flows do not permit uniform production round theyear. Pumped storage / plant and generation is one suchtype of energy production which promises filling the gaps.In this type of plant, energy is stored up in a high level lakeby pumping up water during low demand periods such asthe nights, during weekends, and in countries like Pakistanthroughout the winter, when our limited availability of waterdoes not allow the impoundment/diversion hydro energy25

ENGINEER PEC September 2007channel. The only difference is an additional lake at thelower end in which tail water is stored up for pumping in theexisting powerhouse, additional machinery has to beprovided for pumping. Reversible units would be used fornew powerhouse. The conduit system in some cases hasto be designed for the two-way movement of water. Thetransmission lines connecting the powerhouse to the gridcan also be used to draw power from the grid duringpumping operations. Figure-8, typically represents thepumped storage scheme configuration.Why pumped storage/generation?Electricity itself cannot be stored, but the potential togenerate electricity can ---- for example, in a battery.Pumped storage plants provide a way to store the potentialenergy of water. This enables meetings peak powerdemands by pumping tail basin water to upstreamreservoir during low demand period and utilizing thisadditional water to generate electricity during peakdemand period of the day.a. Economic Justificationi. Many countries have a special tariff for peak-loadpower which is about 2 to 3 times more than thenormal tariff. In future, a similar situation maydevelop in Pakistan. Therefore, the plant can bemade to earn additional revenues because of theconversion of cheap off-peak power to costlierpeak power. These revenues can pay back theinvestments made in the plant.ii. The alternative of generating peak power by usingfossil fuels is prohibitively costlier.In the year 2000 the United States had 19500 MW capacityof pumped storage. They consume more power filling theirreservoirs than they generate by emptying them. Still thetechnique is considered a worthwhile addition to theelectrical grid as the most cost effective means forregulation of electrical power.Load Factors (LF) of Tarbela, Mangla and GBHP at 4Representative Days and the Average Daily LoadFactor (LF) Table - 2DateTARBELA% LFMANGLAGHAZIBAROTHAJan 10, 04 16.3 41.1 33.1Apr 20, 04 31.3 78.0 57.4Aug 20, 04 94.7 46.0 87.2Dec 20,0444.1 53.6 29.3Averagedaily LF46.6 54.675 51.75b. Need of Reserve PlantThe base units are deficit in providing the peak demand.The deficiencies of a base unit can be over come byproviding pumped storage as an auxiliary plant whichshould be able to perform following functions:-i. To generate peak power quickly and efficientlyduring the peak demand periodii. To create an artificial load during low demandperiod and to improve the load factor of the baseplantiii. To adjust the power generation to match the loadfluctuations of the networkiv. To be able to take the full load quickly from thestand-still or from shut down position.ConstitutionThe plant has most of the components of a normalhydroelectric plant namely the high level lake, the powertunnel or penstocks, the powerhouse and the tail race26

ENGINEER PEC September 2007Table 1: Installed Capacity & Capability of WAPDA System As of July 2005Sr.No.Name of Power StationInstalled Capacity(MW)Capability (MW)Summer Winter1. Tarbela 3478 3691 7602. Mangla 1000 1020 4003. Chashma Low Head 184 184 754. Ghazi Barotha 1450 1450 5805. Warsak 243 195 1456. Small Hydels 108 68 34Sub-Total (Hydel) 6463 6608 1994GENCO-I:7. TPS Jamshoro #1-4 850 695 6958. GTPS Kotri #1-7 174 130 150Sub-Total GENCO-I 1024 825 845GENCO-II:9. TPS Guddu Steam #1-4 640 430 43010. TPS Guddu C.C. #5-13 1015 875 94511. TPS Quetta 35 22 22GENCO-III:Sub-Total GENCO-II 1690 1327 139712. TPS Muzaffargarh #1-6 1350 1260 126013. NGPS Multan #1&2 130 100 10014. GTPS Faisalabad #1-9 244 175 21015. SPS Faisalabad #1&2 132 100 10016. Shahdra G.T. 59 40 40Sub-Total GENCO-III: 1915 1675 1710GENCO-IV:17. FBC Lakhra 150 35 35Sub-Total WAPDA Thermal 4779 3862 3987Total Capacity (WAPDA) 11242 10470 5981Private Projects18. KAPCO 1638 1342 134219. Hub Power Project 1292 1200 120020. Kohinoor Energy Ltd. 131 120 12021. AES Lalpir Ltd. 362 351 35122. AES Pak Gen (Pvt) Ltd. 365 344 34423. Southern Electric Power Co. Ltd. 117 112 11224. Habibullah Energy Ltd. 140 126 12625. Rouch (Pak) Power Ltd. 450 395 39526. Saba Power Company 134 123 12327. Fauji Kabirwala 157 150 15028. Japan Power Generation Ltd. 135 107 10729. Uch Power Project 586 548 54830. Altern Energy Ltd. 10.5 10 1031. Jagran Hydel 30 30 632. Liberty Power Project 235 210 21033. Chashma Nuclear (PAEC) 325 300 300Sub-Total (Private) 6107.5 5468 5444Total (WAPDA System) 17349 15938 1142527

ENGINEER PEC September 2007In 1999, EU had 32 GW capacity of pumped storage out ofover from one mode of operation to another mode.a total of 188 GW of hydropower and representing 5.5% ofThese features help the network in efficiently meetingtotal electrical capacity in the EU. A worldwide list of somesudden peaks and shock loads. The set can dopumped storage plants may be seen at Annexure-1.spinning reserve duty at a very low cost, compared to athermal set. (Presently used in Pakistan).Cycle efficiency of a pumped storage plant d. In Pakistan unutilized capacity in winter at Tarbela, andGhazi-Barotha and even at Mangla can be activated atThe cycle can be divided into two portions the pumpingvery low cost along-with meeting the peak demand bycycle and the generating cycle. While pumping, losses willhydropower. This provision should be considered inbe incurred in the transformers, motors, the pumps and thethe feasibility of all future plants at Indus and Jhelum topenstock pipes. While generating, losses will be incurredincrease their load factor.in the penstocks, the turbines, the generators and thetransformers.Because of these advantages, a pumped storage unit of100 MW in U.K. was equated to a thermal unit of 120 MW,The efficiencies of the machines are given below:-when the preliminary estimates were prepared. TheseTransformer - 98 per cent days when new power plants are being planned, aMotor-generator - 96 per cent provision for a pumped storage plant with a capacity of 15-Turbine - 92 per cent 20 per cent of the thermal capacity is provided for. It isPump - 88 per cent found that a combination of a pumped storage plant of 500Penstocks - 96-98 per cent (depending upon MW capacity along with a thermal plant of 2000 MWthe length)capacity benefits the network more than a thermal plant of2500 MW capacity.There are 20 - 30 percent losses, therefore, the overallcycle efficiency obtained ranges from 70 to 80 percent. Scenario in PakistanThat means for every 3 to 4 MW drawn from the networkduring off-peak period and throughout the winter in Pumped storage generation in Pakistan has specialPakistan, 2 to 3 MW are returned back to the network while attraction due to the reason that at major hydropowerabout 1 MW is consumed and may be considered as plants almost 71% of their capacity (4200 MW) remainswaste.unutilized during winter season. Load factor lowers downup to 3% on some days. In other words the potential existsAdvantages of pumped storage plantmuch more than to fulfill the peak demand only. In deed thepresent ratio of hydel to thermal production can bea. The plant has a long life. Plants are giving efficient reversed by the use of this type of hydro energy byservice even after 25 years of operation.exploiting it in existing setup. (Fig 10(a-d))b. There is reliability of operations. Outages are low andmaintenance costs are small.Pumped storage generation - scope in Pakistanc. There is a great flexibility of operations. The unit canbe fully loaded from standstill within few minutes and it a. Pattern of demandcan be shut down quickly. There can be rapid change The demand for power fluctuates from minute to minute,Table – 3 Daily Average with/without Pumped Storage Load Factor (LF) and the Generation CapabilitiesPlant% LFPresentCapabilities(MW)Unutilized(Potential)%LF75% ofUnutilizedLFLF/CapabilitiesAccumulative withPumped Storage% LFCapabilities(MW)Tarbela 46.6 1697 53.4 40.1 86.7 3174Mangla 54.67 556 45.33 34.00 87.67 894Ghazi Barotha 51.75 749 48.25 36 87.75 1272Told Daily average 51.00 3002 49.00 36.7 87.37 534028

ENGINEER PEC September 2007day to day and season to season (Figure-10(a-d)). Tostudy the pattern, the quantitative scenario in tabulated b. Alternatively if 11623 MW is installed with pumpedform of all the sources, as of July 2005, is shown on nextstorage;page:Already installed capacity = 5928 MW.In Pakistan the total installed capacity (hydel & thermal) is Pumped Storage cushion = 5695 MW.17349 MW where as the average daily demand is less then 25% wastage during pumping = 1424 MW.8000 MW (table 1& Fig 10(a-d)). Therefore, the today’s Net achievable pumped storage generation = 11623 –need, to decrease the unit cost is to increase the load 1424 MW – 5,928 = 4271 MW.factor (LF) of existing system and not to enhance theconventional (hydel or thermal) installed capacity. This May be it is just theoretical and hence optimistic figure torequirement be maintained for future plants also.some extent but practicable generation has to be workedout and this needs to study whether appertain with mainFrom the above Table the ratio between installed capacity structures can be accommodated Annex-2 or otherwise onof hydel and thermal component is:-prorate basis.Hydel/Thermal = 6463 / 10886 = 0.59 …….AEven if part of the net achievable 4271 MW, (average daily)Ratio of capability in winter between hydel and thermal = is obtained additionally, from our existing hydel stations, it1994 / 9431 = 0.21……….B will;i. Increase the productivity of already installed hydelOur emphasis is to increase both ratios A and B and thisunits by using their unutilized capacitiesobjective can be obtained by increasing the hydelthroughout the year.component both in summer and winter. ii. This arrangement will decrease the per unitgeneration, capital as well as maintenance costsFor simplicity, the load factor of hydel component in wintermany folds.(Fig-11)may be taken as (Tarbela, Mangla & Ghazi-Barotha). iii. Make possible the best utilization of nationalCapability in Winter / Installed Capacity = 1740 / 5928 =resources and reduction in production cost will0.29 …………...C lead to real economical growth.c. A statistical analysis of present scenario/scope inPresent average daily capability/installed Capacity = LoadPakistan is produced below.Factor (LF) = 3002/5928 [Table 1 & 3] = 0.51……… … DFig 2 shows the relation between the unit cost and the loadCapacity to be installed in MW = Installed Capacity factor of a plant. Fig-11 depicts that the present cost of/Average Load Factor (D) = 5928 / 0.51 = 11623 MW.production at the three plants in Pakistan can theoreticallybe decreased more than fifty percent of the present cost byIn other words to get 5928 MW effectively, in the utilizing pumped storage hydro energy. As in theconventional manner, we have to install 11623 MW, which conventional design of future plants at Indus/Jhelum, theis extremely expensive.load factor cannot be increased to an acceptable value, theTable - 4- Daily Average with/without Pumped Storage Load Factor (LF) and the Generation Capabilities(With two Future Plants)PlantAverage Load Factorin ConventionalMethod %Load Factor withPumped Storage%Average Capabilityin ConventionalMethod MWAverage Capabilitywith PumpedStorage MWTarbela 46 87 1697 3174Tarbela Ext. - 4 46 100 441 960Mangla 55 88 556 894Ghazi Barotha HPP 52 88 749 1272Kalabagh 51 (Liberal side) 88 1836 3200Basha 51 (Liberal side) 88 2300 4000Total 7579 1350029

