Long Range Plan For The Klamath River Basin ... - KrisWeb

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CONTENTSExecutive Summary .....................................................................................................ES-1Contents ........................................................................................................................ C-1Chapter 1IntroductionForeword ..................................................................................................................... 1-1The Need for a Long-Range Fishery Restoration Plan ................................................ 1-1Public Law 99-552, the Klamath River Basin Act ......................................................... 1-2Klamath Fishery Management Council ........................................................................ 1-2Klamath River Basin Fisheries Task Force .................................................................... 1-3SB-2261, California's New Anadromous Fisheries Program ........................................ 1-5Who Uses Anadromous Fish of the Klamath River Basin? ............................................ 1-5Preparing the Long Range Plan ................................................................................... 1-8How This Plan Was Developed ...................................................................................... 1-9Goals of the Klamath River Basin Restoration Program .............................................. 1-12Chapter 2 Habitat Protection and ManagementIssues .......................................................................................................................... 2-1Introduction .................................................................................................................... 2-1Historical Perspective ..................................................................................................... 2-2Organization and Strategy of this Chapter .................................................................... 2-2Relation of Natural Setting to Habitat Protection ......................................................... 2-3Land Management ......................................................................................................... 2-11Timber Harvesting ................................................................................................... 2-11Policies for Timber Harvesting ................................................................................ 2-33Mining ..................................................................................................................... 2-35Policies for Mining Activities .................................................................................... 2-51Agriculture .............................................................................................................. 2-52Policies for Agriculture ............................................................................................. 2-61Water Management ...................................................................................................... 2-62Water and Power Projects ...................................................................................... 2-62Policies for Water and Power Projects .................................................................... 2-79Stream Diversions .................................................................................................... 2-81Policies for Stream Diversions ................................................................................. 2-100Chapter 3 Habitat RestorationIssues ........................................................................................................................... 3-1Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3-1Habitat Restoration Methods ......................................................................................... 3-3Choosing Appropriate Fisheries Restoration Strategies ................................................. 3-8Effectiveness of Previous Habitat Restoration Efforts ................................................... 3-10More Information Needed on Biological, Cost Effectiveness ......................................... 3-17Factors Which Limit Fish Production in the Klamath Basin ........................................... 3-19Monitoring and Assessing Project Results ...................................................................... 3-25
CONTENTS (Continued)The Restoration Program's Natural Allies ...................................................................... 3-28Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 3-30Policies for Habitat Restoration ..................................................................................... 3-32Chapter 4 Fish Population ProtectionIssues .......................................................................................................................... 4-1Introduction .................................................................................................................... 4-1Stock Identification ...................................................................................................... 4-3Fall Chinook ................................................................................................................. 4-6Spring Chinook ............................................................................................................. 4-9Coho Salmon ............................................................................................................... 4-12Steelhead ..................................................................................................................... 4-13Coastal Cutthroat Trout ................................................................................................ 4-15Green Sturgeon ............................................................................................................. 4-15Pacific Lamprey ............................................................................................................. 4-16American Shad ............................................................................................................. 4-17Eulachon ........................................................................................................................ 4-18Population Trends of Anadromous Fish ......................................................................... 4-18A Matter of Urgency: Priorities for Stock Recovery ..................................................... 4-28Role of Klamath Council in Protecting Genetic Diversity ............................................... 4-31The Challenge of Conserving Mixed Stock Fisheries ..................................................... 4-32Indian Fisheries Also Involve Mixed Stock Harvests ..................................................... 4-32River Sportfishing: Quotas, Regulations, Problems .................................................... 4-34Impacts of Poaching ....................................................................................................... 4-35Do High Seas Driftnets Take Klamath Fish? ............................................................... 4-35Effects of Natural Predation ......................................................................................... 4-37Information Needed for Identifying, Monitoring Stocks .................................................. 4-39Monitoring Chinook Salmon Stock Groups .................................................................. 4-39Monitoring the Other Fish Groups ............................................................................... 4-40Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 4-42Policies for Fish Population Protection ........................................................................ 4-44Klamath Fall Run Chinook Harvest and Escapement, 1978-90 ................................... 