list of evidences 10d Barrie - The Shroud of Turin Website

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A45) The body image is non-directional in the sense that there are no shadows, cast shadows,highlights, and reflected lights in or on the body image 36 (Moran and Fanti 2002; Craig 2003).A46) The body image shows no evidence of image saturation, that is, the 3-D reconstructionshows no plateaus (Jackson 1977, 1982, 1984). In other words, the image formation did not “go tocompletion”. Image formation did not produce the maximum number of conjugated carbon-carbondouble bonds 37 (Rogers 2003, Gilbert and Gilbert 1980: fig. 8 and 10).A47) The body image is well resolved. The resolution is of 4 +/-2 mm (for example the lips on theface); instead the resolution of the bloodstains is at least ten times better (for example thescratches in the scourge wounds) 38 (Jackson 1982, 1984; Moran and Fanti 2002; Alonso 2003;Fanti 2003; Rogers 2003).A48) The body image does not have well defined contours 39 (Jackson 1982, 1984; Moran andFanti 2002).A49) Side images surrounding the front and back body images are missing. No image appearsbetween the two body image heads as would be consistent with this point 40 (Adler 1999; Moranand Fanti 2002).A50) The maximum luminance level of the front and back images (face excluded) are compatiblewithin an uncertainty of 5% 41 (Moran and Fanti 2002).36 -a) The body image seems to be "front illuminated" and then no shadowing appears. Observing the face, someonestates that the light came from the top because some apparent shadows seems to be visible in correspondence of theeyes, but a more accurate analysis shows the contrary (Moran and Fanti 2002, Fanti and Marinelli 2003).-b) Non-directional also applies to the discussion on whether or not the image was painted (which should have showndirectional brush strokes) (Craig 2003).37 -a) This indicates mild reaction conditions (Rogers 2003, Gilbert and Gilbert 1980: fig. 8 and 10).-b) Experimental details about Fanti’s hypothesis of a possible corona discharge effect must be tested because a coronadischarge in the correct range could produce sufficiently mild heating to cause the observed results. Unfortunately, R.Rogers can not logically suggest how a corona discharge would have occurred around a body in a tomb (Rogers2003).-c) Corona discharge phenomena can occur in some particular ambient conditions; for example, in concomitance ofearthquakes, radon is emitted from the ground and it can ionize the surrounding atmosphere (Lattarulo 1998).38 -a) Resolution is defined (Image technology) as: “The ability of an imaging system to differentiate between closelyspaced objects”; resolving power is “usually expressed as the maximum number of light per dark line-pairs permillimeter which can be observed”. In the case of the ST, the resolution must be referred to the particular image underconsideration on the photograph of the sheet, in the hypothesis that the photographic resolution is much better than theothers considered. The following definition is accepted in this case: “The resolution is the size of the smallest detailthat an imaging system (eye-brian or computer) is able to perceive as separate and distinct in a photograph of the ST”(Fanti 2003).-b) To measure the resolving power, a calibration-grid is necessary that obviously was not present during the bodyimage formation. Therefore the resolution of the TS body image can be evaluated by analyzing some details. Forexample, the separation line (effectively it is not a line but a spot) between the lips has a thickness of 3+/-1 mm, butthe finger’s nails are not visible, nor are the lines separating them from the skin, perhaps depending on the body imageformation mechanism (Fanti 2003).-c) Especially when observed in a contrast-enhanced or ultraviolet-fluorescence view, the image on the Shroud seems toshow the expected features of a human body (Rogers 2003).-d) For the blood stains the resolution is 0.2+/-0.1 mm and it is near to that of the photograph. This fact shows thedifferent formation mechanis m of the blood stains from that of the body image (Fanti 2003).39 There are no outlines in the body image areas and the image demonstrates continuous tone with no evidence of brushstrokes. In correspondence of an image edge, the rate of change of luminance level is relatively very low: contoursare shaded also along a distance of more than 1 cm. As a result, the body image is visible if an observer is at about 2m or greater distance from the TS (lateral-neuron -inhibition phenomenon see for example Grobstein 1997) (Moranand Fanti 2002, Fanti 2003, Rogers 2003).40 “Although we do not have any confirmed explanation for this property, it has been used to test a number of artisticrendition methods and they have all failed to meet this criterion (Adler 1999).41 -a) Luminance is defined in Physics as the measure of a brightness of a surface (Fanti 2003).-b) This means that the back image is not influenced by the body weight (Moran and Fanti 2002, Fanti and Marinelli2003).-c) If a 3-D correlation, ruled by the Beer law, between body and sheet is supposed, the mean luminance level of theback image is 18% +/-5% higher than that of the front face (head excluded) (Fanti 2003).12