ENGINEER PEC September 2007provision of pumped storage be considered.Table-3 depicts, both, capabilities/load factors of all themain existing plants, individually and when combinedtogether.Thus, it emerges that during the year, the unutilized hydelcapacity of existing plants can be used in pumping andfuture hydel plants can be designed in conjunction withpumped storage generation so that the maximum hydelcomponent is achieved. (Table-1 to 3, Fig 10 (a-d))For Pakistan, we find that through the conventional Planning for the Future(without increasing the load factor by use of pumpedstorage generation) design/ construction of hydro/ thermal “Prior planning prevents poor performance”. It should beplants. There seems no hope to meet our energy possible to think in term of international super grids in therequirements in an economical way. Present/ Future future for which a number of countries may cooperate withaverage scenario of load factor/ generation/ capabilities is each other to make the best use of the different resourcesshown in Table-4.available for power generation. Example is the EU, whichis getting the benefits of cooperative efforts in thePresent Load = 8000 MW integrated thermal, nuclear and hydel power stations.Load in 2016 at the increase of 400 MW/ year = 12000 MW There should, therefore, be no hesitation toAbove discussion leads to the following conclusions change/improve our present stations of = 60% loadi. Without Pumped Storage; factor and design future plants having load factor > 80%Total average daily generation (in year 2003-2004) in throughout the year. For this purpose; paras 3 & 4 in view,Pakistan 189.00 Mkwhpresently, at Tarbela (Figure-9) we have;Average daily hydel generation 71.23 MkwhRatio between Hydel and total generation 0.376 a. High Level Reservoir (Tarbela) with,ii. With pumped storage only at Tarbela: i. Maximum conservation level - 472.41 m.Average daily hydel generation 4479 /1000 x 24 Mkwh ii. Crest of Main Dam - 477.90 m.= 107.49 Mkwh b. Low Level Reservoir (Ghazi) with,Ratio between Hydel and total generation = 0.568 i. Maximum conservation level - 341.50 miii. With pumped storage at all the three existing plants ii. Crest of Barrage - 342.00 mAverage daily hydel generation 128.16 Mkwh iii. Live storage capacity3- 60.20M. mRatio between Hydel and total generation 0.678iv.thTarbela 4 extension- By providing reversiblePumped Storage generation in the future extension 4project, we can get further 960 MW which is equivalentto 23.04 MKwh.v. Changing the present conventional design of KalaBagh Dam plant to the mixture (55% conventional +45% reversible pumped storage) the total averagegeneration can be increased to 76.68 MKwh.= (3600x0.55) + [(3600x0.45) x 0.75]= 1980+1215=3195 MWDaily average generation = 76.68 MKwhTotal hydel daily generation = 151.2+76.68= 227.88MKwhvi. Changing the present conventional design of BashaDam Project to the mixture (55% conventional+45%reversible pumped storage)Total average hydel increase= (4500x0.55)+[(4500x0.45)x0.75] = 2475+1518.75 = 3994 MWDaily average generation = 95.86 MKwhTotal hydel daily generation = 227.88 + 95.86 =323.74 MKwh say 324 MKwh324 MKwh average daily hydel generation is about 70%more than the total (hydel + thermal) present generation inPakistan. It means that we will become self sufficient withsome surplus for possible export and simultaneously wecan get rid of or at least reasonably reduce the thermalcomponent just after the construction of Kala Bagh DamProject and Basha Dam Projects.The Conduit system for generation, Transmission linesconnecting to / from the National Grid. Only additionalmachinery along with pipe system has to be provided forpumping. Similarly the provision of pumped generation atfuture plants at Indus / Jhelum rivers should be checked.30

ENGINEER PEC September 2007At present the average daily capability of Tarbela is about1700 MW due to low reservoir and average daily feasibility studies and reports.generation is 41 Mkwh. By installing pumping we canenhance the average daily capability to say 3174 Mwwhere as average daily generation can be increased from41 Mkwh to 83.4 Mkwh. Load factor of the system willincrease accordingly. Hence Tarbela can be upgraded intwo phases. In first phase only pumping upto 1500 MW isndsuggested and in 2 phase extension 4 of Tarbela becarried out by installation of reversible units. For 100Generatingcumecs of pumping nearly 192 MW motor is required atTerbela. Experts services are available in the market.Even for Mangla and Barotha powerhouses, it appearsfeasible that by installing the pumping arrangements andproviding suitable downstream ponding weirs, the hydelcapability can be increased to 5340 MW and average dailyhydel generation can be enhanced to 128.16 Mkwh. Aproper feasibility study should be carried out.Construction of future dams through conventional design,method /systems at Indus/Jhelum rivers cannot increasethe load factor, and hence, it cannot decrease the unit costof generation. Therefore, there is pressing need thatconventional design be changed, and about 45% provisionof the pumped storage generation be incorporated in allthe future plants.Other Requirements / ImplicationsThis is a Concept Paper and, the other important aspectssuch as type and working of plant, site selection, lakeclassification / machinery and power house for pumpedstorage plants should be taken care of through properLowerreservoirPumped storagepower plantUpperreservoirPumpingFigure 6 Pumped storage scheme configurationPumped storage stations can adopt a number of roleswithin the operation of an electrical supply grid, and canperform some of these roles concurrently. It is common forthe operation of pumped storage plant to vary over time asthey are to respond to changing market conditions.(Annex-2)31

ENGINEER PEC September 2007installation of pumps / reversible plants.c. For future plants, it is recommended to study thepossibility for about 45% supplemental provision ofpumped storage generation.d. When the cheap hydro-energy and water are madeavailable in abundance the agricultural areas can beincreased through tube wells by extendingtransmission lines in those areas.The environmental impact of pumped storage stations isusually much less than that of a conventional hydropowerstation since the required downstream water storage isusually much smaller in size. The need for a pump-priminghead usually positions the pump-turbine below the level oflower reservoir, often underground. The typical design lifeof a pumped storage station is 80-100 years.The principle areas of pumped storage benefits can besummarized as under:a. Improved energy regulation and operation of thesupply gridb. Delivers ancillary services to the supply grid, such asstandby and reserve duties, frequency control, andflexible reactive loadingc. No gaseous emissions and have little environmentalimpact during its operationd. Allows flexible and rewarding commercial operationsacross a variety of electrical power supply scenarios.e. Availability of water is enhanced through recirculation.Agricultural areas can be increased.Recommendationsa. Pumped storage and generation appears mostfeasible for Tarbela Dam. A proper feasibility should becarried out by HEPO or through some outsideconsulting firm.b. A study of all existing hydel plants be conducted toinvestigate the potential for pumped storage and32

ENGINEER PEC September 2007ChinaGuangzhou, (2000), 2,400 MWTienhuangping (2001), 1,800 MWGermanyGoldisthal (2002)1,060 MWMarkersbach (1981), 1,050 MWIrelandTurlough Hill 292 MWItalyPiastra Edolo (1982), 1,020 MWChiotas (1981), 1,184 MWPresenzano (1992), 1,000 MWLago Delio (1971), 1,040 MWFranceGrand Maison (1997), 1,070 MWLa Coche, 285 MWLe Cheylas, 485 MWMortézic, 920 MWRevin, 800 Mwe. Construction of future thermal plants be avoided or Super Bissorte, 720 MWdiscouraged and taken up only under specialcircumstances.JapanReferencesa. Hydro-Electric and Pumped Storage Plants by MG.Jog, Published by WILEY EASTERN LIMITED ISBN81-224-0074-4 Dehli.b. ICOLD proceedings May 2005.c. Generation data of financial year 2003-2004, 2004-2005 and that of load curves load factors of Jan10, 2004, July 10, 2004, August 20, 2004 andDecember 10, 2004 from National Power ControlCentre letter No. 133/ LO-38 dated 06.12.2005.d. VOITH SIEMIENS HYDRO POWER GENERATIONGermany.e. TOSHIBA Power systems & Services Australia.f. Colenco Power Engineering Ltd. Switzerland.Annexure 1Worldwide List of Pumped Storage PlantsAustraliaBendeela, 80 MWJindabyne Pumping StationKangaroo Valley, 160 MWTumut Three, (973, 1,500 MWWivenhoe Power Station, 500 MWImaichi (1991), 1,050 MWKannagawa (2005), 2,700 MW is under construction.When completed in 2005, it will be the world'slargest pumped storage plant.Kazunogawa (2001), 1,600 MWKisenyama, 466 MWMatanoagawa (1999), 1,200 MWMidono, 122 MWNiikappu, 200 MWOkawachi (1995), 1,280 MWOkutataragi (1998), 1,932 MWOkuyoshino, 1,206 MWShin-Takasegawa, 1,280 MWShiobara, 900 MWTakami, 200 MWTamahara (1986), 1,200 MWYagisawa, 240 MWYanbaru (1999), 30 MW is the first seawater pumpedhydro plant.PolandŻarnowiec, 716 MWPorąbka-Żar, 500 MWSolina, 200 MWŻydowo, 150 MWNiedzica, 92.6 MW33

ENGINEER PEC September 2007Dychów, 79.5 MWRussiaZagorsk (1994) 1,200 MWKaishador (1993) 1,600 MWDneister (1996) 2,268 MWTaiwanMinghu (1985) 1,000 MWMingtan (1994) 1,620 MWUnited KingdomCruachan, ScotlandDinorwig, Wales (1984), 1320 MWFfestiniog, Wales 360 MWFoyers, ScotlandUnited StatesBlenheim-Gilboa, NY (1973), 1,200 MWCastaic, CA (1978), 1,566 MClarence Cannon, MO (1983), 58 MWHelms, CA (1984),Lewiston (Niagra), NY (1961), 2,880 MWLudington, MI (1973), 1,872 MWMount Elbert, 200 MW, 1,212 MWMt. Hope, 2,000 MWRaccoon Mountain, TN (1979), 1,530 MWSummit Pumped Water Plant, 1500 MWTaum Sauk, MO, 450 MWBath County, VA, 420 MWOtherSiah Bisheh, Iran, (1996), 1,140 MWRance River, St. Malo, France 240 MW hybridpumped water-tidal plantDrakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme, SouthAfrica, (1983) 1,000 MW.Juktan, SwedenSalt water (ocean)Kunigami Village, Okinawa, Japan[1](http://www.jcold.or.jp/Eng/Seawater/Seawater.htm)[2](http://www.hitachi.com/rev/1998/revoct98/r4_108.pdf)K o k o C r a t e r , O a h u , H a w a i i[3](http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/pshpps/pshpps.html) (Proposed)34

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ENGINEER PEC September 2007About the AuthorT/Lines) passing through difficult and weak soils. By dint ofhis engineering judgement and optimised designedEngr. Abdul Qayyum, presently working as Principal foundations, we saved more than Rs. 15 Million of theEngineer Design structures in GC, M.Sc. in Structural Department. Remedies regarding site problems were alsoEngineering from UET Lahore and Advanced Structural advised by him through frequent site visits.Engineering from USA is author of four Research Paperspresented as follows: July 1998 to August 2002.Structural Behaviour of Light Weight Concrete at the Joined Pakistan Hydro-Consultants for the supervision ofAnnual Convention of American Concrete Institute in 1989 Ghazi Baortha Hydro-Project.at Atlanta (USA) February 18 – 21, 1989.Worked as Assistant Resident Engineer Structures fromStructural Engineering and Construction published in the July 1998 to December 1999.proceedings of Second East Asia Pacific Conference onStructural Engineering and Construction held on 11 – 13 Worked as Assistant Resident Engineer Earth Works fromNovember 1989 in Thailand. January 2000 to October 2000.Concept Paper on Hydro-Energy and Water Vision in Worked as Claim / Contract Engineer from NovemberPakistan, Introduction, Scope / Future Planning and 2000 to December 2002.Recommendations presented in IEP seminar on 1February 2006 in Lahore.Joined Mangla Dam Rising Project Joint VentureConsultants. (January 2003 to August)(Revised) Hydro-Energy and Water Vision in Pakistan –“Concept Paper for Pumped Storage & Generation” in a Worked as Principal Engineer Design Structures.Seminar at WAPDA Auditorium Lahore on July 22, 2006.Experience June 1981 June 1998Joined General Consultants WAPDA Vision 2025Programme.The officer worked in WAPDA Design T&G (Transmission Worked as Contract / Tender Documentation EngineerLines and Grid Stations Now NTDC) from dawn to disk from August 2003 to May 2004.over and above the call of his duties and met targetsassigned to him.Working as Principal Engineer Design Structures fromMay 2004 to date.In August 1994, M.D. (T&G) assigned him the challengingtask of protection of two 220 kV D/C T/Lines between The officer has state-of-the-art knowledge, hardworking,Mangla – Ghakkar being in very vulnerable condition when commitment to his profession and fully confident in hisno WAPDA officer was accepting the challenge. The officer approach which helped a lot to higher authorities in takingtook strong cognizance of the situation / site parameters crucial engineering decisions to save the costs.and proposed very timely, economical and effectiveremedial measures for protection of Sakator NallaAs recognition of his above meritorious services, theperipheral foundations. Recognising his efforts, M.D.officer was strongly recommended for first prize in 1995-96(T&G) issued him an appreciation letter.& 1996-97.In 1995-96 the officer protected 500 kV Terbella-GattiTransmission Line Tower on the River Chenab crossing atnominal cost and saved Rs. 10 millions of the Departmentas worked out by NESPAK for making new pilesfoundations besides other irreparable national loss if theline Tower had been collapsed.During 1996-97 he provided services in the construction ofthree 220kV Grid Stations and completed the design ofthree Transmission Lines (220 kV T/Lines AES LALPIRPHASE I & II, 220 kV D/B CHASHMA (N) – DAUD-KHAIL38