4-46Chapter 5 Fish Population RestorationIssues ........................................................................................................................ 5-1History ...................................................................................................................... 5-1Large Scale Artificial Propagation .............................................................................. 5-3Iron Gate Hatchery ............................... .................................................................. 5-3Trinity River Hatchery .............................................................................................. 5-8Side Effects of Large Scale Hatcheries ...................................................................... 5-12Small Scale Artificial Rearing Projects ....................................................................... 5-20Side Effects of Hatchbox, Pond Rearing Programs ................................................... 5-23Fish Rescue .............................................................................................................. 5-25How Much Genetic Diversity Is Needed? .................................................................. 5-25Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 5-27Policies for Fish Population Restoration .................................................................... 5-29
Page 1 and 2: Long Range Plan For The Klamath Riv
Page 4: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYTHE KLAMATH ACTPub
Page 7 and 8: With the help of an inventory of fi
Page 9: WHERE TO FIND SUBJECTS IN THIS PLAN
Page 13 and 14: Figure TitleLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSPa
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (continued)Fi
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONFOREWARDThe su
Page 19 and 20: KLAMATH RIVER BASIN FISHERIES TASK
Page 21 and 22: Restoration Program. The firm of Wi
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1-1 - Karuk tribal fisherman
Page 25 and 26: Salmonid Enhancement Program (SEP)
Page 27 and 28: Developing Goals and ObjectivesReca
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 2HABITAT PROTECTION AND MAN
Page 31 and 32: At the end of each subsection is a
Page 35 and 36: occurred around 1600 and again abou
Page 39 and 40: LAND MANAGEMENTAs Congress stated i
Page 41 and 42: Glen to Pecwan Creek), Salmon, Scot
Page 43 and 44: Forest Management PracticesTypes of
Page 45 and 46: (landslides and debris slides) indu
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2-8 - Effects of various per
Page 49 and 50: Riparian CoverRiparian vegetation i
Page 51 and 52: Stream contamination from herbicide
Page 53 and 54: Aquatic organismsStream invertebrat
Page 55 and 56: One of the most obvious improvement
Page 57 and 58: issued on a case-by-case basis when
Page 59 and 60: The California Department of Forest
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identifying the sensitivity of the
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MININGIssues* Habitat damage from p
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illustrated in Figure 2-10, while a
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Figure 2-11a - Gold Mining on the K
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through a small-diameter pressure h
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cumulatively, the annual extraction
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locking tributary access. This was
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In addition, large boulders were mo
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On federal lands, the U.S. Forest S
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POLICIES FOR MINING ACTIVITIESObjec
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The County Farm Advisor's Office (U
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Rearing habitatAs depicted in Figur
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Figure 2-14 -- Impact of loss of sn
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Conservation easements are either d
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POLICIES FOR AGRICULTUREObjective 2
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For many reasons, large dams were n
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or other artificial obstruction is
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were localized in the Trinity Basin
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Figure 2-15 - Present Klamath River
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demands) (U.S.A.C.E. 1979). Since 1
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Figure 2-18 - Iron Gate Fish Flow R
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ownership. These rights survived te
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2) the construction and operation o
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2.E.3. Promote adequate fish protec
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Another opportunity for improved ir
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ecaptured and used on lower pasture
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diversions. The fish impacts relate
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Rearing habitat requires sufficient
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in the bottom of deep pools, but se
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Another opportunity to save water c
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o Significant reductions of ditch l
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eneficial use ("use it or lose it")
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In summary, instream flow problems
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CHAPTER 3HABITAT RESTORATIONISSUES*
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help to determine the stage of reco
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Figure 3-2 - Fish screens, such as
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Figure 3-3 - Riparian restoration i
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the segments themselves. He suggest
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expanded the U.S. Forest Service's
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Figure 3-5 -- These boulder weirs o
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channels have been evaluated and al
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to produce fish, together with its
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West (1984) noted that spawning and
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widths changed dramatically after t
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Scott RiverFish habitat in the Scot
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edload movement or substrate condit
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may be difficult to detect with per
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Community Support and Involvement:
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The problems which have led to the
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3.7 The Scott River and its tributa
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CHAPTER 4FISH POPULATION PROTECTION
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correct. Klamath stocks reached an
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Junction City in the Trinity River
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Recent electrophoretic analysis of
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little intermixing with Iron Gate H
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TABLE 4-1 (Continued)Salmon RiverWo
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(R. Pierce personal communication).