A51) The maximum luminance level of the head image (front) is 10 % and more higher than thatof the whole body image 42 (Moran and Fanti 2002).A52) The thermograms did not show the lower jaw of the image (there was just a blank areathere) 43 (Rogers 2003).A53) The Fourier transform of the body image shows a nearly continuous spectrum incorrespondence to the spatial frequencies up to 80 [1/m] 44 (Fanti and Marinelli 1999; Maggiolo2002/03).A54) The body image indicates the absence of brush strokes (Craig 2003).A55) A background color that visually resembles a lighter version of the color on the front of thecloth is visible on the back surface of the cloth. An indistinct rendition of the image of the hairmay appear to the naked eye on the back of the cloth 45 (Ghiberti 2002; Maggiolo 2002/03).A56) An image color is visible on some areas (face and perhaps hands) of the back surface of thecloth corresponding to the front image if a proper image processing and enhancement is used 46(Ghiberti 2002; Maggiolo 2002/03).A57) No image color is visible on the back surface in correspondence of the dorsal image 47(Ghiberti 2002; Maggiolo 2002/03).A58) Image details corresponding to narrow hollows or grooves are represented faintly on the TS(e.g. eye sockets), small convex “hills” (e.g. eyeballs) however are very clearly represented 48(Scheuermann 1983).-d) ) Thermography is used to measure very small differences in surface temperature. It was used to observe theShroud. When the surface of the Shroud was illuminated with floodlamps, the temperature span from black to whiteareas was about 1.75ºC. Under those conditions there was good resolution of the image in the 8-14 micrometerwavelength region. All of the image seemed to be the same. Their final conclusion was the following: "With dueregard to the limits of instrument resolution and sensitivity, it is the authors' opinion that no significant anomaliesexist." Whatever process produced the image, identical surfaces were produced in both the front and back images. Itwas also obvious that paints were not mixed to produce shading (Accetta and Baumgart 1980; Rogers 2003).42 If a 3-D correlation, ruled by the Beer law, between body and sheet is supposed, the mean luminance level of the headimage (front) is 47 % +/-5% higher than that of the back body image. This fact can lead to a hypothesis of an extraenergy coming out of the head (Moran and Fanti 2002, Fanti and Marinelli 2003); in a hypothesis of a diffusionmechanism the face is the darkest part of the image because it is surrounded by hair, a barrier for gas diffusion(Rogers 2003).43 If the linen's thermal diffusivity was higher in that area, it would not have emitted as much energy_(Rogers 2003).44 If a 2-D Fourier transform of the face is done, the "sticks" relative to frequencies higher than 80 [1/m] are deleted andthan the inverse Fourier transform is made, as a result, no appreciable variations in the body image will be found(even if the herringbone pattern disappears) This evaluation is made considering the photograph of the face.Maximum frequencies are lower in correspondence of other details of the body image (hands excluded) (Fanti 2003).45 -a) According to Ghiberti, on the back side of the cloth is visible an image color in the region of the hair (Rogers2003, Fanti 2003).-b) According to Jackson’s postulate that states the presence of a frontal body image on the back side of the TS but theabsence of a dorsal body image on the back side (Jackson 1990), an image of the face and perhaps hands (frontalimage) but no dorsal images were found on the back side of the TS (Maggiolo 2003; Fanti and Marinelli 2003; Fanti2003).46 -a) A proper image processing, based on the correction of the color bands and on the filtering by means of the Fouriertransform, G. Fanti and R. Maggiolo detected some face areas relative to nose, eyes, moustaches(http://www.shroud.com/group/facereverse.jpg) that correspond to the front image. A template matching applied tothe nose area furnished a correlation coefficient higher than 0.7. This needs confirmation and analysis of the coloredfibers (Maggiolo 2003; Fanti and Marinelli 2003; Fanti 2003).-b) This observation is extremely important for testing image-formation hypotheses, requiring rigorous confirmation.Additional hypotheses should be developed to explain the difference in background color between front and back(Rogers 2003).-c) The zones of color on the back correspond to zones on the front; a first verification can be made in reference to the“3” blood stain on the front of the face ((Maggiolo 2003; Fanti 2003).47 -a) Observation of back surface of the Shroud showed that no image could be seen at the foot end of the cloth (Rogers1978 and Riggi 1982).-b) With the same image processing (see note 46), G. Fanti and R. Maggiolo detected no image areas corresponding tothe dorsal image.13
Page 1 and 2: EVIDENCES FOR TESTING HYPOTHESESABO
Page 3 and 4: -d) The body image is due to a chem
Page 5 and 6: A3) The TS weave is very tight; med
Page 7 and 8: Evans 1981; Gilbert and Gilbert 198
Page 9 and 10: A24) No painting pigments or media
Page 14 and 15: A59) Although anatomical details ar
Page 16 and 17: A65) The image of the TS Man, appea
Page 18 and 19: A87) There is a class of particles
Page 20 and 21: 1978 photos and came from tacks use
Page 22 and 23: B10) Aloe and myrrh were found by m
Page 24 and 25: 5:6) The TS Man too presents in cor
Page 26 and 27: 3. ADLER A. D.: “Updating Recent
Page 28 and 29: 63. GUERRESCHI A: “New Elements R
Page 30: 135. SCHWALBE L. A. and R. N. ROGER

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