ENGINEER PEC September 2007Frontiers of Science and Engineeringengineer in UK in 1994. By now in 2006 the womenscientists and engineers are executing all the national levelEntail Women Scientists andmega projects as sole responsible officers in almost all theEngineerscountries. According to US vision of the engineer 2020 [2]and new century engineering programs for women [3] the*world population will increase to 9 Billion by 2020 out ofDr. N. Khan, Z. Saleem , A. M. Chaudhary, A. which some 8 Billion will reside in South East Asia so weM. Mirza need to train women to cope with the impending economicstresses.AbstractNational Academic Press (NAP) publications and othersThis work reviews some of the major achievements of elite [2-11] have focused existing generic and future potentialwomen scientists & engineers and explores the uniquefrontiers in science and engineering where probablywomen naturally suit better than men. There are severalfrontiers in science and engineering that have to do withultra-short time scales such a nanotechnology and subattosecondevents; ultra-large large scale system such asinformation technology and telecommunication; and ultracomplexscale systems such as biotechnology and neuralnetworks. Theses frontiers have to merge environmental,life, and applied sciences for stunning new unexploredpossibilities. Research and exploration needs patienceand continued hard work that entails women fullparticipation in all programs. Natural forces of this worldare forcing faculty and students to work together acrosstraditional disciplinary boundaries. This is the world ofenergy, environment, biotechnology, complexmanufacturing methods, product development, logisticsand communications. These frontiers address some of thevery scary challenges to the future of the world. There aremany compelling reasons for opening the doors, removingthe barriers, and encouraging the full access participationof woman wisdom in all fields of science and engineeringas researcher, educator, sales engineer and projectFig.1 NAP free online books on womanmanager.(Courtesy of National Academic Press).Keywordsissues of women scientists and engineers. Few samplesWomen education, Women scientists, Womenare shown in Fig.1. It is important for Moslem countries toengineers, Minority education.let the women share its responsibility in nationaldevelopment.History of Women Scientists and EngineersIn fact, Moslem women due to combined impact of religionIt matters little who was the first woman scientist or and culture are not being allowed enough opportunitiesengineer; however, it matters if one deems women not with full access. Responding furiously elite educatedequivalently intellectual as the men. In certain cases Moslem women even accuse men as unprepared,women have proved even to be superior researchers and unwilling and unfit for era of information technology [4].innovators than the men i.e. Madame Marie Curie [1] won However, it is local issue that is evolving as self sustainingnoble prize twice, first in physics and later in chemistry. It is revolution in Moslem countries and is likely to make its ownwhat men scientists or engineers could not do to date. First way. Women involvement in science and technology iswomen who got engineering degree in UK is Alice since the start of history. Frontiers of science andJacqueline Perry who graduated with a first class honors engineering research have become too entangled anddegree in Civil Engineering from Queen's College Galway complex [5]. I believe the furtherance in research nowin 1906 and Nina Cameron Graham who graduated at requires full women participation in science andLiverpool University in 1912. Women engineers due to engineering to connect up the missing links to synthesizedomestic pressure did not practice but now they do. First the realism of nonlinear nature. Some of the most famouswoman was appointed as government chief highway earlier women scientists and engineers are shown in Fig.2.40

ENGINEER PEC September 2007(Courtesy of http://www.rice.iit.edu/engineersweek/timeline.htm)her part but Asian woman need to transform herself fromshy lady into a professional engineer or scientist. Who likesto be the first Moslem woman Nobel Laureate? Womenjourney from dark ages to full participation level is the sunway lagoon. Marie Curie obtained Nobel Prize twice; firstlyin chemistry (1903) and secondly in physics (1911). Herdaughter, Irene Curie, also got Nobel Prize in chemistry(1935). Females have proved their worth by obtainingNoble Prizes in all disciplines including literature (8),Sciences (10) and Piece (11). In fact woman is considereda symbol of piece in all the cultures. Percentage of womenNobel Laureates in different disciplines is shown in Fig.3.40Percent of Nobel Laureates35302520151050Literature Science PieceBroader disciplinesFig.3 Percent of women Nobel Prize winners (29) invarious disciplinesFig.2 Some well known woman engineers and inventors.Hypatia was the first Egyptian woman mathematician andphilosopher who developed the hydrometer to measurethe specific gravity of fluids and an astrolabe to determineposition of sun and stars. She served as a greatphilosopher teacher in Alexandria University.Fundamentalist Christian monks of Church St. Cyril killedthis great woman in 415 [6]. Augusta Ada daughter ofEnglish Poet Lord Byron is the first woman, tutored byfamous mathematician Augustus De Morgin, whodeveloped computer programming skills like looping,indexing along with binary system used by today’ssupercomputers. Margaret Knight developed paperbagging machine and a rotary engine. Emily Roebling (civilengineer) husband died and she continued his job tosupervise construction of famous Brooklyn Bridge in NewYork. Madame Marie Curie extended human vision to X-rays and got Nobel price twice. Lise Meither (innocentdepth) is considered to be the mother of atomic bombtechnology. H.E. Maria Liesler extended normalcommunication technology to present age spreadspectrum communication concepts. Maria Telkesintroduced solar energy technology to lay down basis ofrenewable energy.Toady women are participating in science and engineeringbut its full utilization is essential for both economic as wellas technical reasons. Western woman is reasonably doingTo author’s perspective if an innocent girl (Lise Meither)can be mother of atomic bomb then what the individualsprove by raising discrimination barriers on their way.Today’s woman is Master of Science and can do as muchengineered job as the professional men of course. Womenscientists such as L. Buck (2004), B. MaClintock (1983), R.L. Montalicini (1986), G. Elion (1988), R. S. Yalow (1977)and C. Nusslein (1995) have got Nobel Prizes inmedicines; Marie Curie (1903), Irene Curie (1935), G. R.Cori (1947) and D. C. Hodgkin (1964) in chemistry; MarieCurie (1911) and M. G. Mayer (1963) in physics; have trackrecord of excellence in innovatory, enabling and emergingfields of science and technology. In sciences they havedemonstrated their capabilities by winning Nobel Prizes inPhysics (2), Chemistry (3), Biochemistry (1) andMedicines (5). Percentage of women Nobel Laureates inpure or applied sciences is shown in Fig.4.Percent of Nobel Laureates50454035302520151050Physics Chemistry Medicine Biochemistry EngineeringSubjectsFig.4 Percent of women Nobel Prize winners in sciences (11)41

ENGINEER PEC September 2007Women have got enough excellence in the fields of too intellectual just to call attention of others withsciences, especially medical sciences. Now they need to apparently rude and unladylike attributes. As a result of itfocus on other disciplines such as telecommunication, some other good inventing ladies could not get recognitionelectronics engineering. Emerging and enabling of their truly acceptable attributes. Similarly, a black Negrotechnologies suitable for women scientists and engineers woman E. Eglin developed clothes wringer but did notmay include photonics engineering, nanotechnology, patent in her name because white women will not buy it.artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic and neural networks. The still waters are often unfathomable. Time has shownResearch requires devotion, patience, tolerance and an innocent mother surrounded by victims of her atomicendurance that are the unique features of women wisdom. Although, same knowledge can be often used forcommunity. They have demonstrated their research destructive purposes but we do not believe Lise Meithercapabilities by inventing telescope (S. Mather: 1870), wanted her wisdom to end up as shown in Fig.5.washing machine (M. Colvin: 1871), sewing machine (H.Blanchard: 1873), anti-pollution device and noise absorber She would have cried exactly as the real mothers of thesecoating (M. Walton: 1879), ice cream freezer, hair curler children seeing the after affects of her wisdom after USand air pump (B. L. Henry but nick name Lady Edison: nuclear attack on Heroshima and Nagasaki in Japan.1887), elevator safety (H. Tracy: 1892), syringe(L.Geer:1899), radioactivity and X-rays (M. M. Curie: Generic Issues in Science & Engineering1903), engine (M. Knight: 1904), refrigerator (F. Parpart:1914), electric heater (I. Forbes: 1917), invisible glass, Career-related statistics for women in academe can varyantireflection coating, artificial raining (K. Blodgett: 1917), greatly across scientific and engineering fields. Some ofpermanent wave machine for hair dressing (M. Joyner: this variability is related directly to issues that are of a1928), atomic bomb (L. Meither: 1939), jam proof radio particular nature: the public image of a specific field; itscommunication system (H. Lamarr: 1940), telephone visibility to science and engineering majors as a careerswitching system (E. S. Hoover: 1954), tunable dye laser opportunity; the demand for it in the private sector; and its(M. Spaeth: 1964), polymers, optical fibers, kevlar, bullet distribution among the academic programs of doctorateproofvests, radial tires and airplane fuselages (S. L. granting universities. These issues are perhaps of lesserKwolek: 1965), correction fluid (B. N. Graham: 1956), importance than the broad, generic issues that affect most,antifungal and antibiotic (R. F. Brown: 1957), petroleum if not all, career patterns of women scientists andfuel and gasoline (E. M. Flanigen:1958), drinking fountain engineers who choose to work in higher education. It is thedevice (L.O’Donnell: 1985), cancer drugs and kidney generic issues that interventions are expected to addresstransplant (G.B. Elion :Nobel Laureate: 1988), Barbie doll first and foremost. Given the persistent, low percentagesand breast prosthesis (R. Handler: 1995).of women who become tenured on science andengineering faculties, despite enlargement of the pool ofBesides it women scientists have developed cancer drugs, female applicants for entry-level appointments, thepain relievers, security system and wave machines. The tentative conclusion can be drawn that the "glass ceiling"first woman patent was registered in USA in 1809. Woman operates at the associate professor rank in most researchscientists and engineers patents registration rate was universities [2-5].about 1% by 1888 that has increased to 6% by now [7-9].However, according to Marry Ruthsdotter, director Most of the recent literature on career patterns of womenWomen’s History Project, some women in West after death scientists and engineers reviews the perennial issue of theof their husbands started projecting themselves seeming apparent conflict between the demands of motherhood (orother familial obligations) and those of the profession. Thisconflict has taken an especially acute form in the context ofacademe because of the requirements for tenure.Recognition of the "biological clock" and, more generally,of a faculty member's familial obligations is still treated as avariance to normal professional activity instead of as anintegral part of it. These three generic issues do notexhaust the tableau of problems that face women whochoose careers in academe to do teaching and research inscientific or engineering fields. But they do surfacerepeatedly in a number of recent self-evaluationsundertaken by major research universities to assess theacademic environment for women on science faculties.Fig.5 Mother of atomic bomb surrounded by affectedJapanese children.Major findings in these studies echo the concerns such aswith few exceptions women in science are but a smallminority in their peer groups, and their proportion drops42

ENGINEER PEC September 2007sharply as they advance through their careers. The monitor student progress to assess why women scientistsresulting isolation impedes research, increases stress, and engineers loose interest in the discipline. Specificand may lead to abandonment of a scientific or funding sources should be targeted at women to attractengineering career. The period when successful scientific them to applied science and engineering. Comprehensiveor engineering careers are usually forged corresponds to interventions should be targeted toward women andthe period of childbearing. Experimental work, which implemented in diverse institutions to attract more femalemakes extraordinary demands on availability in time or students. The research based on interventions for womenlocation, raises conflicts with the family responsibilities that in science and engineering at the undergraduate levelcontinue to be disproportionately borne by women. should be expanded by funding longitudinal evaluations ofWomen graduate students are often dissuaded from selected programs. Newer models and strategies shouldpursuing certain areas of science. In some disciplines they be developed, evaluated and revised where necessary forare discouraged by faculty and student colleagues from involving faculty members in strategies to increase thepursuing mathematical or theoretical investigations; in participation of undergraduate women in science andother fields women are discouraged from pursuing engineering.experimental work [2-5].Graduate and Postdoctoral InitiativesWomen on Frontiers of Science & EngineeringTo promote graduate education of women in science andWe cannot succeed on many critically important policy engineering requires a lot to do such as confidencematters without the full participation of women and building or financial prosperity aspects need to beminorities, in both the development and the support of awakened in women graduate students to gain scientificeffective policy and action. The fraction of working women expertise and effective communication skills to go forwardparticipating in the scientific and engineering work force is in careers in science and engineering. To retain graduatesmaller than that of men. However, as the need for students in the sciences and engineering, departmentsscientists and engineers increases for the R&D enterprise, and institutions must develop programs of positivewomen should find greater opportunities to pursue careers incentives for faculty. For instance, initially proportionalin these fields. Nonetheless, to increase women's seats may be reserved for women researchers. The levelparticipation in science and engineering, many barriers playing field concept for women graduate students mustmust be overcome. HEC has several important roles be articulately and concretely demonstrated by upperrelated to these challenges. One of these roles is to inform management of the academic institution. Universityboth the science and engineering community and the management should consider women graduate studentpublic of the need to increase the participation of women in problems such as child bearing/rearing issues andscientific and engineering careers—to increase not only personal family issues of talented females. If such facilitieseconomic competitiveness but also educational and are not provided to the female candidates then they willoccupational equity. Three important factors have look for alternate options giving above facilities. Resolvingseriously been realized by the educators around the globe. issues related to balancing family and scientific careergoals for women graduate students must be a high priorityTo examine a sample of interventions from the wide for any academic institution. Women at graduate andspectrum known to have been established in the private postdoctoral level usually are married with familyand public sectors both men and women, in science and responsibilities. They need financial assistance to copeengineering careers; To determine the characteristics with routine problems. Universities can arrange specialshared by programs considered to meet that objective; and pay package out of projects for female researchers toto discuss methods of implementing such programs on a increase women involvement in science and engineeringbroader scale. Finally, it heightened awareness of what [2, 5].universities are doing to increase the quantity and qualityof students pursuing careers in the sciences and Graduate-and postdoctoral-level interventions aid theengineering. We need to look for the practical strategies for process whereby individuals form the networks that lead toincreasing the participation of women in science and job opportunities, shared research and, ultimately, a senseengineering—at the undergraduate and graduate levels of of the possibilities, both personal and professional, in theirstudies [2-3].chosen fields of study. The percentage of women enrolledin graduate science and engineering programs is on theUndergraduate Study Initiativesrise in all fields except computer science and the socialsciences. Of some concern, however, is the lengtheningSenior educators and international expert reports time-to-degree of students pursuing doctorates in sciencerecommend increasing initiatives for escalating women and engineering. In all fields except engineering, womenparticipation in science and engineering at the tend to have longer registered time-to-degree and totalundergraduate level. Higher education institutions should time-to-degree, which is the total number of years, elapsed43

