N O T E S1. New Products <strong>Management</strong> for the 1980s(New York: Booz, Allen & Hamilton,1982).2. Christopher Power, “Flops,” Business Week,August 16, 1993, pp. 76–82.3. “Smokeless Cigarettes Not Catching onwith Consumers,” <strong>Marketing</strong> News, August4, 1997, p. 21; Robert McMath, “SmokelessIsn’t Smoking,” American Demo<strong>gr</strong>aphics,October 1996.4. Erika Rasmussen, “Staying Power,” Sales &<strong>Marketing</strong> <strong>Management</strong>, August 1998, pp.44–46.5. Robert G. Cooper and Elko J. Kleinschmidt,New Products: The Key Factors inSuccess (Chicago: American <strong>Marketing</strong> Association,1990).6. Modesto A. Madique and Billie Jo Zirger,“A Study of Success and Failure in ProductInnovation: The Case of the U.S. ElectronicsIndustry,” IEEE Transactions onEngineering <strong>Management</strong>, November 1984,pp. 192–203.7. Michelle Conlin, “Too Much Doodle?”Forbes, October 19, 1998, pp. 54–55; TimStevens, “Idea Dollars,” Industry Week,February 16, 1998, pp. 47–49.8. See David S. Hopkins, Options in New-ProductOrganization (New York: ConferenceBoard, 1974); Doug Ayers, RobertDahlstrom, and Steven J. Skinner, “An ExploratoryInvestigation of OrganizationalAntecedents to New Product Success,”Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> Research, February1997, pp. 107–16.9. See Robert G. Cooper, “Stage-Gate Systems:A New Tool for Managing New Products,”Business Horizons, May–June 1990,pp. 44–54. See also his “The New Prod System:The Industry Experience,” Journal ofProduct Innovation <strong>Management</strong> 9 (1992):113–27.10. Robert Cooper, Product Leadership: Creatingand Launching Superior New Products(New York: Perseus Books, 1998).11. Eric von Hippel, “Lead Users: A Source ofNovel Product Concepts,” <strong>Management</strong>Science, July 1986, pp. 791–805. Also seehis The Sources of Innovation (New York:Oxford University Press, 1988); and“Learning from Lead Users,” in <strong>Marketing</strong>in an Electronic Age, ed. Robert D. Buzzell(Cambridge, MA: Harvard BusinessSchool Press, 1985), pp. 308–17.12. Constance Gustke, “Built to Last,” Sales& <strong>Marketing</strong> <strong>Management</strong>, August 1997,pp. 78–83.13. Mark Hanan, “Corporate Growththrough Venture <strong>Management</strong>,” HarvardBusiness Review, January–February 1969,p. 44. See also Carol J. Loomis, “Dinosaurs?”Fortune, May 3, 1993, pp.36–42.14. ”The Ultimate Widget: 3-D ‘Printing’May Revolutionize Product Design andManufacturing,” U.S. News & World Report,July 20, 1992, p. 55.15. Tom Dellacave Jr., “Curing Market ResearchHeadaches,” Sales & <strong>Marketing</strong><strong>Management</strong>, July 1996, pp. 84–85.16. Dan Deitz, “Customer-Driven Engineering,”Mechanical Engineering, May 1996,p. 68.17. The full-profile example was taken fromPaul E. Green and Yoram Wind, “NewWays to Measure Consumers’ Judgments,”Harvard Business Review (July–August1975), pp. 107–17. Copyright © 1975by the President and Fellows of HarvardCollege; all rights reserved. Also see PaulE. Green and V. Srinivasan, “ConjointAnalysis in <strong>Marketing</strong>: New Developmentswith Implications for Research andPractice,” Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong>, October
1990, pp. 3–19; Jonathan Weiner, “ForecastingDemand: Consumer ElectronicsMarketer Uses a Conjoint Approach toConfigure Its New Product and Set theRight Price,” <strong>Marketing</strong> Research: A Magazineof <strong>Management</strong> & Applications, Summer1994, pp. 6–11; Dick R. Wittnick,Marco Vriens, and Wim Burhenne, “CommercialUses of Conjoint Analysis in Europe:Results and Critical Reflections,”International Journal of Research in <strong>Marketing</strong>,January 1994, pp. 41–52.18. See Robert Blattberg and John Golanty,“Tracker: An Early Test Market Forecastingand Diagnostic Model for New ProductPlanning,” Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong>Research, May 1978, pp. 192–202; Glen L.Urban, Bruce D. Weinberg, and John R.Hauser, “Premarket Forecasting of ReallyNew Products,” Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong>, January1996, pp. 47–60; Peter N. Golderand Gerald J. Tellis, “Will It Ever Fly?Modeling the Takeoff of Really New ConsumerDurables,” <strong>Marketing</strong> Science, 16,no. 3 (1997): 256–70.19. See Roger A. Kerin, Michael G. Harvey,and James