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Creek, Clear Creek, South Fork Trin
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Young lamprey are known as "ammocoe
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lack of separation of these fish fr
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chinook released at Trinity River H
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0.020 by 1987 (Hopelain unpublished
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Table 4-2 -- Summer Steelhead Popul
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Table 4-3 -- Habitat Problems Imped
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The potential impacts of harvest an
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the Yurok Tribe to regulate when th
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THE IMPACTS OF POACHING ON DEPRESSE
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along the continental shelf well wi
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points is well documented. Smaller
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monitor coho and steelhead is pract
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The monitoring of escapements and t
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4.4 The Task Force will work with t
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Klamath River Basin Fall Chinook Sa
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The move to use hatcheries to offse
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Fall chinook yearlings have stayed
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From the 1,000,000 eggs collected a
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Trinity River HatcheryTrinity River
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Birk personal communication). Some
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SIDE EFFECTS OF LARGE SCALE HATCHER
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oth native and hatchery chinook. Ni
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ainbow trout in the areas above Iro
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Oregon instituted a program of coho
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Given the ecological problems of th
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were higher than any recorded in re
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communication). As we expand this s
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have different outmigration and spa
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e handling threatened stock groups.
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c. Requirements that an appropriate
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APPROACHThe education and communica
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COMMUNICATION COMPONENTThe communic
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achieve the objectives of the Resto
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POLICIES FOR EDUCATION AND COMMUNIC
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commercial salmon fishing industry,
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STAFFINGAccording to the Klamath Ac
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Klamath River Basin Proposals, awar
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TABLE 7-1Klamath Basin Fishery Rest
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TABLE 7-3 — Potential Funding Sou
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Specific fisheries software, such a
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Table 7-4 -- A List of Agencies and
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Department of CommerceThe Departmen
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Gate) and will be making the final
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Upper Klamath Lake were converted d
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Coastal Conservancy (CC). The Conse
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Each county also has a Fish and Gam
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Communication Barriers. Since commu
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Joint Management PlansTwo or more a
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PROJECT SELECTION PROCESSProject pr
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Figure 7-3 -- Klamath Fishery Resto
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. An Annual Progress Report appropr
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d. Cooperative Agreements with trib
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o Addresses the need for improving
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Habitat Restoration16. The Task For
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35. The Task Force will schedule le
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2.A.4. Anticipate potential stream
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2.C.2. Monitor and assess stream qu
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2.F.3. In the year 1995, if adequat
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. Funding a study using aerial phot
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h. Get the information suggested in
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. Broodstock management rules that
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. As an option, use the "abstention
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d. Committees of the Task Force, Co
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GLOSSARYAFS: American Fisheries Soc
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counting weir: fence or series of p
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gabion: a wire basket filled with r
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longitudinal profile: measurement t
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iffle: fast shallow waters of a str
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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCESAllendorf,
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Borodin, A.M., A.G. Bannikov, and V
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California Dept. of Transportation.
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Coats, R.N., T.O. Miller, and D.W.
Page 330 and 331:
Fletcher, J.E. and M. King. 1988. A
Page 332 and 333:
Hall, J.D. 1984. Evaluating fish re
Page 334 and 335:
Hubbell, P.M. 1979. Fisheries Inves
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Kroeber, A.L. and S.A. Barrett. 196
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Mattole Restoration Council. 1989.
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National Council on Gene Resources.
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Platts, W.S. 1981. Effects of lives
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Rosgen, D.L. 1985. A stream classif
Page 346 and 347:
Sommarstrom, S. 1981. Local-State c
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 198
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Wagner, H. 1979. Why Wild Coho? Ore
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PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONSBaker, Phil:
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Orcutt, Mike: Head fisheries biolog
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APPENDIX A:PUBLIC LAW 99-552KLAMATH
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1989 Klamath Field Review CommentsT
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Pecwan Creek (11021, 11036, 11028-$
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Clear Creek (6010, 6068, 69-$66,400
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West Branch Creek (6007-$5,000): Th
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Scott River (4405-06, 4012-15-$94,8
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A Financial Feasibility Envelope fo
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For this analysis, we took the two-
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Bonneville Power Administration's e
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Table 4Maximum Feasible Annual Inve
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APPENDIX D
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KLAMATH RIVER BASIN CONSERVATION AR
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o Harvest Managementoo Population m
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III. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENTProject Ar
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Both aquatic and terrestrial types
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Table 2Threatened, Endangered, and
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IV. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCESWhile
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Farmlands and TimberlandsNo farmlan
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Comparison of AlternativesTable 3 o
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Agencies Consulted for the Environm
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FINDING OF NO SIGNIFICANT IMPACTLON
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