ENGINEER PEC September 2007between earning the baccalaureate and the doctorate, probationary period and that every tenure-reviewincluding time not enrolled at a university. However, in committee has at least one senior female member asmost fields these differences are becoming minimal.youngster colleagues may have personal clashes with oneanother. Universities may create family-friendly workplaceExperience indicates that successful programs at the environment by establishing flexible work schedules, jobgraduate level of education are addressed to specifically sharing, and subsidized, proximate child care as standardidentified needs, demonstrate multiple linkages between features of campus programs for the faculty. Allowgraduate school and other populations, and are maximum flexibility in working conditions consistent withcharacterized by substantial faculty or mentor carrying out responsibilities of teaching or research bycommitment. The processes by which men and women female scientists and engineers [2].move through graduate school activities are notnecessarily the same; do we know in what ways they are A lot many females just abandon jobs due to strict timingdifferent? Initiatives and efforts that are not interventions in requirements such as reaching sharp by bus at 8 am whilsta structural sense but nevertheless affect outcomes, for her own children a lot many females just abandon jobs dueexample, student membership in professional societies, to strict timing requirements such as reaching sharp by buscaucuses, associations, support groups, and coalitions. at 8 am whilst her own children go to school at 830 am. SheSystemic approach may alter institutions or its hard just can not come and cruel bosses start explaining withoutsettings to accommodate women scientists and understanding her issue. If a female director is appointedengineers. A teaching fellowship training program that for female staff then she can ask to other heads or deans toincludes training on sensitivity to gender issues is an consider her issues and give job assignments inintervention that can change the setting in which teaching accordance to availability. It is non sense to loose aand research are done and in which the pursuit of careers talented female just because she can not reach at 8 am totakes place.take a lecture. A mild policy may be to change her timetableas per her convenience to accommodate her other dutiesTechnical Women Facultyas wife or as a mother. The departmental climate alsoaffects women students [5].Most of the surveys carried out for woman scientists andengineers in all areas of the workplace reveal generally Women students at universities tend to believe that lack oflower salaries for female members of the profession. The departmental attention and caring means they do notdiscriminatory forces that influence the situation of women deserve to keep going or that they must not be goodin society in general are presumed to influence the careers enough. Most male doctoral students, conversely, areof faculty women in science and engineering. The talent more self-confident and consider themselves entitled to anpools from which faculty are hired is closely related to the advanced degree, so the absence of departmental caringnumber obtaining their doctorate in science and does not seem to bother them as much as it does to theengineering. Relatively low rate of continuation of women women. In fact departmental climate and culture play aninto engineering graduate school, compared with that of important part in the progress of doctoral students,women in other disciplines, cannot be explained in terms of particularly women in science and engineering. To improvea simple lack of interest in graduate studies on the part of this climate and reduce overall attrition rates in graduatethe women. The attractive job offers available to school, the Graduate School Office may startengineering BE graduates must certainly be a factor, but institutionalized programs that bring together the faculty,other factors also appear to be at work. The representation students, and departmental graduate secretaries [2-5]of women in science and engineering seems to beincreasing at all academic levels.100Efforts must be made to eliminate discrimination, real orperceived and enhance confidence of woman at workplace. To promote careers of women in academia theuniversities need to develop strategies to attract womenscientist and engineers in university. Prioritize womenparticipation by relaxing some strict barrier rules such aspublications and experience to let them be floating in mainstream [2-5]. A university can establish an office on thestatus of women faculty members, whose director is asenior female professor with line responsibility to the vicechancellor of the campus. Revise the tenure track processon campus to ensure that untenured women faculty1 2 3 4 5 6SubjectsFig.6 Student teacher’s evaluation in Engineering atmembers are indeed reviewed by their peers during the FUUAST (Semester Spring 2006)Teaching Quality Score9080706050403020100Woman (04/05)Woman (05/06)Men (04/05)Men (05/06)44

ENGINEER PEC September 2007The universities may start special encouraging programs the public in general about the capabilities andin a well engineered manner. In general it has been contributions of women, developing in women strong selfobservedthat female scientist and engineer lecturers esteem and sense of self-competency and discoveringteach more responsibly and well prepared manner what experiences reinforce these attributes. Whilstcompared to male lecturers. Let us see real statistics of the considering full participation and access of women onemale and female staff in the Department of Electrical and also needs to acknowledge the underlying issues thatElectronics Engineering at Federal Urdu University of arts threaten families, institutions, and communities, so thatScience 7 technology Islamabad-Pakistan. This creative and effective social policies can be developed anddepartment has four female and five male teachers. sustained. Consider subjective issues, identify andStudent’s lecturer evaluation has shown that female address the fears that will be raised by the proposedassessment score has increased over one year interventions, and consider some scenarios about how toassessment period whilst men evaluation has gone down handle the consequences and the interconnections.as shown in Fig.6.At that point, identify rather specifically what it is that youThis may partly be attributed to male lecturer trend to teach want to achieve. In fact, it is very important to revisit thisin multiple universities to earn more money. Over 400 particular question in a recurring way throughout one'sstudents have intuitively verified that female lectures of planning, implementation, and evaluation. Yes, repeatedlyelectronics engineering, mathematics, computer science concentrate attention on just what is it you are trying toand humanities deliver more comprehensive and well achieve [7-10]. Let us reiterate our encouragement toprepared lectures compared to male lecturers. Based on search very carefully for the important feedback loops instudent evaluation the head has decided to increase the interventions, to recognize and to come to grips withfemale lecturers and laboratory technician strength to deeply-rooted beliefs and fears that will affect yourprovide more comfortable and flexible environment to the success, to be scrupulous in distinguishing myth fromfemale students in laboratory. Old age heads may request reality, and to pay a great deal of attention to the changingto management to involve female lecturers in department external context for we are addressing a moving target asmanagement to configure the environment according to the social, scientific and engineering frontiers advance. Astheir personal convenience under supervision of senior we plan and discuss the interventions to enhance theexperienced professors.recruitment and retention of women in science andengineering, we must bear in mind that much of the designFuture Woman Scientists & Engineersof the current work structures and environments were putin place a long time ago by people different from those whoAcademe need to intervene in a strategic manner to will work in them in the future. We need to consider theincrease woman population in science and engineering future society pattern in which the planned woman workfaculties. Undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral force will be functioning [9-11].interventions aimed at recruiting and retaining morewomen in scientific and technical fields serve the interests Female High-Tech Emancipationof education in general as well as the interests of women.Within an individual department to achieving this goal the Recent developments in attosecond physics have lead tograduate students in the same or related departments extraordinary expeditious photonic processors [12-15]such as electronics and telecom may meet together for conceiving perception of infinite bandwidth requiringdiscussions on how to get ahead and how to cope with renewed understanding of the fundamentals of sciencedaily problems in the classroom, in the research and engineering [16]. To go beyond the frontiers of scienceenvironment, and with colleagues and supervisors. and engineering we need to work with woman patienceAcademe may start programs of male and female visiting and a mother’s love to unearth the ultimate truth of nature.scientists and engineers, who meet with the students and What we do today will be regarded as a barbarian time byother interested people to discuss and facilitate the our women of 2050 as we today think of women selling andcareers of these students in science and engineering [10- buying in dark ages. Today woman scientists and11].Among recurring topics of discussion are the engineers are only able to design chemical, biological andrelationship of a female student with her peers and with her nuclear weapons but also capable to detect chemical andresearch adviser, balancing career and family radiation signatures to ensure existence of such legalresponsibilities, and strategies to eliminate the "chilly weapons and their integral parts. Sulfur mustard breaksenvironment" often encountered by women pursuing down in the environment into thiodiglycol and twograduate studies and later employment in the science and impurities, thioxane and dithiane, which can be identifiedengineering. The full access of woman in research goes far as signatures of mustard presence. However, most ofbeyond just opening the doors of educational institutions nerve agents such as sarin, soman, and VX contain aand the workplace. It means changing and enhancing the phosphorus-methyl (P-CH3) bond that is difficult to breakprospects of students, teachers, supervisors, leaders, and rendering its hard detection [17]. Woman as military45

ENGINEER PEC September 2007scientists and engineers have full comprehension of the especially medicines, women are much more suited thansignificance of high energy lasers, bio materials, men due to their natural sympathetic and lovingnanotechnology, electro-optic sensors, potential temperament that is actually needed to the patient. It is nottechniques and algorithms critical for their national possible today to allow 50% population to stay homedefense, command and control [18]. Woman scientists without any to do. Looking primitive village life the men andand engineers have most significant role as sales women work in fields together without any sensitivity toengineers, research scientists and product developers gender at all. Middle class people care the culture and[19]. build walls on the way of women development. It is duty ofstate to provide equal job opportunities to women andSadartha [20] defined word love as a passion that a mother develop working environment to build confidence athas for her baby and ascribed all the other definitions of workplace. Of course new entrant woman will bring newlove as its subsequent derivatives. An old time vision questions and different experiences. Identifying andneeds to be created in modern society where woman understanding the barriers to women's progress indespite emancipation feels deprived. Woman among men academic and professional careers so that these can beshould have the level of confidence about gender removed or overcome and addressing the communicationinteraction the way a man after eating has no feel for challenges women and men face together in theappetite. Once his/her eating desire is over after dining classroom, in the home, in the workplace, and in volunteerhe/she actually conquers his desire for hunger. A similar activities so that they can be more effective partners infeel and conquer is needed to woman whilst working their endeavors.among men. How to achieve is an uphill task that needsresearch. We may define civilization as an era when Referenceswomen and men will have no depression of being thatgender regarding implementation of their aims and ideas. World Nobel Prize Records, British Library, London UK,According to Emma [21] peace or harmony between the 2006.sexes and individuals does not necessarily depend on asuperficial equalization of human beings; nor does it calls Educating the Engineer of 2020, Committee of Engineerfor the elimination of individual traits and peculiarities. The 2020: National Academy of Engineering, 2005.problem that women confront today, and which the nearestfuture is to solve, is how to be one's self and yet in oneness Science and Engineering Programs: On Target forwith others, to feel deeply with all human beings and still Women, edited by M. Lakes and L. Skidmore Dix,retain one's own characteristic qualities. Our motto should Committee on Women in Science and Engineering, NRC,not be: forgive one another; rather, understand one National Academies Press, 1992.another.N. Z. Khan,’ Unprepared, unwilling and unfit: The MoslemsTo understand everything means to forgive everything in the age of IT’, FJWU and HEC Int. Conf. Socialdoes not appeal many of modern women; it has the odor of Sciences: endangered and engendered, Dec10-12, 2004,the confessional; to forgive one's fellow being conveys the PP. 323.idea of pharisaical superiority. The demand for equal rightsin every vocation of life is just and fair; but, after all, the Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on leading edgemost vital right is the right to love and be loved. Indeed, if technologies, National Academy of Engineering. Nationalpartial emancipation is to become a complete and true Academy of Engineering, 2006.emancipation of woman, it will have to do away with theridiculous notion that to be loved, to be sweetheart and H. Salerno,’ Though unsung and ignored women havemother, is synonymous with being slave or subordinate. To pushed technology frontiers’, Mothers of Invention,me the position of the working village girl is far more natural Washington Post Writer, July 12, 1997, PP. H01.and human than that of her seemingly more fortunatesister in the more cultured professional walks of life i.e. Female Ingenuity: Women and Invention in America bylecturers, doctors, engineers or layers who have to make a Anne L. Macdonald Ballantine Books: NY, 1992.dignified, proper appearance, while the inner life is growingempty and dead. Islam gave the first ultimate Mothers and Daughters of Invention: Notes for revisedemancipation to woman by declaring the close proximity of history of technology by Autumn Stanley: The ScarecrowGod with fathers of daughters on the doomsday. Press Inc: New Jersey, 1993.ConclusionsWomen need a central recognition with full access in allfields of life. Some fields of science and engineering,Woman, Technology and innovation, edited by JoanRothschild, Pergamon Press Ltd: New York, 1992.Sex Segregation in the Workplace: Trends, Explanations,46

ENGINEER PEC September 2007Remedies: Committee on Women's Employment and Critical Military Technologies, Washington GovernmentRelated Social Issues, National Research Council, Printing Office, 2006.National Academic Press, 1984..T. Anglaew,” IEEE Woman in Engineering”, IEEE RegionAdviser, Teacher, Role Model, Friend: On Being a Mentor 10 Section Meeting, July, 2006, Thailand.to Students in Science and Engineering, NationalResearch Council, National Academic Press, 1997.Sadartha: History of Sadartha Spiritual Life Concepts,edited by Indian Press, 1950.T. Juhasz, R. Kurtz, C. Horvath, C. Suarez, F. Raksi and G.Spooner,’ The femtosecond blade’, Optics & Photonics Emma Goldman,” The tragedy of woman’s emancipation”,News, PP.24-28, January 2002.Blackmask online 2001: http://www.blackmask.com.T. Krupa,” Optical technologies in fight against About the Authorbioterrorism”, Optics & Photonics News, PP.23-26, July2002. Registration No. PEC (Elect/4685)M. Xiao, H. Wang, D. Goorskey,” Light controlling light”, Dr. Nasrullah Khan (59); Senior MemberOptics & Photonics News, PP.45-48, Sep, 2002.IEEE (00625749); President’s Award ofPride of Performance (2006); MemberG. A. Mourou and V. Yanovsky,” Relativistic optics: A gate IEP; Registered with PEC (Elect/4685);way to attosecond physics”, Optics & Photonics News, acquired his BSC Electrical Engineering Degree (84) fromPP.40-45, May 2004.UET Lahore, MSC (87) from Reading University (UK) andPhD (92) from Essex University UK. He has 23 years workSchrödinger's Rabbits: The Many Worlds of Quantum, and teaching experience with 5 books and 130 researchedited by C. Bruce, NAP, 2004.publications. Currently, he is working as a Professor in theDepartment of Electrical Engineering, FUUASTTechnologies Underlying Weapons of Mass Destruction, Islamabad. His areas of research include Electro-OpticsWashington Government Printing Office, December 1993. and Lasers, Optoelectronics, Protective Relaying andElectric Power Quality.47