T. Rothe, “Cannibalism andNew Product Development,” BusinessHorizons, October 1978, pp. 25–31.20. The present value (V) of a future sum (I)to be received t years from today and discountedat the interest rate (r) is given byV I t /(1 r) t . Thus $4,761,000/(1.15) 5 $2,346,000.21. See David B. Hertz, “Risk Analysis in CapitalInvestment,” Harvard Business Review,January–February 1964, pp. 96–106.22. See John Hauser, “House of Quality,” HarvardBusiness Review, May–June 1988, pp.63–73. Customer-driven engineering isalso called “quality function deployment.”See Lawrence R. Guinta andNancy C. Praizler, The QFD Book: TheTeam Approach to Solving Problems and SatisfyingCustomers through Quality FunctionDeployment (New York: AMACOM, 1993);V. Srinivasan, William S. Lovejoy, andDavid Beach, “Inte<strong>gr</strong>ated Product Designfor Marketability and Manufacturing,”Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> Research, February1997, pp. 154–63.23. Marco Iansiti and Alan MacCormack,“Developing Products on Internet Time,”Harvard Business Review, September–October1997, pp. 108–17; Srikant Datar, C.Clark Jordan, and Kannan Srinivasan,“Advantages of Time Based New ProductDevelopment in a Fast-Cycle Industry,”Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> Research, February1997, pp. 36–49; Christopher D. Ittnerand David F. Larcker, “Product DevelopmentCycle Time and Organizational Performance,”Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> Research,February 1997, pp. 13–23.24. Tom Peters, The Circle of Innovation, (NewYork: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), p. 96.25. Ibid., p. 99.26. Faye Rice, “Secrets of Product Testing,”Fortune, November 28, 1994, pp. 172–74;Lawrence In<strong>gr</strong>assia, “Taming the Monster:How Big Companies Can Change:Keeping Sharp: Gillette Holds Its Edge byEndlessly Searching for a Better Shave,”Wall Street Journal, December 10, 1992, p.A1.27. Gerry Khermouch, “Plate Tectonics,”Brandweek, February 12, 1996, p. 1.28. Audrey Choi and Gabriella Stern, “TheLessons of Rügen: Electric Cars are Slow,Temperamental and Exasperating,” WallStreet Journal, March 30, 1995, p. B1.29. John Schwartz, “After 2 Years of MarketTests, Olestra Products Going National;Consumer Advocates Still ConcernedAbout Health Risks,” Washington Post,February 11, 1998, p. A3.30. Christopher Power, “Will it Sell in Podunk?Hard to Say,” Business Week, August10, 1992, pp. 46–47.31. See Kevin J. Clancy, Robert S. Shulman,and Marianne Wolf, Simulated Test <strong>Marketing</strong>:Technology for Launching SuccessfulNew Products (New York: Lexington Books,1994); and V. Mahajan and Jerry Wind,“New Product Models: Practice, Shortcomings,and Desired Improvements,”Journal of Product Innovation <strong>Management</strong> 9(1992): 128–39; Glen L. Urban, John R.Hauser, and Roberta A. Chicos, “InformationAcceleration: Validation and Lessonsfrom the Field,” Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong> Research,February 1997, pp. 143–53.32. Power, “Will It Sell in Podunk,” pp.46–47.33. Robert McMath, “To Test or Not to Test. . . ,” American Demo<strong>gr</strong>aphics, June1998, p. 64.34. Corie Brown, “The Lizard Was a Turkey,”Newsweek, June 15, 998, p. 71; TimCarvell, “How Sony Created a Monster,”Fortune, June 8, 1998, pp. 162–70.35. For further discussion, see Robert J.Thomas, “Timing—The Key to MarketEntry,” Journal of Consumer <strong>Marketing</strong>,Summer 1985, pp. 77–87; Thomas S.Robertson, Jehoshua Eliashberg, andTalia Rymon, “New Product AnnouncementSignals and Incumbent Reactions,”Journal of <strong>Marketing</strong>, July 1995, pp. 1–15;Frank H. Alpert and Michael A. Kamins,“Pioneer Brand Advantages and ConsumerBehavior:A Conceptual Frameworkand Propositional Inventory,”Journal of the Academy of <strong>Marketing</strong> Science,Summer 1994, pp. 244–36.36. Mickey H. Gramig, “Coca-Cola UnveilingNew Citrus Drink,” Atlanta Journal andConstitution, January 24, 1998, p. E3.
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formation is developed through inte
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One major trend is the increasing p
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Managing ProductLines and BrandsWe
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MESSAGEMISSION• Sales goals• Ad
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