ENGINEER PEC September 2007Let’s Affiliate PEC with ABET &FEANI[2]. We as engineers and scientists have marked lines todivide the land and airs into borders else the matter isbarely opposite. We do propose, amend, modify and…it is just in time to apply now...optimize things over time to configure the policies to divideknowledge and wisdom into known professions, as a resultDr. Nasrullah Khanof common human nature, we are likely to place newwisdoms in disciplines that are usually correct but likely toAbstractbe incorrect due to lack of understanding or knowledge ofits further developments, investigations or major futureGlobalization through emerging revolutionary enabling applications.and numerical communication technologies withincreased interdisciplinary merger of disciplines such as Authorized engineering education accrediting andelectronics, photonics, bioelectricity, neuroscience, recognizing practices are very strict in Pakistan but inartificial intelligence, integrated optics, nanotechnology, some cases accreditation bodies do declare the purepolymer sciences and information technologies in science engineering education either science or technology.and engineering has caused sheer collapse of orthodox Sporadically good engineers are mistakenly classified asconsensus on concepts of engineering education. It has scientists or technologists and vice versa. My majorbecome too difficult to recognize what is science or impetus is to reorient the thinking of engineering councils,engineering. As a matter of fact the many of the subject boards or bodies regarding recognition of technical skillsspecialists carrying science degrees are very good earned by youngsters that professional recognition bodiesengineers whilst many other subject specialists carrying do not recognize and the skilled manpower is eventuallyengineering degrees are basically engineering scientists. wasted after spending time, money and efforts. It is aThis paper explores the major differences in science, havoc loss of available resources in many countries,technology and engineering to enable Pakistan especially Pakistan. Recognition of applied science,Engineering Council (PEC) to focus on the need of technology and engineering although very late but still justrecognizing our engineering education accreditation in time to consider it. In this case the affected people arestandard in the light of international practices of ABET innocent youngsters and miserable parents - neither the(USA) and FEANI (Europe). In present paper the PEC is concerned degree awarding institutes nor the accreditingemphasized to accommodate across discipline technically body with its so obvious policy. Graduates from the Quadematuredengineering sciences as an integral part of Azam University Islamabad, Government College Lahoreengineering education to demark the narrowing blue line or Peshawer University have perfectly learnt all majorbetween pure and applied engineering. Finally it will be subjects on electronics, logic design, digital signalaccentuated why it is important for PEC to seek the processing, communication, semiconductor devices,membership of transnational engineering education a n a l o g u e c i r c u i t s , e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t h e o r y,regulatory bodies to emerge as a globally recognized microcontrollers and microprocessors but no one acceptsengineering education accrediting authority of Pakistan. their education equivalent to graduate electronicsengineers.KeywordsEither such programs may be discontinued by the order ofScience, Technology, Engineering, Education,Higher Education Commission Islamabad or be acceptedAccrediting and Recognition.with suitable upgrade courses. We can not export thismanpower to Middle East as they do not have a1. Science, Engineering and Technology professional engineer license. If the same students withsame knowledge and contents of study come from anyBy the end of twentieth century the science andother country out of any engineering degree awardingengineering knowledge has become too embedded withininstitutes then the same will be accepted without countingeach other from molecular to complex system level due tothe square feet of their classrooms. It is wastage ofemergence of the enabling, communication andmanpower and resources that need to be seriously viewedinformation technologies; that it has, unbelievably,by the authorities in the greater interest of Pakistan.become impossible to minutely classify or draw a narrowAccording to the PEC advice to the universities, in order toline to segregate the frontiers of science and engineeringbe considered for accreditation, engineering programseducation and research [1]. It is so unremitting in terms ofmust be designed to prepare graduates for the practice ofrealizable borders at all frontiers of science, technologyengineering at a professional level. Programs designed toand engineering. As a matter of fact it is nature that byprepare graduates for supporting roles in engineering i.e.definition is so articulated and organized in a complexengineering technology are not eligible, nor are thenonlinear manner that no science or engineering rule isprograms which do not provide an adequate base for theable to segregate it from one another. In decades turnoverapplication of fundamental concepts to the practice ofever amazing developments have further expanded itsengineering. In fact PEC violates its above mentionedfrontiers and the more we discover the more we are lost in it48

ENGINEER PEC September 2007guidelines by accepting British 3 Yrs BE Engineering details on PEC are available on its website [3]. EngineeringProgram.qualifications awarded by the following foreign universitiesand institutions are acceptable to PEC as recognizedIt is in fact hard to assess who actually knows practice of engineering qualifications.engineering at intellectual and professional level. PECneeds to define clear instrumental definitions measuring American Universities/Institutions:the desired entry level practice qualification. Now the PEC Accredited by the Accreditation Board of engineering &has a digital library and access to 70-80% science and Technology. (ABET). New York, USA [4].some 20-30% engineering journals that are a good sign ofdevelopment. PEC activities such as start of this Engineer U.K. Universities/Institutions:pec magazine, paper prizes, newsletters and seminar Accredited engineering degree programs in the list issuedseries shows its live involvement and warm wishes to be by Engg Council of UK in 1993 and their subsequentfunctional and progressive. A few years ago the PEC had updated versions [5].neither any professional refreshing course plans for oldengineers. However, it is a point of concern for all European Universities/Institutions:engineers including PEC why it has filed to register itself to Accredited engineering degree programs as per indexany international engineering board or forum that can published by the European Federation of Nationalupdate its accrediting and recognizing policies. I certainly Engineering Association (FEANI) Paris, France in the yearbeg pardon of the PEC if any of my suggestions is not in the 1992 and their subsequent updated versions [6].interest of PEC or its members or Pakistan at the end of theday. Our neighbor country is exporting such manpower to Canadian Universities/Institutions:Middle East and earning lot of foreign revenue and we in Accredited engineering degree programs in the list issuedthe form of PEC are sticking to so called dead English rules by the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB)and trying to push the elephant in the mouse hole. I can to in the year 1995 and their subsequent updated versions [7]PEC examples of several foreign universities degrees thatare accredited by PEC and the students have same level of Australian Engineering Universities/Institutions:wisdom as our QAU BSC electronics graduates. Either Accredited engineering degree programs as per Australianelectronics degree holders may be granted accreditation engineering courses recognized by the Institutions ofas engineering scientists (B-Tech) or engineers. Legal Engineers, Australia in the year 1994 and their subsequentstatus of B-Techs and BE may be ascribed under a uniform updated versions [8].consensus of PEC and HEC experts.Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) did not mention of its2. Pakistan Engineering Councilown compliance to above four bodies and many otherinternational professional bodies such as BCS, UK [9],Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) is a statutory body CEE, Europe [10], ECA, Europe [11], ENIC, Europe [12],constituted under the PEC Act No.V of 1976 enacted by the ENQA, Europe [13], IPENZ, New Zealand [14], USCIEP,Parliament. Some of its statutory functions relate to USA [15], ECSA, South Africa [16], HKIE, Hong Kong [17],recognition of engineering qualifications for the purpose of and most importantly the Washington Accord [18], Dublinregistration of professional engineers and consulting Accord [19] and Sydney Accord [20], and lately EMF [21]engineers and promotion of engineering education, regarding the accreditation and recognition or vice versa.safeguarding the interests of its members and fostering of Even the LC of any Pakistani bank is acceptable globallyhigh professional standards in the country. PEC interacts but the PEC certificate is not considered as a validwith the Government, both at the Federal and Provincial document by ABET (USA), FEANI (France), CEABlevel by participation in Commissions, Committees and (Canada) and IEA (Australia). PEC should explain to theAdvisory Bodies and acts as a think tank to Government of member engineers and engineering degree awardingPakistan. The PEC is a fully representative body of the institutes, why the PEC has not registered itself or soughtengineering community in the country and works membership of any transnational engineering degreetransparently. PEC forms an effective bridge between recognizing and engineering program accrediting bodyGovernment, industry and education. Over the past such as ABET (USA) and FEANI (Europe) in last fivequarter century PEC has grown into a mature professional decades. The PEC is pleased to say that she acceptsregulatory body with an unblemished record. It is not too degrees accredited by such and such without any vicedifficult to conceive the scenario in the country, had there versa acceptance. It is all useless if they do not acceptbeen no PEC on the landscape. Not only the international yours accredited engineering degree in return.recognition of our engineering degrees would have been At this moment most of the foreign bodies do look at theperilously set aside, our own market would have been degree granting university and not on the PEC certificate.flooded with under and sub-qualified engineers. ABET, FEANI and CEAB ask for clearing their own sixMaintenance of a register of persons qualified to practice month’s professional engineer’s test. I personally honor toas professional engineers and consulting engineers. More the establishment of the PEC and its role but literally how a49

ENGINEER PEC September 2007body can talk or refer to international standards to force the women engineers to meet the upcoming challenges? As ainstitutions when she herself is not regarded as an think tank the PEC must start thinking now and leave noengineering degree recognizing or accrediting authority by stone unturned to seek the membership of Washingtonother international bodies. Let us say PEC was initially not Accord that India has already done last year in 2005.registered by the international bodies [4-8] then why the Almost 95% engineers in Pakistani Universities arePEC did not struggle to develop links with such well known specializing in electronics and telecommunication underbodies to seek guidelines how to improve the engineering all the PEC accredited and recognized programs. Nearlyeducation in Pakistan with so many perks. The PEC is itself 90% of the real industry demand is electrical andnot well performing its functions like looking after the automation engineers (not the electronics or telecominterests of people of this country and engineering engineers); has the PEC ever thought of forcing thepractices within international standards on public safety universities for proportional intakes?and reliability.Hardly 5% engineers are studying electrical engineeringRepeated collapse of bridges, building and networks is self and all the rest registered in BE telecom or BE electronicsspeaking proof of the norms and engineering standards programs [22]. It is sole responsibility of the PEC and HECmaintained in the country. This nation has suffered the to maintain reasonable proportion of manpower in allmost in history due to the PEC deaf ears towards follies disciplines. Who is going to take care of WAPDA utilitycommitted by the construction industry ever since in networks spread across the country? Has PEC or HEC orPakistan? Why PEC did not introduce the building codes MOST ever thought of it? No! All of our neighboringearlier before occurrence of repeated earthquakes around countries have joined or joining international accreditationIslamabad? Which road does not need repair within few and recognizing bodies to internationalize the competencymonths of its construction? Which factory is observing of their graduate engineers but regretted to say thatsafety rules and safety standards in the common electric nothing is being done at an adequate level by the PEC forproducts for public use? Over 80% metallic casing the betterment of its graduate engineers in global era.products such as washing machines and refrigerators Many bilateral and multilateral agreements can behave no safety grounding green/yellow wire and in 85% established between countries and organizationshouse and industrial wirings the test reports are issued worldwide but PEC has no time for it, still claiming takingwithout even actual visit of the test inspector to the care of its member engineers. Young engineers are notinstallation site. How many engineers have been aware of it but the PEC should recognize the problemblacklisted due to their poor performance of work or ahead being a dedicated professional body with amisconduct or corruption charges? Many engineers have mandate that supposes PEC to do it. Simple agreementsbeen terminated on corruption charges in past in multiple do not give free mobility facility, but still can be important,departments in Pakistan; did the PEC remove their names especially on a regional level they are likely to befrom the register? I do not know in what sense the PEC is preempted by large-scale, multinational, mutualsafeguarding the interests of this country or its members. agreements. If transnational mobility facility is granted toWhen our engineers go to Canada they need to spend our engineers then they can freely move and even work orseveral months to qualify the CEAB tests to seek participate in international professional activities.professional license. They do not accept PEC registrationcertificate.3. Accreditation of Accrediting BodiesIf the PEC member engineers have no acceptance outsidethe Pakistani borders then how the PEC can talk ofcompliance to international engineering standards andstatutes [3]. In fact the PEC reflects a symbol of horriblepolice instead of its kind role as adviser to the engineeringdegree awarding institutes. As a member of WashingtonAccord [18] our engineers can have facilities to work hereor abroad and claim many mobility facilities across theborders. At present it makes no sense why to bother aboutPEC if the engineers have to work abroad or in privateindustry. PEC also points on the private engineeringdegree awarding institutes without mentioning the plight ofgovernment institutes, which reflects quite a bit of bias thatneeds to be reworded and equal caring attitude need to bemeted out to all engineering degree awarding instituteswithin our country. By year 2050 some 88% of worldpopulation will be residing in South East Asian region [21].Is PEC planning how to cope with situation and preparingFor international recognition of engineering degreeprograms the international accreditation boards andbodies need to cooperate with one another to reach aconsensus that may eliminate the need to again test thecapabilities of engineering professionals from sistercountries. As the economic globalization increases [23-24], we must bring down artificial barriers that limitworkforce mobility and related issues. One way to increasemobility is through the mutual recognition of degrees,degree programs, and accreditation systems. Nowinternational community has a strong desire to worktowards global harmonization that needs workforcemobility. This has provoked a great deal of activity,especially in countries that do not have recognizedaccreditation systems in place, or even a tradition ofaccreditation like Germany [23]. The United States, whichhas a strong tradition of engineering accreditation, it is alsoworking toward global recognition of accreditation50

ENGINEER PEC September 2007methods. Mutual recognition and accreditation will not only applicant accrediting body has demonstrated that thebenefit graduates in a particular country, but will also accreditation system for which it has responsibilitypromote quality control and attract students to national appears to be conceptually similar to those of the otherdegree programs. It is generally accepted that a signatories of the Washington Accord. By conferringcompetent practicing engineer must have a strong provisional status, the signatories have indicated that theyeducation that teaches analytical and theoretical thinking consider that the provisional signatory has the potentialthat enables problem solving, innovation, and invention. If capability to reach full signatory status. Award ofnot invention then at least instant modifications; training in provisional status in no way implies any guarantee of theworking with people from diverse backgrounds and solving granting of full signatory status. Equivalence of thetechnical problems to maintain the existing engineering engineering programs concerned shall normally becomeinfrastructures on place; and work experience, including effective from the date on which the new signatory wasresponsibility for making decisions on time to deal with admitted to full signatory status. For the admission of newemergencies and long term planning to predict calamities signatories to the Washington Accord requires anand failures. Let us review the existing internationally application for provisional status to the Washington Accordestablished engineering accords, boards and councils for supported by nominations from two of the existinginitial membership or affiliation of PEC.signatories. A positive vote by at least two-thirds of theexisting signatories, a prescribed period of provisional3.1 Washington Accord status (minimum period of two years), during which theaccreditation criteria and processes established by theWashington Accord [18] was signed in 1989 by the groups applicant, and the manner in which those procedures andin Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United criteria are implemented, will be subject to comprehensiveKingdom, and the United States responsible for examination by a Washington Accord review team.accrediting professional engineering degree programs in Unanimous approval of the existing signatories fortheir countries. The accord recognizes “substantial transition of the provisional signatory to the regularequivalency” of the programs accredited by the signatories signatory is prerequisite. The application for Provisionaland satisfaction of the “academic requirements for the Signatory status must be submitted by PEC to thepractice of engineering at the professional level.” The Secretariat of the Washington Accord in both printed andaccord states that the “processes, policies and electronic form at least 120 days prior to the next meetingprocedures” used in the accreditation of academic of signatories, and in the format given in Washingtonprograms are comparable and “recommends that Accord [18]. A decision to admit to Provisional status shallgraduates of accredited programs in any of the signatory require the affirmative vote of two-thirds of existingcountries be recognized by the other member countries as signatories, and a decision to admit to full signatory statushaving met the academic requirements for entry to the shall require the unanimous vote of existing signatories.practice of engineering as per WA. However, the Such votes shall normally be taken at general meetings ofWashington Accord has several limitations. First, it covers signatories. The Accord has also approached to anprofessional engineering undergraduate programs but not international funding agency to explore the possibility ofengineering technology or postgraduate programs. funding support for developmental assistance to countriesSecond, it does not apply to degree programs accredited applying to become members of the Accord.before signing by the accrediting body. Third, it does notapply to degree programs declared or recognized as Accreditation Board of Engineering & Technology (ABET)“substantially equivalent” by the signatories. Finally, it is recognized by the American Council for Highercovers only the academic requirements of licensing, but Education Accreditation. In general, ABET does notnot the actual licensing, which still varies from country to accredit foreign programs outside USA. However, it issuescountry. Interest in the Washington Accord has increased substantial equivalency certificates for similar overseessignificantly since it was signed in 1989. Two more programs if they qualify in educational outcome. ABET hascountries have signed on since then and are now full signed a number of mutual recognition agreements withsignatories: Hong Kong in 1995 and South Africa in 1999. accrediting organizations of other countries. PEC mayFour countries have been added as provisional apply for it like India, and Bangladesh and others.signatories: Japan in 2001 and Germany, Malaysia, and Signatories agree to recommend that graduates fromSingapore in 2003. In addition, the accreditation bodies of recognized programs be afforded the same rights andIndia and Bangladesh have recently expressed their intent privileges as those graduates in the home country. ABETto submit applications for provisional membership, and recognizes through agreements such as the WashingtonRussia has sent representative to the meetings of the Accord, and offers educational credentials evaluationWashington Accord signatories.services. It is to point out that ABET accredits theengineering programs through its EngineeringTo seek membership of the Accord the accrediting Accreditation Commission (EAC) not the institutes. PECorganization needs to apply for provisional signatory may apply for membership of Washington Accord the waystatus. The provisional signatory status means that the as normal universities apply to PEC for accreditation and51

ENGINEER PEC September 2007the ABET will process the case. For more information PEC http://www.feani.org/.may contact ABET, Inc.111 Market Pl., Suite1050Baltimore, MD 21202 ; Abet website: 3.3 Engineers Mobility Forumhttp://www.abet.org/contact.shtml, USA.The Engineers Mobility Forum (EMF) [21], established in3.2 The EUR ING Professional TitleOctober 1997, was initially formed as a subcommittee ofthe Washington Accord signatories to facilitate the mobilityThe Fédération Européenne d’Associations Nationales of experienced professional engineers. Unlike thed’Ingénieurs (FEANI) [6] (translated as the European Washington Accord, which focuses on mutual recognitionFederation of National Engineering Associations) is a of accredited academic programs, EMF is developing “afederation of national engineering associations from the system of mutual recognition of the full professional level toEU, European Free Trade Association, and countries facilitate cross border mobility of registered practitioners.”considered “eligible for accession into the EU” at a future This is especially important for currently practicingtime. Currently, FEANI, which has 26 member countries engineers whose qualifications are not recognized throughrepresenting more than two million professional the Washington Accord (EMF, 2003). EMF maintains aengineers, considers itself “the single voice for the decentralized Register of International Engineers thatengineering profession in Europe” and is working to “affirm includes the names of professional engineers in memberand develop the professional identity of engineers.” The countries who meet very specific educational andEuropean Commission recognizes FEANI as the official experiential guidelines. The purpose of the registry is torepresentative of the engineering profession in Europe. streamline the process of obtaining practice privileges inOne of the services provided by FEANI, the granting of the EMF-member countries. The registry is “decentralized” inEUR ING professional title, is intended to “facilitate the the sense that each country operates its own section andmutual recognition of engineering qualifications in Europe” writes its own “assessment statement” describing theand facilitate mobility by assigning a “guarantee of admission requirements for that country. A monitoringcompetence” to engineers who wish to practice outside committee in each country develops the assessmenttheir own countries, provide information to employers statement, reviews applications for admission to theabout educational and training systems in Europe, and registry, and functions as the point of contact for all mattersencourage continuous improvements in the quality of relating to the registry. EMF members include the nationalengineers by monitoring and reviewing standards. engineering organizations of Ireland, the United Kingdom,Currently, slightly fewer than 30,000 registered engineers United States, Canada, South Africa, Hong Kong,have been granted the EUR ING title. FEANI maintains an Australia, Japan, Malaysia, Korea, and New Zealand.index of universities and other institutions of higher FEANI has observer status, and India and Bangladesheducation and their engineering degree programs have expressed an interest in joining EMF. With the signingrecognized as fulfilling the mandatory educational of the EMF Agreement in June 2001, the Internationalrequirements for the EUR ING title. Member countries Register of Professional Engineers (IRoPE) wassubmit descriptions of schools and degree programs for established (IPENZ, 2000).inclusion in the FEANI Index upon approval by theEuropean Monitoring Committee. The FEANI Index is 3.4. Vision of Global Engineering Registrarintended to be the “authoritative source of informationabout national engineering education systems and Global Engineering Registrar (GER) would be theeducational institutions”. Basically, FEANI takes care of its authorized body responsible for accrediting professionalmember European countries only but International engineering degree programs and registering professionalEngineering Institutes and organizations may seek degrees through its representative offices through out themembership of FEANI regarding accreditation or world. The member countries will have equalequivalency of their programs. Engineering organizations representation in global office and all of them will be boundof several countries like Association for Engineering to guidelines and rules framed by the GER. UniversitiesEducation in South and Central Asia (AEESCA) and The and colleges lacking compliance to the proposed GERInstitution of Engineers, India, Federation of Engineering regulations may be notified to make necessary correctionsInstitutions of South and Central Asia (FEISCA) Nepal, in their procedures if not caring they may be ousted fromUnion of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects the GER list. It could be even more useful to design(UCTEA–TMMOB) Turkey, Association for Engineering common courses and experiments for all the universities toEducation in Southeast Asia and the Pacific (AEESEAP) minimize the overall differences. GER may refuse licenseand The Institution of Engineers, Indonesia, The Institution extension to engineers found involved in corrupt practices,of Engineers, Malaysia (IEM) Malaysia and The Institution bankruptcy and cheating. This will isolate the badof Engineers Singapore (IES) Singapore, have already professionals and incompetent engineers throughout thesought membership of FEANI for the possible intuitive world. The people who do malpractices in one country andrecognition purposes. PEC may also apply to FEANI at Av. hide in others will have no safe heaven for second chance.Roger Vandendriessche 18, B-1150 Brussels, Belgium Certainly, in this information era, the engineering ethics52

ENGINEER PEC September 2007and codes of conducts can be implemented through GERhttp://www.nap.edu/catalog/11220.htmlin a far more controlled manner than the on going 3. http://www.pec.org.pkpractices. It is like the international credit card system. Any 4. http://www.abet.org/bank defaulter can not hide anywhere in the member 5. http://www.engc.org.uk/countries. All the engineers will have record in international 6. http://www.feani.org/FEANIindex.htmdatabase and the fudge degrees and degree programs will 7. http://www.ccpe.ca/e/ccpe_boards_2.cfmbe identified. Today fake degree holders have access to 8. http://www.ieaust.org.au/even HEC database as members of curriculum and 9. http://www.bcs.org/BCS/MembersArea/coordination committees to decide engineering course for 10. http://www.ceenetwork.hu/a_about.html.the PEC accredited and recognized programs. Private 11. http://www.ecaconsortium.net.sector will have better chance of conducting business in 12. http://www.enic-naric.net.education sector without focal attention of the PEC. The 13. http://www.enqa.net.idea has already progressed well towards the concept of 14. h t t p : / / w w w. i p e n z . o r g . n z / i p e n z / f o r m s / p d f s /GER in different continents [21-24].EMF_Agreement.pdf.15. http://www.usciep.org/what_is.shtml.4. Conclusions 16. http://www.ecsa.co.za/17. http://www.hkie.org.hk/Existing police man role of PEC is appreciated in the 18. h t t p : / / w w w. w a s h i n g t o n a c c o r d . o r g / w a s h _context of geographical traditions but it needs to extend itsaccord_faq.html.role towards ultimate global authority by increasing 19. http://www.iei.ie/WebPages/PageDetails.pasp?linkages between other intercontinental engineeringpageid=1profession regulatory bodies in East and West to 20. http://www.ecsa.co.za/International/4Sydneystandardize international recognition of our professionalAccord/Thornybush_report.htmqualification practicing licenses in the form of PEC 21. EMF (Engineers Mobility Forum). 2003. A Review ofregistration certificate. Individual universities can alsoRecognition Systems for Professional Engineers. Inapproach to ABET, FEANI or CEAB for accrediting theirGlobal Challenges in Engineering Education:engineering education programs but that will drain lot of Proceedings of the 2003.national revenue abroad. Our neighbor countries like 22. N. Khan, Z. Saleem and A. A. Mirza,” PowerMalaysia and Singapore have sought but Bangladesh andEngineering Education Scenario”, PES AnnualIndia have applied for the membership of WashingtonMeeting, Poster paper, Montreal, Canada, 18-22 JuneAccord. PEC on behalf of Pakistan can also apply for the 2006.ultimate betterment of the PEC members and the country. 23. Erwin Educating the Engineer of 2020, Committee ofAlthough, it is all skepticism but still we have to live with theEngineer 2020: National Academy of Engineering,same neighbors therefore it is advisable to consider it as 2005.an issue that needs solution. As long as PEC does not 24. Kevin Sweeney,” International Recognition ofaccredit itself to world accrediting authorities it should seekEngineering Degrees, Programs, and Accreditationbenefit of accrediting policy for the electronics programsSystems”, Educating the Engineer of 2020: Adaptingproducing lot many graduates that can be suitable exportEngineering Education to the New Century Committeequality products. General PEC role is reasonablyon the Engineer of 2020, Phase II, Committee onacceptable but it should focus on integration of emergingEngineering Education, National Academy oftechnologies and engineering branches such as photonicsEngineering, PP.engineering to increase spectral bandwidth of engineeringprofile in the country. Enabling technologies such as neuralnetwork, adaptive control, fuzzy logic, photonics,About Authorintegrated optics, micro-machined sensors, Registration No. PEC (Elect/4685)nanotechnology, laser engineering and biomedical Dr. Nasrullah Khan (59); Senior Memberengineering need to be encouraged to enhance initiation of IEEE (00625749); President’s Award ofabove programs. Orthodox approach to seek job Pride of Performance (2006); Memberopportunities before starting programs needs to be IEP; Registered with PEC (Elect/4685);discouraged to develop space of new era technologies.acquired his BSC Electrical Engineering Degree (84) from5. ReferencesUET Lahore, MSC (87) from Reading University (UK) andPhD (92) from Essex University UK. He has 23 years workand teaching experience with 5 books and 130 research1. Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on leading edge publications. Currently, he is working as a Professor in thetechnologies, National Academy of Engineering. Department of Electrical Engineering, FUUASTNational Academy of Engineering, 2006.Islamabad. His areas of research include Electro-Optics2. Tenth Annual Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering, and Lasers, Optoelectronics, Protective Relaying andNational Academy of Engineering, 2005: Electric Power Quality.53

ENGINEER PEC September 2007Quality Assurance and Accreditationof Higher LearningDr. Nawar KhanABSTRACTQuality and management of processes and functions ineducational institutions of higher learning in the developingcountries are facing a lot of challenges in terms ofestablishment and improvement. The challenges haveroot causes embedded in their societies that have becomeimpediments for social, industrial and financialdevelopment. Assurance and accreditation of qualitymanagement system of education are the means availablefor improvement, recognition and stakeholderssatisfaction. Institutional, national as well as internationalquality criteria set, management system and assessmentmechanism are available for quality improvements whichcan be adopted by educational institutions to becomeworld class.Key words:Higher Learning, Quality Management System,Developing Countries, Quality Challenges, QualityAssurance and Accreditation, Institutional, National andInternational Criteria.assessment mechanism to judge the level of qualityachieved. Recognized national and international bodieshave standardized and published such criteria sets ofquality concepts and principles for assurance andaccreditation. A few quality criteria and systems forassurance and accreditations discussed here are;Institutional Quality Assurance System.National and International Quality AssuranceSystems.National and International Quality AccreditationSystems.An educational program of higher learning is usuallyaccredited nationally for its quality management andassurance system. For example, Pakistan EngineeringCouncil (PEC) is performing such role of accreditation forengineering education in the country. I order to berecognized internationally for quality, management and itsassurance, national education systems can be accreditedfrom reputed international accreditation bodies, forexample, Accreditation Board of Engineering andTechnology (ABET) accredittion system for engineeringeducation.All these quality improvement, management, assuranceand accreditation activities are complementary to eachother in progression. None of them can be claimed betteror superior to others in terms of scope and objectives.1. INTRODUCTION 2. MAJOR QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF HIGHERLEARNINGQuality and management of processes and functions inservice industry, particularly in educational institutions of This section only lists down the major quality attributes ofhigher learning, in the developing countries of the world higher learning which require assurance and accreditationare facing a lot of challenges for quality improvement, Bloom’s Taxonomy 1956).assurance and accreditation. These include; poorbusiness management, unguided research and 2.1 Fundamentals of Teaching, Learning anddevelopment, poor quality management system, limitedQuality in Education and Management offinancial resources, low education and training, poorProcessesquality awareness, lack of corporate quality culture and old The ‘Education Processes’ include the following qualityvintage technology and equipment etc (Nawar and Sheikh, attributes:1997;) Sandholm, 2000; Eicher and Mikil, 1993; Hewitt andWield, 1995 and Prokopenko, 1995). These challenges Quality of Teacherhave root causes embedded in their societies that have Quality of Curriculumbecome impediments for social, industrial and financial Quality of Examination and Assessmentdevelopment. Assurance and accreditation of quality Quality of Research and Developmentmanagement system of education are the ways forward for Quality of Communicationits improvement, recognition and stakeholders Quality of Student Support Servicessatisfaction. There are a few major quality attributes ofhigher learning which require assurance and The ‘Management System’ which support all theseaccreditation. Institutional, national as well as international education processes include the followings factors:-criteria and systems are available for quality enhancementand assessment which can be easily adopted to become Leadershipworld class.AdministrationQuality Assurance ProgramA quality assurance system usually provides a criteria set Academic Cultureof quality principles and concept for implementation and54

ENGINEER PEC September 20072.2 Quality of a Graduate (outcome) Socio- Economic ConditionLearning AttitudeThe quality of a graduate (which is the outcome of an As a Resource Personeducation and its management processes) contains threebasic learning domains as follows: 2.7 Dimensions of a ResearcherCognitive Domain (mental ability of the graduate)Affective Domain (emotionally moved by learningprocess)Psychomotor Domain (skills learned)All the above mentioned domains are further divided into anumber of levels and stages. Quality improvement andassurance are of great importance in all these domains.2.3 Cognitive DomainThere are six important levels of learning in the cognitivedomain as follows, depending on their level of difficulty:-Knowledge LevelComprehension LevelApplication LevelAnalysis LevelSynthesis LevelEvaluation Level2.4 Affective DomainThere are five critical levels of learning in the affectivedomain as follows:Receive LevelRespond Level (interactive)Value LevelConceptualize Value LevelInternalize Value Level2.5 Psychomotor DomainThere are five main levels of learning in the psychomotordomain as follows:Imitation LevelManipulation LevelPrecision LevelArticulation LevelNaturalization Level2.6 Dimensions of a StudentThere are a few important dimensions of a good qualitystudent as follows:MaturitySocial NormsPhysical ConditionThere are a few main dimensions of a student as a goodquality researcher as follows:Academic CompetenceCompetence on Research MethodsResources (Information/Others)Commitment & Motivational Skills2.8 Dimensions of a TeacherMajor attributes of a quality teacher as follows:Academic CompetenceTeaching Skills in Relevant Field (Pedagogy)Student PsychologyCommitment and Motivational Skills3. INSTITUTIONAL QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEMThis is the first level of quality enhancement where somequality conscious institutions develop their own qualitymanagement and assurance system for academic andResearch and Development (R&D) activities and take fulladvantage of it in delivering quality education. However,such systems vary from institution to institutions and arenot known to or shared with other institutions to gainadvantages out of it.For example, National University of Sciences andTechnology (NUST) carries out its academic and R&Dassessment of all its constituent colleges, centers andinstitutions. The top management of the university wants tomake sure that all the quality policies, principles andregulations issued through its statute are followed toimprove the quality of education. The assessment criteriaset used for this purpose is placed at Annex A. Normally, acomposite team of academia and R&D is used to carry outa detail check of all quality aspects of academics, R&Dfacility and administrative aspects of an institution for thepurpose of improvements.4. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL QUALITYASSURANCE SYSTEMISO 9000 Quality Management Systems (QMS) standardwas first aired in 1987 by the ISO Headquarters. ISO 9000QMS is a world wide standard that establishes therequirements for quality and management system of anyinstitution. The standard was revised in the year 1994 andnow the latest version in use is ISO 9000:2000. Nextrevision of the standard is expected in year 2008.55

ENGINEER PEC September 2007ISO 9000 QMS is a certification, third party audit and College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineeringdocumentation based standard. It is applicable to all sizes Pakistan Naval Engineering Collegeand types of institutions. It has comprehensive quality College of Aeronautical Engineeringcriteria set based on quality principles for managementand assurance of education services. It can bring 7. NATIONAL QUALITY ENHANCEMENT ANDconsistency in documentations, procedures, processesASSURANCE SYSTEMand quality of services in the educational institutions. ISOContinual Improvement of the9000 QMS standard provides opportunities for qualityQuality Management Systemimprovement through periodic audits and reviews.Pakistan has adopted ISO 9000 QMS standard asPakistan Standard (PS 3000) in 1990. ISO 9000 standardis generic in nature that can be applied to all functions,types and sizes of organizations, from manufacturing tobanking to education to chemical industry etc.ISO 9001:2000 QMS standard has a number of clausesand sub clauses which are listed in Annex B. However,their detailed descriptions are available on website‘www.iso.google’ or can be obtained either from nationalstandard body of respective country or ISO Headquarters.There are a total of eight clauses in the ISO 9001:2000QMS standard QMS.5. QUALITY PRINCIPLES OF ISO 9000 QUALITY Higher Education Commission (HEC) has recentlyMANAGEMENT SYSTEMpublished its quality enhancement and assurance criteriafor self assessment in higher learning bodies as shown inA number of quality principles provide the base for Annex C(ww.hec.edu.org.pk. The aim of this system is toachievements of continuous improvement objectives of improve and enhance the standard of quality in higherany institution. (Vincent, & Joel, 2004 and Yung, 1997):-education to the world class.Customer Focused 8. QUALITY ACCREDITETION BODIES ANDLeadershipSYSTEMSInvolvement of PeopleProcess Approachhere are a number of accreditation institutions in theSystem Approach of Managementcountry and abroad that accredit the QMS of learningContinual Improvementbodies. These are as followsFactual Approach to Decision MakingMutually Beneficial Supplier RelationshipPMDC for Accrediting Engineering and MedicalEducation in Pakistan (PEC Form AC-1)6. CONTINUOUS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT MODELAccreditation Board of Engineering & TechnologyFOR EDUCATION(ABET)An ‘ISO 9000 Process Approach Model’ for continuousAssociation of Advance Collegiate Schools ofquality improvement and assurance is shown in Figure 1.Business (AACSB)Here, the customer requirements are converted throughComputer Science Accreditation Board (CSAB)education process into outcome (quality graduate) forcustomer satisfaction. However, continuous qualityPEC has its own criteria set for accreditation ofimprovements of all aspects of education processes is theengineering education in the country as shown in Annex Dessence of this quality excellence process model.(www.pec.org.pk).CUSTOMERRequirementsResourceManagementManagementResponsibilityEducationProcess ControlPerformanceMeasurementAnalysis andImprovementGraduateFig. 1: ISO 9000 Continuous QualityImprovement ModelCUSTOMERSatisfactionNUST is one of the public sector universities which took theinitiative to adopt ISO 9000 QMS standard for qualityassurance of education system being followed in itsdifferent constituent colleges, centers and institutions asfollows:-9. INTERNATIONAL QUALITY ACCREDITETIONSYSTEMABET is a well known accreditation body for education inengineering. Its accreditation criteria set is shown in nnexE(ww.abet.org.56

ENGINEER PEC September 200710. THE EVALUATION MODEL FOR QUALITYEXCELLENCEAn ever evolving quality improvement, assurance andaccreditation model is shown in Figure 2. Different levels ofevaluation of quality excellence are depicted here. Thecontinuous quality improvement philosophy can provideprocess for excellence in highereducation to bring it to theinternational level.IQANQAQAQCEXAMSFigure 2. Evaluation Model for Quality Excellence inEducationFigure 3: Quality Model of Excellence for HigherEducationAcademic Framework, like Degree, Awards andLegalities etcInfrastructure, like Human, Capital, Information andPhysical entitiesInstitutional QMS, Local Quality CriteriaNational and International QMS (ISO 9000 & PS 3000QMS)National and International Accreditation of QMS ( sayPEC and ABET for Engineering)12. RECOMMENDATIONSVisionStandardsFrameworkInfrastructureInstitutional QMSNational & International QMSNational & International AccreditationLegend: Exams– Entrance, quiz, term, oral and final Following are a few major points for consideration;examinationsInstitutional quality enhancement and assurancesystem be replaced with either national orQuality Control (QC) – Process Control (SPC and SQC) international system.ISO 9000 QMS standard certification should be madeQuality Assurance (QA) – System Control (Operationmandatory for all learning bodies of higher and lowerManagement)echelons of education system of both public andprivate sectors.National Quality Accreditation (NQA) – National HEC should establish an ISO 9000 QMS cell toRecognitioncentrally plan, control and fund the completeimplementation program of ISO 9000 QMS standardInternational Quality Accreditation (IQA) – International PEC should conduct seminars in major engineeringRecognitioninstitutions of the country for awareness andpromotion of accreditation criteria and its assessment11. QUALITY EXCELLENCE MODEL FOR HIGHER mechanism.EDUCATIONPEC should encourage its accredited institutions forABET accreditation.Followings are the main factors of support for a proposed Duplication and overlapping in assurance standardsquality model of higher education as shown in Figure 3.and accreditation criteria be removed to reduce thework load on academia.Quality Vision, Goals and MissionAcademic Standards, which include curricula and 13. CONCLUSIONSduration etc.Quality of processes and functions in educational57

ENGINEER PEC September 2007institutions of higher learning of the developing countries Part-II Curricular Objectivesare facing a lot of challenges for its establishment and 1. Course descriptions of all academic programsimprovement. These challenges are having root causesembedded in their society that have become impediments Part-III Institutional Facilitiesfor social, industrial and financial development. Assurance 1. Office and Class Rooms Spaceand accreditation of QMS of education are the ways 2. Laboratoriesforward for its improvement, recognition and stakeholders 3. Library & Teaching Aids/Facilitiessatisfaction. Institutional, national as well as international a. Approximate number of acquisitions in the last twoquality criteria set, management system and assessmentyears, and the total number ofmechanism are available for quality improvements which b. Books and bound periodicals.can be adopted to gain the desired benefits. The attributes c. Library expenditure for the past two yearsof quality require assurance and accreditation. Models for d. Reference services available to students andcontinuous quality improvement, excellence and higherfacultyeducation have also been presented for implementation.e. Database computer search facilities available tostudents and facultyA sample of major attributes of higher learning have beenf. Library Timingslisted down from its quality perspective. ISO 9000 QMSg. Professional lib staffstandard can fulfill to a large extend the basic requirementsh. Seating capacity of the libraryof documentation and consistency of higher educationi. Other learning resources (e.g maps, microfiche,management system. HEC of Pakistan can play a vital roleaudio and video tapes, discs etc.in promotion of ISO 9000 QMS standard. PEC can help inunderstanding of accreditation philosophy in the higherj. Reproduction facilitieslearning bodies of engineering in the country to bring itsk. Teaching aidsquality standard to the international level. It should also4. Computer Facilitiesencourage its accreditors for ABET accreditation as well.a List the computer facilities available, includingtheir primary purpose and utilization of theAnnexure ‘A’equipment. Describe plans for expanding,updating related facilitiesINSTITUTIONAL QUALITY ASSURANCE CRITERIAb. Describe service available to assist students andSETfaculty (e.g., consultants program libraries etc).c. Describe the accessibility of the computer facilities(Academic Questionnaire)and services to students and faculty in terms ofSection-1 General Informationnumbers and location of terminals and/or1. Name of the College/Instituteindividual computers, and hours of operation.2. Name of College/Institute HeadDescribe how student access to these facilities is3. Name of Dean (A/Dean)provided and monitored.4. Names of HsODd. Describe availability of internet facilities to5. Departments and their brief functionsstudents and faculty6. Department-wise list of academic and researche. Describe how use by students and faculty isprogrammes being conducted presentlymeasured. Discuss levels and trends in computerusage over the last two-yearSection-2 AcademicPart-1 - Faculty1. Qualifications and Experience of Full time Part timefaculty2. Faculty Student ratio3. Average stay of faculty in the institution4. Average faculty load (Hours/faculty member/week)5. Faculty Competence. Describe how theCollege/Institute assures continued teachingcompetence and professional growth of the faculty.Describe the process of faculty performance review.6. Supervision of Part Time Faculty. Describe how parttime faculty personnel are supervised and evaluatedto competence in teaching, course conduct andavailability to studentsPart-IV Exam System1. Describe how the college/institute ensures the depthand breadth of papers set by examiners2. a. Describe the process of marking of papers andawarding of grades under the relative grading system.b. How transparency and neutrality is ensured?3. What is the procedure for students to ask re-evaluationif not satisfied4. Describe how exam records are maintained and howthe security of the records is maintained5. Does the college/institute have exam halls withappropriate seating capacity and facilities (e.g.lighting, air conditioning/fans/heaters, wash rooms,desks etc)?6. Does the college have a system of training the newlyinducted faculty on the semester system and relative58

ENGINEER PEC September 2007grading system being followed by NUST?R&D Questionnaire1. Name of the College/InstitutePart-V Administration 2. Name of College/Institute Head1. Describe how good working communication is 3. Departments and their brief functionsensured between faculty and administrators 4. Details of Areas/Fields of Research Interest2. Procedures for selection and supervision of 5. Details of PhD and MS Qualified Facultyadministrators. 6. Details of PhD Students at College/Institute3. Qualification and experience of administrators 7. Number of PG students at College/Institute4. Describe how performance evaluation of 8. Number of UG students at College/Instituteadministrators is carried out. 9. Details of research papers published during last three5. List the academic activities organized by the yearsadministration during last two years and 10. Details of research projects undertaken during lastimprovements made by it compared to previous years.three years11. Total no of projects commercialized during the periodPart-VI Student Bodyalong with R&D fund generated1. Describe the opportunities on campus that is available 12. Total no of invention and patents achieved during theto students for participation and membership in theperiod along with R&D fund generatedtechnical and professional societies most closely 13. Total no of awards/recognition for research workassociated with their programs. Indicate support toreceived during the periodthese activities provided by the college/institute, 14. Percentage of PhD faculty actively involved in R&Ddepartment and faculty.activity2. Describe the ways in which interaction is enhanced 15. Percentage of MSc faculty actively involved in R&Dbetween the students and practitioner in industry,activitygovernment and private practice. 16. Ratio of research papers published at national/3. Describe the general criteria and procedure for international levels to the number of PhD faculty duringadmitting students.last three years4. Provide employment data of last two years of students 17. Ratio of research papers published at national/who graduated from the college/institute.international levels to the number of MS faculty during5. List the number of students’ along with various last three yearsawards/prizes won by them during last two years.18. Ratio of research papers published at national/6. List the details of students’ participation in international to the UG and PG students during lastconferences, exhibitions, scholarly, competitions etcthree yearduring last two years.19. Ratio of R&D/consultancy revenue earning to the7. List the details of industrial visits conducted for funds spent on R&D projects during last three yearsstudents during last two years.20. Names and details of faculty members/students who8. List details of internship provided to the students have attended the national/international seminars/through liaison/coordination with the industries.workshops/conferences9. List the papers published by students especially in 21. Names and details of faculty members/students whorefereed journals and conference proceedings ofhave the source persons at national/ internationalinternational repute.seminars/ workshops/ conferences22. What are the major R&D facilities developed in thePart-VII Misccampus during the period1. Have the academic wings/departments written down 23. What is the total number of publications of theprocedure/SOPs? List and describe how they arecollege/institute, how many of them were presented infollowed. Are there exceptions/violations ofnational/international Journals/Conferencesprocedures? How oversights are detected /handled? 24. Details of Faculty members who have received2. Describe performance of various committees (e.g. national/international recognition for R&D/Department faculty meetings, FBS meetings, Discipleconsultancycommittee meeting, PhD committee meetings etc). 25. List of linkages/JVs with industry/firmsDescribe frequency of meetings, monitoring andfollow up actions._________________________(Signature) DeanCOUNTERSIGNED26. How do the faculty keep abreast with the recentdevelopments in S&T27. Details of methodology/mechanism adopted by thecolleges/institutes to evaluate/analyze the R&Dactivities interest of faculty28. How well endowed are the libraries materials for R&Dactivities29. How well endowed is the laboratories equipment for59

ENGINEER PEC September 2007R&D activitiesAnnexure ‘C’30. Details of the books/journals published by thecollege/instituteNATIONAL QUALITY ENHANCEMENT AND31. List the details of project proposals/PC-Is submitted to ASSURANCE CRITERIA SETHQ NUST/sponsoring/donor agencies32. Details of R&D work/consultancy services and (HEC Quality Enhancement and Self Assessmentavailability of expertise publicized by the Criteria Set)college/institute to the public/private sectors. Other Criteria No Description No. of Standards *prospective sectors informed about these resourcesfor commercialization 7. Standard and Quality of Instructions33. How much R&D funding has been generated by 7.1 Completion of Coursescollege/institutes from other agencies 7.1.1 Theory34. Details of Future R&D Plans of the college/institute 7.1.2 Practical7.2 Perception of Students7.2.1 Theory______________________7.2.2 PracticalSignature (Dean)COUNTERSIGNED7.3 Course File7.4 Student's FeedbackAnnexure ‘B’ 8. Students8.1 AdmissionLIST OF CLAUSES AND SUB CLAUSES OF ISO 90008.2 Admission Response and %Age AdmittedQMS 8.3 Intake9. Academic Buildings and other Allied FacilitiesClause 1. Scope 9.1 Buildings (hired or owned)1.1 General 9.2 Other Allied Facilities1.2 Application10. Annual Cost Per StudentClause 2. Normative Reference11. Financial Support to StudentsClause 3. Terms and DefinitionsClause 4. Quality Management System12. Class Size4.1 General Requirements12.1 Theory4.2 Documentation Requirements12.2 PracticalClause 5. Management Responsibility13. Office Hours for Academic Counseling5.1 Management Commitment14. Other Facilities for Students5.2 Customer focus 14.1 Hostel (S) Accommodation5.3 Quality Policy 14.2 Convocation Hall / Auditorium5.4 Quality Planning 14.3 Sports Facilities (including Swimming Pool,5.5 Responsibility, Authority and Communication Gymnasium etc)5.6 Management Review 14.4 Student TransportClause 6. Resource Management14.5 Other Facilities6.1 Provision of Resources15. Yield6.2 Human Resources6.3 Infrastructure16. Dropouts6.4 Work Environment17. Average DurationClause 7. Product Realization18. Internship / Practical Training7.1 Planning of Product Realization19. Quality of Product7.2 Customer-Related Processes19.1 Placement Bureau7.3 Design and Development 19.2 Alumni’s Satisfaction7.4 Purchasing 19.3 Employers' Feedback7.5 Production and Service Provision 19.4 Acceptance for Admissions in Foreign7.6 Control of Monitoring and Measuring Devices UniversitiesClause 8. Measurement, Analysis and Improvement19.5 Average Starting Salary of Graduates8.1 General19.6 Average Time Taken to Find a Job8.2 Monitor and Measurement20. Operational Budget8.3 Control of Non-Conforming Product8.4 Analysis of Data21. Development Budget8.5 Improvement22. Investment and Internal Resource Generation22.1 Investment60

ENGINEER PEC September 200722.2 Internal Resource Generation Development: The Response to Change, In: United23. Research and PublicationsNations Industrial Development Organization 3023.1 Faculty Research Grantyears of industrial development 1966-1996, Ed:23.2 Effective Utilization of Research Grant and itsBrennan P.J. and Weston G. Published by ISC inNet Outcomeassociation with UNIDO London UK pp. 380-38923.3 Faculty Publications in HEC Approved Journals5. Sandholm, Lennart, (2000). Quality In DevelopingCountries In: Juran’s quality control Hand book 4th23.4 Continuity of Faculty Researchedition ed. Juran J.M. and Gryna F.M. McGraw Hill inc.23.5 Academic Collaboration6. Wilson, Steven R. (1995). The Quest for23.6 Textbooks Written by Faculty MembersRecognizable Standard: New path in Quality,23.7 Budgetary Allocation for Conferences, Standardization and Metrology, In: United NationsSeminars, Colloquium etc.Industrial Development Organization 30 years of23.8 Computer and Internet Facilities industrial development 1966-1996, Ed: Brennan P.J.23.9 Accessibility of Faculty/Students to and Weston G. Published by ISC in association withComputers/Internet Facilities and International UNIDO London UK pp. 362-371Databases 7. Vincent, K.O. and Joel E.R. (2004). Principles of Total24. Industrial Linkage Quality, London Kogan Pages Ltd24.1 Industrial Liaison Office8. www.abet.org24.2 Commercialization of Research Findings9. www.iso.google25. Website10. www.pec.org.pk11. Yung, Winco K. C. (1997). The Value of TQM in theAnnexure ‘E’Revised ISO 9000 Quality System, InternationalJournal of Operation & Production Managementvolume 17 issue 2 pp. 221-230INTERNATIONAL ACCREDITETION CRITERIA SETFOR ENGINEERINGAbout AuthorPEC Registration. No: ME3640(ABET Criteria set)General for Criteria for Basic Level ProgramsDr. Nawar Khan is a professional1. Criterion 1. StudentMechanical Engineer. He graduated2. Criterion 2. Program Educational Objectivesfrom the University of Engineering and3. Criterion 3. Program Outcomes and AssessmentTechnology Peshawar in 1981 and4. Criterion 4. Professional Componentlater did his MSc Mechanical5. Criterion 5. FacultyE n g i n e e r i n g ( S p e c i a l i z e d i n6. Criterion 6. FacilitiesProduction Engineering) from the7. Criterion 7 Institutional Support and FinancialUniversity of Engineering and Technology Lahore in 1995.ResourcesDr Nawar Khan completed his Ph.D under a split Ph.Dprogram of MoST from the University of Engineering and8. Criterion 8. Program CriteriaTechnology Lahore and De Montfort University, LeicesterUK in August 1999. His field of specialization is Total14. REFERENCESQuality Management (TQM), particularly the ‘Quality1. Eicher L. D. and Mikil R. (1993). Perception Of Quality Awards’. He has got his MBA degree, specialized in HRM,In The Developing Countries In: ISO 9000 Quality in January 2005 from Allama Iqbal Open UniversityManagement System, UNCTAD/GATT and ISO joint Islamabad. He is also a Certified Quality Assurance Leadpublication Geneva SwitzerlandAuditor for ISO 9000:2000. He is author of a number of2. Hewitt, Tom and Wield David (1995). Technological national and international research publications. Dr NawarCapabilities and Competitiveness. Two Needs That Khan is also the Principal Investigator of Pakistan NationalDefy Measurement In: United Nations Industrial Quality Award (PNQA) project for Higher EducationDevelopment Organization 30 years of industrial Commission (HEC) of Pakistan. He is a member ofdevelopment 1966-1996, Ed: Brennan P.J. and Institute of Engineers, Pakistan and lifetime member ofWeston G. Published by ISC in association with Pakistan Engineering Council. Presently, he is serving asUNIDO London UK pp. 330-337Professor at the College of Electrical and Mechanical3. Nawar, Khan and Sheikh, M.A. R. (October 1997). Engineering, Peshawar Road Rawalpindi, a constituentISO 9000 - The Core of TQM for A Developing College of the National University of Sciences andCountry. In: Proceedings of Pakistan’s Third Technology (NUST), Pakistan.International Convention on Quality Control. Lahore:Ibrahim Publisher pp.333 - 3474. Prokopenko, Joseph (1995). Human Resources61